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aachen[地]亚琛,见aix-la-chapelle

abagha[族]阿巴噶部,517

abakan[地]阿巴坎草原,558注

abakhai[人]阿巴亥(努尔哈赤之子),517,518

abaqa[人]阿八哈,296,304,305,333,334—335,366—372,398

abares, abaroi[族]阿瓦尔人,见avars

abatai[人]阿巴台,512

'abbas (the great)[人]阿拔斯大帝,485

abbasids (baghdad caliphate)[朝]阿拔斯王朝(巴格达哈里发王朝),xxx, 141,147,150,151,158,169,189,237-238,245,261,269,282,312,349,353,354-356,357,359,398

abbaswali[人]阿布兹瓦力沙,421

'abd al- 'aziz[人]阿布阿兹,488

'abd al-karim[人]阿布都·哈林,500

'abd-allah[人]阿布都拉(死于1452年),460

'abd-allah[人]阿不德·阿拉赫(活跃于1750年),541

'abd-allah ii (1557-98)[人]阿不德·阿拉赫二世,485,487

'abdallah ibn-qazghan (mirza 'abdallah)[人]米儿咱·阿布达拉赫,343,345,409

'abd-allah tarkhan-beg[人]阿布杜拉·塔尔汗伯格,531

'abd al-latif[人]阿不都·拉迪甫(死于1450年),460

'abd al-latif[人]阿不杜拉迪甫(拉失德的长子)(活跃于1540年),499

'abd al-malik i,[人]阿布德·阿尔-马立克一世,143

'abd al-malik ii[人]阿不德·阿尔-马立克二世,144

'abd al-mu'min[人]阿布德·穆明,485,486

'abd ar-rahman[人]奥鲁剌合蛮,268,271-272

'abd ar-rashid[人]阿不都·拉失德,499-500

'abd ar-razzaq[人]阿布德·拉扎克,390

'abd ar-razzaq samarqandi matla'es-sa'dein,[书]《两幸福之会合》作者阿布德·拉扎克·撒马尔干第,459,624注

abeskun[地]阿贝什昆,240

'abish-khatun[人]阿必失可敦,366

ablai (ablai-taiji)[人]阿布赖台吉,522,523,525,526

abraham, mar[人]马·雅巴拉哈,见mar abraham

abramovka[地]阿布拉莫威卡,4

abu 'ali[人]阿布·阿里,143-144

abu bakr[人]阿布·巴克尔(1231-60),353,354,359

abu bakr[人]阿布·别克尔(活跃于1298年),335

abu bakr[人]阿布·巴克尔(活跃于1403年),435,451,456,458

abu bakr[人]阿布·巴克尔(活跃于1460-1514年),494,495,497

abu 'l faiz[人]阿布勒费兹,486

abu 'l fath muhammad[人]阿布儿·法斯·穆罕默德,588注

abu 'l ghazi,[人]阿布·哥志,486

abu 'l ghazi bahadur, shajare-i turk,[人]阿布哈齐,《突厥世系》,214,252,406,487-488

abu 'l khair[人]阿布海儿,460,479,480-481,489,615注

abu 'l muzaffar yusuf[人]阿布儿·穆扎菲·玉素甫,588注

abu sa'id[人]不赛因(1317-34年),387,389,396

abu sa'id[人]卜撒因(死于1469年),460-462,463,464,479

achaemenids[朝]阿赫门尼德王朝,9,12,13,15,28,545注-546注

a-chu[人]阿术,286-287

acre[地]阿迦,305,349,360,363,364,373

adai[人]阿台,505,506

adaj[地]阿台,254,392

adana[地]阿达纳,370

adrianople[地]亚德里亚堡,157,174,184

adriatic[地]亚德里亚,267

adzai[人]阿占,506

aëneolithic period[专]铜石并用时期,5

aetius[人]埃提乌兹,76

afghanistan[地]阿富汗地区(参看伽色尼王朝,古尔王朝,克尔特人),346,409,411,412,414,419,429,456,457,487;参见ghaznavids;ghorids;kerts

agni[地]焉耆(喀拉沙尔),见kara shahr

a-ha-ma[人]阿哈马·费纳客忒,见ahmed (1486/87-1503);ahmed fenaketi

ahmed[人]阿黑马德(活跃于1089年),147,153

ahmed[人]帖古迭儿(活跃于1282年),见tekuder

ahmed[人]阿合木(活跃于约1387年),431,432,433

ahmed[人]阿黑麻(活跃于1460-81年),470-471,489

ahmed[人]阿黑麻(1469-94),463,464,494

ahmed[人]阿赫麦德(a-ha-ma;1486/87-1503),482,495,496

ahmed (the durrani)[人]阿黑麻,488

ahmed al-khalidi[人]阿赫麦德·哈里迪,377

ahmed fenaketi (a-ha-ma)[人]阿合马·费纳客忒,297,601注

ahmed jelair ibn-uweis[人]阿合木·札剌儿·伊本·乌畏思,390,429,430,433,434,435,437,447,450,456

ahmed-khoja[人]阿哈玛特和卓,528

ahmed razi[人]阿哈木拉齐,500

ahura-mazda[宗](阿乌兹达神)阿胡拉马兹达神,见ormazd

aibeg[人]艾伯格,348-349

ai-buqa[人]爱不花,301,302,303,599注

ailah[地]伊犁河,见ili

'ain jalud[地]艾因贾卢特,364,398,446

'aintab[地]加济安特普,447

ai-sie[人]爱薜(伊萨),见'isä

ai tängridä qut bulmysh alp bilgä[人]爱登里啰汨没蜜施合毗伽可汗,122

aix-la-chapelle (aachen)[地]埃克斯-拉-夏佩勒,175

ajanta[文]阿旃陀,51,52,96

'ajlun[地]阿杰伦,363

akcay[地]阿克恰伊,623注

akhshunwar (akhshunwaz)[人]阿克希瓦,68

akhsi[地]阿赫昔,482,496

akhtanizovka[地]阿赫坦尼诺夫卡,16

akhtuba[地]阿赫图巴,442

akmolinsk[地]阿克摩棱斯克,254,392

aksaray[地]阿克萨赖,350,359

aksehir[地]阿克谢希尔,382,451

aksu (river)[地]阿克苏河,369,398

aksu[地]阿克苏城(参看姑墨,拨换城),40,43,44,46,47,95,101,114,344,422,426,460,461,482,493,494,496,497,498,500,537,538,541

aktyubinsk[地]阿克纠宾斯克,254,394,440,460,478,480

a-ku-ta[人]阿骨打,134,136,515-516

'ala ad-din[人]阿拉丁(火炮手,工程师)(活跃于1272年),287

'ala ad-din[人](苏丹)阿拉丁(活跃于1390年),452,623注

'ala ad-din (tarmashirin;约1326-33年)[人]答儿麻失黑,341,387

'ala ad-din juvaini[人]志费尼,见juvaini

'ala ad-din kai-qobad (kaybobad)i[人]凯库巴德一世,261

'ala ad-din khilji[人]阿拉丁·哈勒吉,339,443

'ala ad-din muhammad (muhammad of khwarizm)[人]摩诃末,167-169,234,236-240,244,245,418,589注

alaghai-bäki[人]阿剌该别吉,227,301

alai[地]阿赖山,41

alaka[人]阿剌加(迪杰拉克),见jaylak

ala-kul[地]阿拉湖,424

al'altun (altun-bäki)[人]阿勒屯别吉,234,330

alamut[地]阿剌模忒,354,364

“a-lan[地]阿兰塞,”210

alan-qo'a[人]阿兰豁阿,193

alans (as; asod)[族]阿兰人(阿速人),29,72,73,74,75,78,172,246,265,281,304,402,442,503,504,505,552注,559注;参见asianoi;asioi

alaqmaq[地]阿拉喀马克,272,273,394

alaqush-tigin[人]阿剌忽失的斤,213,227,250,301

alashan[地]阿拉善,xxii,55,132,226,247

alatagh[地]阿拉塔黑,359

ala-tau,[地]阿拉套,xxiii,272,423

alba-iulia[地]阿尔巴尤利亚,267

albatu[专]部属,530-531

albistan[地]阿尔比斯坦,370

alchidai (alchidai-noyan)[人]阿勒赤歹,210,215-216

alchi tatar[族]按赤塔塔儿部,208

alchun[族]金人,见kin

aleksandrov[地]亚历山德罗夫,246

aleppo[地]阿勒颇,152,154,155,349,360,361,362,365,371,382,398,447

alexander (mountains)[地]亚历山大山,见krighiz

alexander nevsky[人]亚历山大·涅维斯基,395

alexandretta[地]亚历山大里塔,155

alexandria[地]亚历山大里亚,398,533

alexandropol[地]亚历山大堡,10,16

alexius comnenus[人]阿历克塞·科蒙勒努斯,184

alghu (alughu)[人]阿鲁忽,286,331-332,336,397,420

'alim[人]爱里木汗,488

alima[人]爱里马丞相,629注

'ali mu'ayyad[人]阿里·穆雅德,428

alinjaq[地]阿林加克,434

'ali shir[人]察儿·阿里·失儿·纳瓦依,见mir 'ali shir newa'i

'ali-tigin[人]阿里特勤,146,149

aljigidai[人]晏只吉带,242

alma-ata (verny)[地]阿拉木图(韦尔内),422

'ali (of astrakhan; 活跃于1516年)[人](阿斯特拉罕的)阿里,473,475

'ali (ha-li;活跃于1473年)[人]阿力,494,627注

'ali (of kipchak; 活跃于1501年)[人](钦察汗)阿里,471

'ali (of meshed; 死于约1513年)[人](麦什德的)速勒坦·阿里,见sultan 'ali

'ali (of samarkand; 活跃于1498)[人](撒麻耳干的)阿里,464,481

'ali (son-in-law of the prophet)[人](先知的女婿)阿里,447,448

'ali beg[人]阿里别克,428

almalik[地]阿力麻里,234,235-236,238,244,282,292,305,312,319,326,331,341,342,353,400

alp arslan ibn chagri-beg[人]阿尔普·阿尔斯兰·伊本·查基尔拜格,147,152,184

alp qutlugh (ho ko-tu-lu)[人]阿尔普·骨咄禄(合骨咄禄),121,122

alptigin[人]阿尔普特勤,143

alquibula'a[地]阿勒忽不剌,207

altai (altun)[地]阿尔泰山,xxi, xxiii,xxiv-xxv,xxvi,14,18,19,25,39,81,83,93,109,114,189,208,214,215,222,234,235,280,338,424,479,508,540

altaic languages[文]阿尔泰语系(参看蒙古语、通古斯语、突厥语),xxv,189,544注;参见mongol language; tungus languages; turkic language

altai-su[地]阿尔泰河,214

altan (altan-ochigin)[人]阿勒坦(阿勒坦·斡赤斤),198,202,208,209,211,212,581注

altan-khan (khanate)[朝]阿勒坦汗国,见altynkhan (khanate)

altan-khan (person; yen-ta)[人]阿勒坦汗(俺答),510,513-514,520,539,540,587注

altan-ordo[朝]金帐汗国(阿尔坦斡耳朵),见golden horde

altan uruk(imperial or golden clan)[族]黄金氏族,217,221

alti-shahr[地]阿尔蒂沙尔(喀什噶尔),见kashgaria

altun[地]阿尔泰山,见altai

altun-bäki[人]阿勒屯别吉,见al'altun

altun-ordu[朝]金帐汗国(阿尔浑斡耳朵),见golden horde

altyn-khan (khanate)[朝]阿勒坦汗国,512

altyn-khan (person)[人]硕垒乌巴什洪台吉,见shului ubasha khongtaiji

alughu[人]阿鲁忽,见alghu

a-lu-t'ai[人]阿鲁台,见aruqtai

aman(clemency)[专]阿门(宽恕),434

amankoh (ishkalcha)[地]阿曼科赫堡(伊斯卡察),386,427

amasanji (amasanji-taiji)[人]阿马桑赤台吉,493,507,508

amaterasu[专](日)天照大神,134

ambaqai[人]俺巴孩,198,200,228

amid[地]阿米德(迪亚巴克尔),见diyarbakir

ammianus marcellinus[人]阿米安努斯·马尔克里努斯,74-75,190

amroha[地]阿姆罗赫,339

'amr ibn el-laith[人]阿马尔·伊本·埃-勒斯,142

amu darya (oxus)[地]阿姆河(亚克苏斯河),xxix,30,83,85,142,146,147,158,164,166,167,168,239,240,244,282,331,333,334,340,342,343,345,353,366,393,412,414,418,438,484,485,486,487

amul[地]阿模尔,429,432

amur[地]黑龙江,xxvi,192,515,519

amurdara[人]阿穆尔达喇,629注

amursana[人]阿睦尔撒纳,537-538,541

anacargou[地]哈拉-土尔盖河,见kara-turgai

anagai[人]阿纳盖,85,173

anakast[人]阿纳卡斯特,84

a-na-kuei[人]阿拉环,80,81

ananda[人]阿难答,294,299,300,321,605注

ananino[文]安纳尼诺文化,14,15,73

anapa[地]阿纳帕,16

anash[地]阿纳什,558注

anatolia[地]安纳托利亚,152,154,155,157,164,385,387,389

anchialus[地]安齐阿卢斯,174,177

anda (sworn brothers)[专]安答(结义兄弟),201

andalo da savignano[人]安德鲁·沙维格纳诺,313

andereb[地]安德里布,343

andersson, j. g.[人]安德森,13

andizhan[地]安集延,169,423,426,463,482,492

andkhoi[地]安德·克霍,168,343

andré de longjumeau[人]安德烈·德·朗朱米,273,349

andrew (活跃于1290年)[人]安德鲁,见chagan

andrew (of nassio)[人]安德鲁,304

andrew (of perugia)[人](佩鲁贾的)安德鲁,314,605注

andronicus ii[人]安德努尼卡斯二世,374,385

andronovo[文]安德罗诺沃文化,5

androphagi[人]安德罗法吉人,10,11

angaraland[地]安加拉,xxi

angevins[专]安哲文舰队,374

anhwei[地]安徽,58,138,287

ani[地]阿尼,263

animal art[文]动物艺术,4-5,12-17各处,24-26,50,176,547注

ankara[地]安卡拉,450,451,452

anking[地]安庆,287,310

an lu-shan[人]安禄山,120,128

annam[地]安南国,284,289,290

annam, french[地]安南国(法属),见annam; champa

an shih-kao[人]安世高,49

ansi[朝]安息,47,98

antes[族]安特人,173

antioch[地]安条克,40,155,349,360,361

antiochos vii[人]安提珂七世,31

anyang[地]安阳,5,8

ao-lo po-ki-lie[人]阿罗·波吉乃,197-198

a-pao-ki (ye-lü a-pao-ki)[人]阿保机,128,129,515

ap-ili[地]伊犁河流域,423

aq-khoja[人]阿克霍札,372

aq-ordu[朝]阿黑·斡耳朵(白帐),见white horde

aq-qoyunlu (white sheep)[朝]阿克科雍鲁朝(白羊王朝),160,391,459,462

aqsu[人](察合台汗)阿克苏,492

aqsu[地]阿克苏河,见aksu

aqtagh[地]埃克塔山,84

aqtaghlik[朝]白山派,501,527-528,541

aquchu (a'uchu)[人]阿忽出,582注

a qudu[人]忽都,595注

aquileia[地]阿奎洛尼亚,76,78

'arab muhammad[人]阿拉不·穆罕默德,487,521

arad(commoners)[专]阿剌抽(平民),195,222

aragon[专]阿拉贡舰队,374

arakhosia[地]阿拉霍西亚,31

aral sea (lake aral)[地]咸海,xxix,38,55,67,72,73,80,82,85,126,155,165,166,185,264,335,393,420,521,523

aramaean language[文]阿拉米亚文,113

ararat, mount[地]亚拉腊山,359

aras (araxes)[地]阿拉斯,261,347,348,462

arban(army captain)[专]阿尔班(十夫长),222

arbela (erbil)[地]埃尔比勒,262,368,379,383

arcadiopolis[地]阿卡迪奥波利斯(卢累布尔加兹),见luleburgaz

archers(qorchin)[专]箭筒士(豁儿赤),582注

archers, mounted[专]马上弓箭手,7,8,23,75,223,224,553注-554注

ardashir togachi[人]阿答乞儿·脱花赤,459

ardebil[地]阿尔德比勒,246

arghasun (harqasun)[人]阿尔哈森,608注

arghun[人]阿鲁浑,296,304,308,309,313,367,372-376各处,379

arghun agha[人]阿儿浑阿合,269,281,352,376

argun[地]额尔古纳河,192,207,211,255

arimaspi[族]阿里玛斯波伊人,547注

arin-taize[人]阿林太子,582注

ariq-bögä[人]阿里不哥,280,281,285-286,291,331,332,363,397,456

ariq-qaya[人]阿里海牙,286,287

arjish[地]阿尔吉斯,见ercis

ärkägün (ärkä'ün; nestorian priests),[专]也里可温,300,602注

arlad[族]阿鲁剌惕部,见arulat

“armalech[地]阿力麻里,”见almalik

armavir[地]阿尔马维尔,16,73

armenia[地]亚美尼亚,152,431,449;大亚美尼亚,263,430,433;小亚美尼亚(西里西亚),8,9,263,264,269,271,281-282,305,312,347,360,361,362,363,370,371,379,382,384

armenians[族]亚美尼亚人,357,358,360,361,362,364,371

arne t. j.[人]阿勒,24,26

arnulf[人]阿尔鲁尔弗,178

arpa[地]阿尔帕,423

arpad (family)[族]阿尔帕德家族,178

arpad (9th cent.)[人]阿尔帕德(9世纪人),178

arpagaon (arpakawan)[人]阿尔巴合温,389

arqai[人]阿尔凯,588注

arran (karabakh)[地]阿兰(卡拉巴赫)草原,261,262,263,347,348,353,359,430,437,450,462,594注

arrian[人]阿里安,547注

arshal atar[地]阿沙尔阿塔,423

arslan (活跃于726年)[人]阿尔斯兰,117

arslan (1156-72)[人]阿尔斯兰,166,167

arslan (活跃于1211年)[人]阿尔斯兰,234,238

arslan ahmed[人]阿尔斯兰·阿黑马德汗,164

arslan ilek nasr[人]阿尔斯兰·伊列克·纳斯尔,144,145,146

arslan isra'il[人]阿尔斯兰·伊斯莱尔,149

arslan-khan (约1032-55年)[人]阿尔斯兰汗,147

arslan-khan (活跃于1130年)[人](哈拉汗朝地区汗)阿尔斯兰汗,159,573注

arslan-khan (活跃1211)[人]阿尔斯兰,见arslan

arslan-shah (1161-75)[人]阿尔斯兰·沙赫,158,159

artebanus ii[人]阿尔班努斯二世,31

artena-oghlu[族]阿尔特纳—乌鲁氏族,391

artsakh[地]阿特沙赫,608注

arulat (arlad)[族]阿鲁剌惕部,194,200,223

aruqtai (a-lu-t'ai)[人]阿鲁台,503,504,505,628注

aru-rarja[地]拉加寺地区,见lakiashih

as[族]阿息人(参看阿兰人),见alans

ascelin[人]阿瑟林,348,349

asha-gambu[人]阿沙甘不,247

a-shih-na hien[人]阿史那献,114,115

a-shih-na mi-shö[人]阿史那弥射,103

a-shih-na pu-chen[人]阿史那步真,103

a-shih-na shö-eul[人]阿史那社尔,99,100,101-102

ashkuz[族]斯基泰人,见scythians

ashraf (死于1343年)[人]阿失剌甫,389,405

ashraf, al-(活跃于1230)[人]阿尔·阿昔剌夫,261

ashraf musa, al-[人]阿什拉夫·穆萨,362

asianoi,29,30,[族]阿息洛伊人;参见alans

asioi, 29,30,552注,553注[族]阿息人(阿兰人);参见alans

askys[地]阿什克什河,558注

asod[族]阿苏特部(看阿兰人),见alans

asparukh[人]阿斯帕鲁赫,177

assassins[宗]暗杀派,见isma'ilis

assur[族]亚述人,7

assyria[朝]亚述帝国,6,7,8-9,11,12

assyrian art[文]亚述艺术,4,11-12,13,15

asterabad[地]阿斯特拉巴德,428,429,464,484,485

astrakhan (hajji-tarkhan)[地]阿斯特拉罕,441,442,471,472,473,475,486,521,522,540

astrakhanids (janids)[朝]阿斯特拉罕王朝,486,488

ata(father; as title)[专]阿塔(父亲,一个称号),316

atabeg[专]阿塔卑(封建主),158,169

atagaroghai[地]阿塔合儿灰(卡拉图尔盖河),见kara-turgai

at-bashi[地]阿忒八失河,423

atelkuzu[地]阿特尔库祖,177,178,181,182

atrek[地]阿特里克河,429

atrek-kul[地](巴尔喀什湖)阿特里克湖,见balkhash,lake

atsiz[人]阿特西兹,159,160,166,573注-574注

attali[朝]阿塔鲁王朝,157

attila[人]阿提拉,38,75-76,78,248,267-268

ätügän (ïtügän)[地]於都斤山,561注

a'uchu[人]阿忽出,见aquchu

augsburg[地]奥格斯堡,179

aulie-ata[地]奥李·阿塔,见talas (town)

aunjetitz[地]奥涅提兹,4

aurelian[人]奥列里安,73

aurel stein[人]奥瑞尔,斯坦因,见stein, sir mark aurel

aurignacian culture[文]奥瑞纳文化,3

“aurignacian venus”[文]奥瑞纳女神像,3

austrasia[朝]奥地利,173,174

avak[人](梯弗里斯牧师)阿瓦克,358

avares, avari[族]阿瓦尔人,见avars

avaria[地]阿瓦尔人之地,175-176

avars (abares; abaroi; avares; avari)[族]阿瓦尔人,xxiii-xxiv,xxviii,67,79,82,84-85,171-177各处,193,546注

avicenna[人]阿维森纳,244

ayamish[人]阿牙迷失,302

ayas[地]剌牙思(拉齐卡),见lajazzo

aydin[地]艾登,449,451,452

ayil(camps)[专]阿寅勒,196

ayman, aymaq(tribes or army corps)[专]爱马克(部,或军团),516,530

ayoshka[地]阿约什卡,558注

ayuka[人]阿玉奇,522

ayurparibhadra[人]爱育黎拔力八达,见buyantu

ayurshiridhara[人]爱猷识礼达腊,324,325,502

ayyub[人]阿优布,541

ayyubids[朝]阿尤布王朝,189,261,359-365各处

azerbaijan[地]阿塞拜疆(阿哲儿拜占),151,155,158,169,240,245,260,261,262,263,309,315,334,339,359,361,366,368,389,390,398,405,429,430,437,456,458,459,461,462

'aziz, al-[人]阿尔·阿吉兹,360

azov (town)[地]亚速(城)(参看塔那),见tana

azov, sea of[地]亚速海,15,79,80,172,173,176,177,181,182,246,407,436

baalbek[地]巴勒贝克,447

ba'arin[族]八邻部,194,202,218,599注

ba'atur(as title)[专]巴阿秃儿(称号),194,222

ba'atur (ba'atur-khongtaiji)[人]巴图尔洪台吉,523,526,540

babulsar[地]麦什德·萨尔,见meshed-i-sar

baber[人]巴布尔,417,464,482,483,484,497,498

babur-mirza[人]巴布儿·米儿咱,460,461

babylon[地]巴比伦,7,9

bachanak[人]佩彻涅格人,见petchenegs

bacninh[地]北肮,290

bactra (balkh)[地]巴尔赫,巴里黑城,xxi,40,68,85;参见balkh (city)

bactria (balkh; ta-hsia; tokharistan)[地]巴克特里亚(大夏,吐火罗斯坦),xxii,28-32各处,51,67-71各处,82-83,85,93,172;参见balkh (region);tokharistan

badai[人]把带,210

badakhshan (badascian)[地]巴达克山,65,69,70,71,305,312,340,346,409,411,414,542

badi'az-zeman[人]巴迪·匝曼,465,481

badma sambhava[人]巴德马沙布黑威,629注

badr ad-din lulu[人]别都鲁丁卢卢,263-264,359,366

baga-tarkhan[人]莫贺达干,115,566注

baghatur(as title)[专]巴哈秃儿(称号),194

baghdad[地]巴格达,报达,151,355-356,357,359,367,368,389,390,397,420,426,429,430,433,434,435,450,456,458,462

baghdad,caliphate[朝]巴格达哈里发朝,参看阿拔斯王朝,见abbasids

bägi(as title)[专]别乞(称号),195

bagrach, lake (bagrach kol)[地]博斯腾湖,46,424

bagrat v[人]伯格拉特五世,430

bahmanids[朝]巴赫曼小苏丹国,444

bahram chobin[人]巴赫拉姆·楚宾,85,141

bahram gor[人]巴赫拉姆·哥尔,67-68

bahram-shah[人]巴赫拉姆沙赫,159

bai[地]拜城,426,492,497

baibars[人]拜巴斯,364,366,370,398

baibuqa[人]台不花,见taibuqa

baida, al-[地]拜达城(参看伊提尔),见itil

baidar (peta)[人]拜答儿,264,266

baidarik[地]拜塔里克河,536,581注

baidu[人]拜都,377,378

baiju[人]拜住,263,271,281,282,347,348,349,350,355,359,361,596注

baikal, lake[地]贝加尔湖,xxii,xxvi,xxvii,25,114,192,194,205,208,479,503,504,507,544注

bailey, h. w.[人]贝利,30

baiqara[人]拜哈拉,456,457,458

bairam khwaja[人]拜拉姆·瓦加,391

baishing[地]板升,629注

baitistan (great pulu)[族]巴蒂斯坦,大勃律,118

bajazet (bayezid; bayazid)[人]巴耶塞特,435,448,450-451,452

bajazet ii[人]巴耶塞特二世,483

bäk-chor[人]默啜,见mo-ch'o

bakhchisarai (qirq-yer)[地]巴赫切萨拉伊,471,475

bäki(as title)[专]别乞(称号),195

bala (活跃于1222)[人]八剌(札剌儿部那颜),242

bala (bela;活跃于1252)[人]八拉,330

baladitya[人]槃罗迭多,71

balaklava[地]巴拉克拉瓦,406

balamir (balamber)[人]巴拉米尔(巴拉贝尔),38,73

balanjar[地]巴伦加尔,180

balasagun[地]八拉沙衮,133,144,145,147,164-165,233,234,236,312

balc[地]巴里黑城,巴尔赫,见balkh (city)

baljuna[地]班朱尼河,211,415,583注

balkan mountains[地]巴尔干山脉,175,176,184-185

balkh (city; balc)[地]巴尔赫城,巴里黑城(参看巴克特里亚),116,142,143,146,166,240,243,305,312,340,346,409,411,412,414,415,431,456,457,460,461,481,485,486,487;参见bactra

balkh (region)[地]巴尔赫地区(参看巴克特里亚和吐火罗斯坦),117,153,160,414;参见bactria; tokharistan

balkhash, lake (atrek-kul)[地]巴尔喀什湖,xxiii, 53,55,67,72,80,95,113,114,115,119,120,148,234,238,255,270,275,277,326,335,424,425,480,489,507,508,522,531

baltic[地]波罗的海,395

bamian[地]巴米安,范延,50-51,97,167,241,271,329,334

baniyas[地]巴尼亚斯,363

banjara[人]班家拉,629注

baqi muhammad[人]巴基·穆罕默德,486

baraghun-ghar (bara'un-gharorqar; barun-ghar; right or west wing)[专]右翼军,223,509,629注

baranduk[人]巴兰都黑,480

baraq (ghiyath ad-din)[人]八剌,292,327,332,333-334,369,401,606注

bara'un-ghar (qar)[专]右翼军,见baraghun-ghar

barca[人]别儿哥,见berke

barchuq[人]巴而术,233,234,238,329-330

bardhaa[地]巴尔德哈,437

barghu (barghuchin; barquchin; barqujin)[地]八儿忽真隘,205,208,582注

bar hebraeus[人]巴赫布拉攸斯,191,362,367,377,396

barkiyaruk[人]巴尔基雅鲁克,155

barkol[地]巴里坤,42,48,55,126,536,538

bar kol, lake[地]巴里坤湖,47,126,569注

barla[族]巴鲁剌部,见barula

barlas[人]巴鲁剌思部哈吉,见hajji barlas

barnaoul[地]巴尔瑙尔,525

baroghil pass[地]巴罗吉尔山口,119

barquchin, barqujin[地]八儿忽真隘,见barghu

barquq[人]贝尔孤格,433,434,441,446-447

barsa-bolod[人]巴尔斯博罗特,509,510

bartan-ba'atur[人]把儿坦巴阿秃儿,198

bartatua[人]巴塔图亚,8-9

barthold, v. v.[人]巴托尔德,113,120,126,145,149,154,165,179,181-182,194,195,198,201,222,238,239,253,272,275,277,328,333,341,377,380,395,397,400,407,421,440,441,442,479,480,525,531

barula (barla)[族]巴鲁剌部,194

barun-ghar[专]右翼军,见baraghun-ghar

bashkirs[族]巴什基尔人,403,472,522,576注

basil ii (byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)巴西尔二世,182

basil ii (the blind; russian ruler)[人](罗斯统治者,瞎子)巴西尔二世,470

basil iii (vasili ivanovich; russian ruler)[人](莫斯科大公,瓦西里·伊凡诺维奇)巴西尔三世,473

basmil[族]拔悉蜜,112,113,569注,588注

basra[地]巴士拉,315,458

bastarnae[族]巴斯塔尔尼人,72-73

batchman[人]八赤蛮,264

bateni[地]巴捷尼,18

battle of the marshes[专]麦什德之战,412

battle tactics[专]战术,9,23,24,74-75,224-226,228,229,242-243,245,283;artillery,529,530,540,625注;大象,use of,290,308,339,340,445,447,451,572注;火器,530,532,540;骑兵射手,7,8,23,75,223,224,553注-554注;围攻机械,283,287,450

batu (sain-khan)[人]拔都(赛恩汗),254,264-276,281,282,350,392-396,512,594注,596注

bayan (活跃于582)[人]巴颜,173-174

bayan (活跃于650)[人]巴颜(保加尔人首领),176

bayan (nayan; 1301-09)[人]伯颜(白帐汗),335,403

bayan (po-yen;活跃于1276)[人]伯颜(将领),286,287,292,294,599注

bayan (死于1340)[人](权臣)伯颜,323

bayan-chor[人]默延啜,见mo-yen-cho

bayan selduz[人](速勒都思部)巴颜,343,345,346,409,410

baya'ut[族]伯牙吾惕,194

bayazid, bayezid[人]拜牙即(迷里拜牙即)见bajazet; mir bayezid

bayirku[族]拔野古,109,110

bayisangghur[人]巴义山格呼儿,629注

baysonqor (baysonkur)[人]拜孙哈尔,464

begjik[人]别克吉,411

beha ad-din (beha ad-din muhammad)[人]贝哈哀丁,367,609注

beha ad-din marghinani[人]火者·巴海乌丁,329

beha ad-din razi[人]贝哈哀丁拉齐,588注

beit abe[地]拜特·阿比,357

bek(mayor of the palace)[专]伯克(宫廷侍长),577注

bekter[人]别克台尔,199,200

béla iv (of hungary)[人](匈牙利王)贝拉四世,266,267

bela[人]八拉,见bala

bela vezha, belaya vezha[地]白城(沙克尔),见sarkel

belgrade (singidunum)[地]贝尔格莱德(辛吉杜蒙),76,174

belgutai[人]别里古台,199,293

belisarius[人]伯里沙留斯,79

belor[人]波罗,见bolor

benaket[地]别纳客忒,238,338

benedict xii, pope[人]本尼狄克十二世,304,319,341-342,404

benedict de goës[人]鄂本笃,500

bengal[地]孟加拉,70,444

benveniste, émile[人]贝文尼斯特,10

berdibeg[人]别儿迪别,405

berke (barca)[人]别儿哥,264,265,274,305,332,363,365,366,369,394,397-400各处,420,615注

berkejar[人]别儿克贾,333,401

besasiri[人]贝撒希瑞,151

berry (france)[地]贝里(法国),178

beshbaligh (dzimsa; kiu-shih; kucheng; peiting)[地]别失八里(吉木萨,车师,古城,北庭),42,44,46,47,48,95,100,112,113,114,125,126,144,164,197,233,272,282,305,312,326,327,329,330,331,335,351,400,569注

bessarabia[地]比萨拉比亚,4,9,174

beth garmai[地]伯斯卡迈,368

beya[地]别亚,18

bezeklik[地]伯子克力克,52,96,98,124

bhamo[地]八莫海峡,290,308

bhanugupta[人]巴奴芨多,70

bhatnair[地]帕特奈尔,444

bichura[地]比丘拉,558注

bichurskoye[地]比楚尔斯科雅,551注

bihar[地]比哈尔,70;参见magadha

bihzad[人]毕赫札德,465

bilgä(as title)[专]必勒格,195

bilik(“sayings”)[专]必里克(箴言),221

bilqas[地]比勒加斯,362

binhdinh[地]平定,290,309

birar[族]比拉尔族,515

birecik[地]比雷吉克,361

birkeh-i gurian[地]比耳哈·古里安,423

bistam[地]比斯坦,390

bithynia[地]比萨尼亚,385,452

bitlis[地]比德里思,262

black irtysh[地]黑额尔齐斯河,也儿的石河,也儿的石河上游,82,190,255,312,338,424,425,479,510,512,523,525,537

black sea[地]黑海,8,73,173,177,185,268,276,374,392,405

black sheep[朝]黑羊王朝,见qara-qoyunlu

bleda[人]布勒达,75

blue mongols (kökä mongol)[专]蓝蒙古人,或青蒙古人,xxv,585注

blue turks (kök türk)[专]蓝突厥人,或青突厥人,86,585注;参见t'u-chüeh

bocolabras (shaman; sorcerer)[宗]男巫,172

bodi (bodi-khan)[人]博迪汗,510

bodunchar[人]孛端察尔,193

bögä(shaman)[宗]巫师,172,195

bogdo ala[地]博格达拉山,95

bogdo-khan[人]土谢图汗,见tushetu-khan

boghorchu[人]博儿术,见bo'orchu

boghul (slaves; vassals)[专]孛斡勒(奴隶、属臣),195,222

bögü[人]匐俱,110

bogurji[人]博儿术,见bo'orchu

bohemia[地]波希米亚,175

bohemund vi[人]波赫蒙德六世,360,361,362,363

boibeghus ba'atur[人]拜巴噶斯巴图尔,523

bokhan[人]波汗,85,173

boleslav iv[人]博列思老四世,266

boleslav v (the chaste)[人](贞洁者)博列思老五世,399

bolgar (town; bolgarskoye; bolgary; uspenskoye)[地]保加尔人的城市(今波尔加利,乌斯平斯科伊),264,393,401,594注

bolgars[族]保加尔人,见bulgars

bolgarskoye, bolgary[地]波尔加利城,见bolgar (town)

bolghai[人]孛鲁合,275,285,286

bolkhojinong[人]博勒呼济农,509

bolod (活跃于1285)[人]孛罗(丞相),304,378,381

bolod (约1407-12)[人]不剌汗,见pulad

bolod (place)[地]普拉德,见pulad

bolod temür[人]孛罗帖木儿,324

bolor (belor)[地]波罗,306

bon-posorcery[宗]本教,523

bonus[人]波鲁斯,174

bo'orchu (boghorchu; bogurji)[人]博儿术,200,206,210,223,589注

boraqchin[人]博剌克斤,397

boraq hajjib[人]霍吉勃博剌克,260,353

bordeaux[地]波尔多,375

bordei-herastrau[文]波德·希拉斯特安文化,6

boris[人]鲍里斯,177

borjigin[族]孛儿只斤部,193,199-200,207,217,505

bor nor[地]贝尔湖,捕鱼儿湖,192,198,203,210,502,510,529

borodino[地]博罗季诺,4

boroqul[人]博罗浑,206,210

borotala[地]博罗塔拉,102,554注

borovka, g. i.[人]波罗夫卡,14,16

börte[人]孛儿帖,200,201,218,219,220,394

börte-cino[人]孛儿帖公主,554注

bosporus (city)[地]博斯普鲁斯城,见panticapaeum

bosporus (strait)[地]博斯普鲁斯海峡,174,175

bosporus, cimmerian[地]博斯普鲁斯,见cimmerian bosporus

boucher, guillaume[人]布歇,纪尧姆,280,281

bronze age[专]铜器时代,4-5,6

brussa[地]布鲁萨,见bursa

buchin[人]布金,334

budaq[人]沙·布达克,481

buddha (buddha sakyamuni; sagamoni burcan)[宗]佛陀,308;relics, 298,308,533

buddhagupta[人]佛陀笈多,70,71

buddhism[宗]佛教(参见喇嘛教),xxiii,32,48,49,51,60,63,65,66,70,95,96,98,99,101,111,118,125,220,237,275,276,277,290,297-300,327,367,379,383,527,628注;和尚,602注;翻译文本49,59,96,97,124,299;道人,597注,602注;参见lamaism

buddhist art[文]佛教艺术,48-53,64,65,70,96-99,122,124

buerova mogila[人]布诺瓦,16

bug (river)[地]布格河,5,10,392

bughra-khan harun[人]博格拉汗哈仑,144,145,147

bughra sali tutuq[人]博格拉·萨利·吐吐克,568注

bugur[地]布吉尔,344

bujai[人]布贾,386

bukhara[地]布哈拉,不花剌(城),96,116,117,118,120,141,142,144,145,146,147,149,165,168,169,239,243,244,254,255,305,326,327,328,332,333,335,340,344,345,370,412,413,438,464,465,481,483-489,496,498,531,540

bukharia[地]布哈拉地区,486,526

bukovina[地]布科维纳,4

bulaji (puladshi)[人]播鲁只,344,422

bulan[人]布兰可汗,577注

bulat (pulad)[人]布拉特,532

bulgaria[朝]保加利亚国,178,268,402,403,449;great bulgaria,176

bulgarians (bulgars)[族]保加利亚人(保加尔人),399,402

bulgar language[文]保加尔语,577注

bulgars (bolgars)[族]保加尔人,保加利亚人,xxviii,174,175-176,177,185,186,247,264,392,393,441

buluk[地]布鲁克,549注

bumin (t'u-men)[人]布明(土门),81,82,86

bunchagan, lake[地]布察干湖,581注

buqa timur[人]不花帖木儿,355

burgas[地]布尔加斯,174,177

burgundians[族]勃艮第人,56,60,449

burgundy[地]勃艮第,178

burhan ad-din[人]布汉哀丁,391,449

burhan ad-din (great khoja)[人]包尔汉丁(大和卓),541-542

büri (活跃于1240)[人]不里,264,265,275,607注

büri (活跃于1270)[人]不里,334,338,607注

buri-bökö[人]不里孛阔,204

buri-tigin (tamgatch-khan)[人]贝里特勤,147,572注

burma (mien)[地]缅甸,290-291,308

burni[人]布尔尼,519-520

burqan qaldun[地]不儿罕合勒敦山(肯特山),见kentei

bursa (brussa)[地]布鲁萨,420,451

burut[族]喀喇吉尔吉斯,见kara-kirghiz

buscarel de gisolf[人]布斯卡尔,375,376

bushang[地]布格申,427

butkhanaha(pagan temples)[地]异教寺庙,359

bu'ura[地]布拉河(不兀剌川),201

buyang-ghulai[人]布颜格呼赖,629注

buyan-quli[人]巴颜合里,343

buyan shiban[人]布颜昔班,301

buyan temür[人]卜颜帖木儿,325

buyantu (ayurparibhadra)[人]普颜笃(爱育黎拔力八达),321,340

buyids[朝]布威朝,143,150-151,152,153,354-355

buyiruq[人]不亦鲁,205,208,215,584注

buyur, lake[地]捕鱼儿湖,206

buzar[人]布札儿,234,235

byskar[地]拜什卡尔,558注

bytom[地]比托姆,399

byzantine empire[朝]拜占庭帝国,57,62,82-85,153,172,173-175,177,179-180,182,184,186,385,399,401,402,452

byzantium[地]拜占庭,参看君士坦丁堡,见constantinople

cacianfu[地]河间府,见hokien

caesarea[地]凯撒里亚,154,273,349

caffa (feodisiya)[地]喀发(费奥多西亚),319,342,403,404,405,407,471,472,473

cahen, g.,[人]卡亨,402

cahun, léon[人]卡洪,224,247

cail (kayal)[地]卡亚尔,311

cailac[地]海押立,见qayaligh

cairo[地]开罗,364,387

caitan, çaiton[地]刺桐,(泉州),见chüanchow

cambaluc[地]汗八里,(北京),见peking

cambay, gulf of[地]坎贝湾,309

cambodia[地]柬埔寨(高棉),见khmer

campiciu[地]甘州,见kanchow (kansu)

campsay[地]杭州,见hangchow

campus mauriacus[地]莫里亚库斯驻地,76

camul[地]哈密,见hami

cansay[地]杭州,见hangchow

canton (sincalan)[地]广州(辛迦兰),287,290,305,308,309-310,315,323,324,518,605注

cappadocia[地]卡帕多细亚,8,9,154,155,157,370,391,449

carachoço[地]哈剌火州(吐鲁番),见turfan

caragian (kingdom)[朝]云南国,见yunnan

caragian (town)[地](云南;大理城)哈剌章,见tali

caraian[朝]云南(王国),见yunnan (kingdom)

caramoran[地]黄河,见yellow river

caria[地]卡里亚,452

carl, jean[人]j.卡尔,51

carnatic[地]卡纳蒂克,311

carnuntum,[地]卡农图姆,175

carolingians[族]加洛林王朝人(也参看查理曼),60,158,178;参见charlemagne

carpathian mountains[地]喀尔巴阡山脉,73,75,176,177

carpini[人]迦儿宾,见piano carpini

cascar[地]喀什城,见kashgar

casimir iv (of poland)[人](波兰的)卡西米四世,470

caspian sea[地]里海,8,93,185,245,400,508,521,523,525

catalonia[地]加太罗尼亚,74

cathay[地]契丹,306,309

catherine ii (of russia)[人](俄国的)叶卡捷琳娜二世,477

catholic church[宗]天主教教会,见christianity条下

cattaro[地]科托尔,见kotor

caucausus[地]高加索,6,8,9,11,176,181,240,246,263,366,376,392,397,419,433,442,522

cavalry[专]骑兵,见archers,mounted;horse

ceylon[地]锡兰国,298,308,311,315

chaban[地]佛誓,见vijaya

chadak[地]哈达克,488

chagan[人]察罕,223

chagan (zagan; andrew)[人]察甘,376

chagatai[人]察合台,见jagatai

chaghan[人]察罕,259

chaghan-ordo[朝]白帐汗国(查罕·斡耳朵),见white horde

chaghan tatar[族]察罕塔塔儿部,207-208

chaghan temür[人]察罕帖木儿,323,324

chagri-beg[人]查基尔拜格,150

chagri-khan jalal ad-din[人]恰格里汗·贾拉尔·阿德·丁,574注

chahar (people)[族]察哈儿人,509-514,517,519,530,538,629注

chahar (place)[地]察哈尔,xxii,xxv,25,164,285,288,507,516

chaka (jeku)[人]术客,402,403

chakravartin(as title)[宗]查克拉瓦蒂(佛教词汇中为“宇宙之君主”),298

chalcedon[地]卡尔西登,174

chalish[地]察力失(焉耆,喀拉沙尔),见kara shahr

chäm (jäm)[地]剑河,584注

champa (ciamba; cyamba)[朝]占婆,289-290,308,315

champagne (region)[地]香巴尼地区,178

chandrapida[人]真陀罗秘利,118-119

chandu[地]上都府,见shangtuho

changan (fengyuanfu; kingchaofu; qan-baliq; quegianfu; sera metropolis; sian)[地]长安(京兆府),xxix,34,38,41,56,57,58,59,61,63,66,81,83,89,90,92,100,120,126,127,232,307,599注,604注,605注

chang ch'uen[人]张骞,30,34

changchow[地]常州,287

ch'ang-ch'uen[人]长春真人,见kiou ch'ang-ch'uen

changchun[地]长春,516

chang hiao-sung[人]张孝嵩,117

ch'ang huei[人]常惠,37

chang kuei[人]张珪,299

changping[地]昌平,107

changsha[地]长沙,284,287

chang shih-ch'eng[人]张士诚,323,324

chang shih-ch'ung[人]张世忠,511

chang shih-kie[人]张世杰,287

chang shuen[人]张顺,287

changteh[地]彰德(参看邺城),65,130,137,232;参见ye

chang-ti[人]汉章帝,42,44

changyeh[地]张掖,35,41

chan kue[人]张贵,287

chao[朝]赵国,20

ch'ao (paper currency)[专]钞(纸币),297,310,377

chao, hou-[朝]后赵,见hou-chao

chao, ts'ien[朝]前赵,见ts'ien-chao

chaochow[地]潮州,287

chaochow[地]赵州,108

chao huei[人]兆惠,538,541

chao hung[人]赵珙,199

chao k'uang-yin[人]赵匡胤(宋太祖),见t'ai-tsu

chao meng-fu, school of[文]赵孟頫瞓学派,223

chao-modo[地]昭莫多,530

chao pao[人]赵彪,54

chao pao-ki (li ki-ts'ien)[人]赵保机(李继迁),132

chao p'o-nu[人]赵破奴,35

chao ssu-wen[人]赵思温,129

chao tö-ming[人]赵德明,133

chaoyang[人]朝阳,557注

chao yüan-hao[人]赵元昊,133

chäpär[人]察八儿,295,335,336,338,384

chapogir[族]恰波吉尔人,515

charchan[地]车尔城,见cherchen

charin[地]察里恩河,460

charkhlik[地]恰克里克城(参看罗不),见lop

charlemagne[人]查理曼,82,158,175

charpentier, jarl[人]查尔彭蒂尔,29,30

cha'ur-bäki[人]察兀儿别吉,209

chavannes, édouard[人]沙畹,42

che ch'an[人]支谶,49

che-che[人]致支,37,38,55,72

che-che yun-tu, mount[地]《元史》折折运都山,212

chekiang[地]浙江,137,287,308,323,324,518

che k'ien[人]支曜,49

chenab[地]杰纳布河,446

chenchow[地]镇巢,304,503,599注

cheng ki[人]郑吉,37

ch'eng t'ang[人]陈汤,38

chengting[地]正定,108,130,132,229

chengtu (sindufu)[地]兴都府,307,310,598注

chenkiang (cinghianfu)[地]镇江,137,139,302

chen-kin (chinkim)[人]真金,302,321

ch'en mu[人]陈睦,43,46

chen-tsung[人]宋真宗,132,133

ch'en yu-liang[人]陈友谅,323,324

cherchen (charchan; ciarcian)[地]车尔城,306

cheremis[族]切列米斯人,472

cherman[地]起儿漫,见kerman

chernigov[地]切尔尼戈夫,10,246,265

chernoziom[地]切尔诺柔姆,547注

chernyakhov[地]切尔尼亚霍夫,73

chersonesus,85;[地]刻松城,参见kherson

chertomlyk[地]切尔托姆雷克,7,10,546注

ch'eu ou[人]崔瑀,599注

chi[地]蓟(今天的北京),见peking

ch'i, pei-[朝]北齐,见pei-ch'i

chiangmai (xiengmai; pape)[地]清迈,291,600注

chia ssu-tao[人]贾似道,284,286

ch'i-chia-p'ing[文]齐家坪文化,3

chichow[地]池州,287

ch'ien han shu[书]《前汉书》,21,29,30-31

ch'ien-lung[人]乾隆,xxx,518,520,537,538-539,542

chihli, gulf of[地]直隶湾,14,230

chihtan[地]志丹(保安),见paoan

chih tao[人](傅安)之道,见fu an

chila'un[人]赤老温,200,206

chilgerbökö[人]赤勒格儿力士,201

chilperic[人]查尔帕里克,58

chimbai[人]赤不拜,200

ch'in[朝]秦朝,20,26-27

chin (12th-13th cent.)[朝]金国,见kin

chin, hou-[朝]后金,见hou-chin

ch'in, hou-[朝]后秦,见hou-ch'in

ch'in, hsi-[朝]西秦,见hsi-ch'in

chin, northern or western[朝]晋(北晋或称西晋),54,55

chin, southern or eastern[朝]晋(南晋或东晋),56-57

ch'in ts'ien-[朝]前秦,见ts'ien-ch'in

china, republic of[朝]中华民国,323,519,529

china sea[地]中国海,308

chinaz[地]契纳兹,412

chinggis-khan[人]成吉思汗,见jenghiz khan

chingintalas[地]欣斤塔剌思,603注

chingiz[地]青吉兹,215

chin huai-ti[人]晋怀帝,56

chinkiang[地]镇江,287

chinkim[人]真金,见chen-kin

chin min-ti[人]晋愍帝,56

chinqai[人]镇海,257,268,270,272,274,351

ch'in shih huang-ti[人]秦始皇,20,26,101

chintimur,[人]真帖木儿,351

chios[地]希俄斯岛,452

chirchik (parak)[地]奇尔奇克河(帕拉克河),244,463,496

chigirin[地]奇吉林,15

chita[地]基塔,25,37,551注

ch'iu-chiu-ch'ueh[人]邱就却,见kujula kadphises

chiu shih-ssu[人]瞿式耜,518

chkalov[地]奥伦堡,见orenburg

chmielnik[地]赫梅尔尼克,266

chochow[地]涿州,131,132,570注

chofang[地]朔方,34-35

chöl[族]沙陀,见sha-t'o

choligh-buqa[人]绰里吉不花,301

chopan (juban)[人]出班,385,387

chormaghan (chormaqan)[人]绰儿马罕,261-262,263,347-348,350,351,359

choros (olöt; tsoros)[族]绰罗斯部,503,520-521,523-528各处,531,537,538,539,540;参见oirat

chosroes i anoshirvan[人]库思老一世(阿奴细尔汪),82,83

chosroes ii parviz[人]库思老二世(帕维兹),51,85,174

chou, hou-[朝]后周,见hou-chou

chou, pei-[朝]北周,见pei-chou

chou ta-kuan[人]周达观,291

chowkowtien[地](北京)周口店,3

christianity[宗]基督教,165,179,180,186,220,263,281,282,300,312,313-314,319,341-342,348,356-358,360,361,363,377,379,401,402,404;主教,300;参见jacobites; nestorianism

chu[地]楚河,38,67,82,102,133,144,145,165,189,204,233,236,244,254,277,326,343,395,397,423,425,508

chüanchow (caitan; caiton; zayton)[地]泉州(刺桐),287,291,305,308,310,311,312,314,319,604注

chuchow (cugiu)[地]处州,308

chufut-kale[地]基尔基,见kirki

chuguchak[地]楚固恰克,xxiii,95,164,424,526

ch'u-lo[人]处罗,89

ch'u-mi[族],处蜜,100

ch'u-mu-kuen[族]处木昆,115

chumysh[地]楚麦什河,525

chung[人]忠,43,45

ch'ung-cheng[人]崇祯帝,517

ch'ung-fu-ssu(government department)[专]崇福司,300

chung-hei[人](金王)永济,140,227,230

chunghing[地]中兴府(参看宁夏),见ningsia

chungli (fengyang)[地]钟离(凤阳),65

chungshan (tingchow)[地]中山(今保定南部的定州),59,60

chung-tu[地]中都(北京),见peking

chuong-duong[地]升隆,290

chu sho-fu[人]竺朔佛,49

chuvash (people)[族]楚瓦什人,177,472,559注

chuvash (mountain)[地]楚瓦什山,489

chuvash language[文]楚瓦什语,577注,559注

ch'u wen[人]朱温,127

chu yüan-chang[人]朱元璋,见hung-wu

ch'u-yueh[族]处月部,见sha-t'o

cialis[地]察力失(喀拉沙尔),见kara shahr

ciamba[地]占城,见champa

ciangli[地]滋阳,见tsiyang

cianglu[地]长卢,见tsanglu

ciarcian[地]车尔城,见cherchen

cilicia (little armenia)[地]西里西亚(小亚美尼亚),8,9,263,264,269,271,281-282,305,312,347,360,361,362,363,370,371,379,382,384

cimmerian bosporus[地]辛梅里安人的博斯普鲁斯,xxvi,18,25,39

cimmerians[族]辛梅里安人,v,4-5,6,8,9,10,11,25,545注

cinghianfu[地]镇江,见chenkiang

circassia[地]塞卡西亚,376,442

circassians[族]契尔克斯人,246

clavijo[人]克拉维约,453

clement v, pope[人](教皇)克力门五世,314,384

clovis[人]克洛维,63

coal, mining of[专]煤矿,309

cocachin[人]阔阔真,见kökächin

coigangiu[地]淮安,见hwaian

coilum[地]奎隆,见quilon

colchis[地]科尔奇斯,8

confederates[族]卫拉特人,见oirat

confucianism[宗]儒教,64,299,300

confucius[人]孔子,64

constantine v[人]君士坦丁五世,177

constantine vii (porphyrogenitus)[人]君士坦丁七世,177,178,182,577注

constantine x (ducas)[人]君士坦丁十世,185

constantine diogenes[人]康士坦丁·台吉勒斯,182

constantine tych (of bulgaria)[人]君士坦丁泰奇,399

constantinople (byzantium)[地]君士坦丁堡(拜占庭),xxviii,xxix,56,57,174,176,182,184,276,319,374,399,449,452,453,533

cordier, henri[人]考狄尔,316

corlu[地]乔尔卢,184

costume[专]服饰,7,8,20,21,51,52,74,97-98,124,223

cotan[地]于阗(和田),见khotan

council of lyons[专]路易斯宗教委员会,370

courant, maurice[人]考朗特,510,515,526,531,532

coyat[人]科亚特,277

cracow[地]克拉科夫,266,399

crimea[地]克里米亚,13,15,39,73,85,180,182,247,276;热那亚和威尼斯银行家,247,312,374,403-407,442,471;汗国,470,471,472,473,475,477;可萨里亚,180,314,401,403

croatia[地]克罗地亚,267

croats[族]克罗地人,175

cromerus[书]《克罗麦鲁斯编年史》,399

crusades and crusaders[专]十字军,245,246,349,449,451,452;参见jerusalem

csanad[地]琼纳德,266

csongrad[地]琼格拉德,176

csuny[地]琼尼,176

ctesiphon[地]泰西封,68

cubuk[地]丘布克,451

cucuteni[地]库库特尼,4

cugiu[地]处州,见chuchow

cumanian language[文]库蛮语,280

cumans[族]库蛮人,钦察人,见kipchaks

currency: coins[专]钱币(怯伯币,纸钞),380,393,401;硬币,341;纸币,297,310,377

cyamba[朝]占婆,见champa

cyandu[地]上都府,见shangtuho

cyaxares[人]奇阿克撒列,9

cyprus[地]塞浦路斯,281

cyril, st.,[人]圣·西利尔,180

cyrus[人]居鲁士,9

dacia[地]达西亚,45,72,73

dagestan[地]达吉斯坦,179,182

daha[地]帕哈,见kediri

dahur[族]达呼尔族,515

dai-sechen[人]德薜禅,200,206

dalai khan[人]达赖汗,524

dalai lama (tale-lama; as title)[专]达赖喇嘛,514,581注

dalai nor (hulun nor)[地]达赉诺尔(呼伦池),54,210,582注

dalai taiji[人]达赖台吉,523

dalmatia[地]达尔马提亚群岛,267

damascus[地]大马士革,154,155,261,360,361,362,363,365,382,419,447-448

damghan[地]达姆甘,240,428,461

damietta[地]达米埃塔,245,373

damna[地]达蒙纳,41

dandanaqan[地]丹丹坎,147,150

dandan-uilik[地]丹丹-乌里克,52,96

daniel (of galicia)[地](西里西亚的)丹尼勒,265,395,399

danishmend (muslim doctors)[专]达失蛮(回教僧侣),602注

danishmend behadur[人]答尼失蛮·巴黑都儿,385,386

danishmendids[朝]丹尼什门德王朝,154

danishmendiya[人]答失蛮察,343

daniyal-khoja[人]丹尼雅尔和卓,528,541

danube[地]多瑙河,4,72,74,75,76,78,79,148,173-178,181,182,184,185,267,268,295,399

dao-tu ki[人]陶子奇,290

daquqa[地]达古格,245

daritai (daritai-noyan; daritai-ochigin)[人]答力台-斡赤斤,202,208,212,213

darius[人]大流士,9-10,23

darja[人]达尔扎,537

darqan (darqat; as title)[专]答儿罕(称号),222,586注-587注

darugachi (daruqachi; official)[专]达鲁花赤(地方官),243,259

daud[人]道特,149

daulet girei iii[人]道勒特·格来,477

david (活跃于1248)[人]大卫,349

david lasha[人]大卫·拉沙,269,272,350

david narin[人]大卫·纳林,269,272,350

dawaji (tawaji)[人]达瓦齐,537,538

dawud-khoja[人]达乌德火者,315,340,386

dayan[人]达延汗,509-510,539,540

dayan khan[人]达延汗,524

dayir usun[人]带儿兀孙,215

daylam[朝]戴拉木王朝,355

daxata[地]达克沙塔,41

dbus[地]乌斯藏,524

deccan[地]德干高原,69,311,444

delhi[地]德里,242,260,339,341,417,419,420,443,444,445,446

denev[地]德勒夫,10

dengizich (dinzigich)[人]顿吉兹奇(丁兹吉克),78-79

denha[人]腆合,304

denha, mar[人]马·德赫,见mar denha

derbent[地]打耳班,8,246,281,282,366,369,376,398,430,437,441

derestuisk[地]德瑞斯特斯克,25,37

dervish[人]德尔维希,475

desna[地]德斯纳河,11

dewatdar[专]副掌印官,357

dilshad agha[人]迪勒沙·阿哈,423

dimitrii donskoi[人]德米特里·顿斯科伊,405-406,407

dinzigich[人](顿吉兹奇)丁兹吉克,见dengizich

dio cassius[人]狄奥卡修斯,547注

diyarbakir (amid)[地]迪亚巴克尔,261,262,263,360,433,456,459,462

dizful[地]迪兹富勒,432

djaylak[地]迪杰拉克,见jaylak

djenkshi[人]靖克失汗,见jenkshi

dnieper[地]第聂伯河,4,10,73,177,178,181,182,246,392,402,471

dniester[地]德聂斯特河,72,73,268,392,407,436

doab[地]多阿布,69,443,444

dobrogea (dobruja)[地]多布罗加,78

dobun-mergen[人]朵奔蔑儿干,193

dolonnor[地]多伦诺尔,上都府,见shangtuho

don[地]顿河,72,73,80,172,178,180,181,312,392,402,404,406,441,442,471,472,522

donets[地]顿涅茨河,392,402

dongkur manjusri khutukhtu[人]惇果尔文殊师刊呼图克图,514

donskoi, dimitrii[人]德米特里·顿斯科伊,见dimitrii donskoi

doquz-khatun[人]脱古思可敦,356,357,358,361,367

dörben[族]朵儿边部,见dörböt

dörben oirat[族]杜尔本·卫拉特,见oirat

dörben qoriya (wang)[族]“四圈”旗,郡王部,511

dörböt (dörben; dörböd; turbet)[族]杜尔伯特,194,206,207,208,213,503,520,523,525,527,537,538;参见oirat

drangiana[地]德兰吉亚那,31

dristra (durostorum; silistra)[地]锡利斯特拉,xxiv,184

drosakhe[地](希腊地理学家们的)酒泉,41

dughlats (duqlats)[族]杜格拉特人,344,412,422,425,453,459,463,491-495,497,498,499

dukhtar-i-noshirvan[地]杜克塔-依-奴细尔汪,51

dülün-boldaq[地]跌里温盘陀山,199

dunapentele[地]杜纳彭特勒,176

duqaq timuryaligh[人]杜卡克·帖木耳雅里赫,148

duqlats[族]杜格拉特人,见dughlats

dürbäljïn(square script)[文]都尔巴金字(方块字),298

durbelji[族]杜尔伯斤,25,549注

dungan[族]东干人,538

dürlükin[族]都儿鲁斤部,194

durostorum[地]锡利斯特拉,见dristra

dust muhammad[人]笃思忒·马黑麻,461,463,493

duwa[人]都哇,294,295,303,334,335-336,338,339,384,403

duwa-timur[人]笃来帖木儿,341

dzasagtu-khan (khanate)[人]扎萨克图汗,512

dzasagtu-khan (person)[人]扎萨格图汗,见shara; subati

dzhambul[地]江布尔(塔拉斯城),见talas (town)

dzimsa[地]济木萨(别失八里)见beshbaligh

dzungar (jungar)[族]准噶尔人(也名卡尔梅克人),501,512,520,525-539各处,541,630注,参见kalmucks; oirat

dzungaria[地]准噶尔地区,82,89,102,114,479,521,524,536,537,538,542

eastern roman empire[朝]东罗马帝国,拜占庭帝国,见byzantine empire

"east iranian" language[文]东伊朗语,xxiii, 29,40,49,96

ebejesu[人]伊伯杰苏,191

ebi nor[地]艾比湖,102,331,344,491

ebuskun[人]也速伦,329

ecbatana[地]埃克巴坦那(哈马丹),见hamadan

edeco[人]埃德科,78

edessa[地]埃德沙,361

edward i (of england)[人](英格兰的)爱德华一世,370,371,375,376

edward ii (of england)[人](英格兰的)爱德华二世,384

egrigain[地]宁夏,见ningsia

egypt[朝]埃及王朝(参看马木路克朝),355,359,364,365,参见mamelukes (dynasty)

ekaterinburg[地]埃卡特林贝尔格,11,547注

ekaterinoslav[地]埃卡特林罗斯拉夫,16

ekaterinovka[地]埃卡特罗夫卡,548注

el[人]名,颉利,见hie-li

elbek[人]额勒伯克,503

elephant,use in battle[专]战象,290,308,339,340,445,447,451,572注

eleuthes[族]厄鲁特部,521

elias, ney[人]埃尼亚斯,423,497,500

elizavetovskaya[地]伊里扎威托夫斯卡亚,13,15,16

eljigidäi[人]野里知吉带,271,274

eljigidäi[人]燕只吉带,341,348,349-350,586注

ellac[人]埃拉卡,78

elqutur[人]燕儿火脱,582注

eltäbir (as title)[专]颉利发,565注

elterish[人]颉跌利施(骨咄禄),见qutlugh

elya[人]也里牙,304

emba[地]恩巴河,148,181,394,521

emnedzar[人]恩勒德扎尔,78

engels[地]恩格尔斯(波克罗夫斯克),见pokrovsk

enos[地]埃诺斯,184

ephesus[地]以弗所,452

ephtha (ye-ta)[族]莚哒,67

ephthalites (hayathelites; ye-tai; white huns; huna)[族]莚哒人(白匈奴人,厌带夷栗陀),65,67-72,80,82,172,173,193,217,417;参见avars “equius,”277

eran[地]伊兰,71

erbil[地]埃尔比勒,见arbela

ercis (arjish)[地]阿尔吉斯,262

erdeni[人]额尔德尼,见irdana

erdeni dzu[地]额尔德尼昭寺庙,528

eregli[地]埃雷利(参看赫拉克利庞蒂亚),见heraclea pontica

erginul, ergiuul[地]凉州(马可记法),见liangchow

eric (of friuli)[人](弗留利大公)伊里克,175

erinchin[人]额璘臣济农,517

erkegüd[族]额尔克固特部,630注

erke-khongor[人]额哲洪果尔,517

erkene-qun[地]额儿古涅昆,193

erke-qara[人]额尔客合剌,204,206,581注

erküt[专]也里可温(近代写法),见erqüt

ermak[人]叶尔马克,489,490

ermanarich[人]亥耳曼纳奇,73

ermenak[地]埃尔梅内克山区,385

ernac[人]埃尔纳克,78

erqüt (erküt)[专]也里可温的近代形式,602注

erzerum[地]额尔哲鲁木城,263,430,449,450

erzincan[地]埃尔津詹,261,263,281,382,430,449,450,462

esen (esen-taiji; ye-hsien taichi)[人]额森台吉,也先台吉,491,492,506,507,508,520

esen-buqa (esen-bugha)[人]也先不花,315,338-339,340,386

esen-buqa ii (esen-bugha)[人]也先不花二世,460-461,480,492-493

esen temür (yesen temür; essan-temur)[人]也先帖木儿,308

eskisehir[地]埃斯基谢希尔,385

essantemur[人]也先帖木儿,见esen temür

essekü[人]额色库,504

esztergom[地]埃斯泰尔戈姆城堡,见gran

eternal heaven[宗]长生天,腾格里,见tängri

etsin gol[地]额济纳河,36,212

etzina[地](马可记哈拉霍屯城)额济纳,见karakhoto

eukratides[人]幼克拉蒂斯,29

euphrates[地]幼发拉底河,295,361,365,371,385,446

euphrosyne[人]欧菲柔细纳,400

eurasia, sea of[地]欧亚海,xxi

eutychios[人]攸提开俄斯,84

fadl allah rashid ad-din tabib[人]拉施特(法德尔·阿拉赫·拉施特),见rashid ad-din

fakhr ad-din kert[人]法黑剌丁,380,385-386

fancheng[地]凡城,287

fang kuo-chen[人]方国珍,323,324

faraj[人]法赖吉,447

fars[地]法尔斯,151,158,169,260,261,353,354,359,366,382,390,426,431,433,456,457,459,461

fatimids[朝]法提玛王朝,154

fedor (of ryazan)[人](里亚赞的)费多尔,616注

fedulovo[地]费杜罗沃,16

fei-yang-ku[人]费扬古,530

fenek[地]费内克,176

fengsiang[地]凤翔,257

fengyang[地]凤阳(钟离)见chungli

fengyüanfu[地]奉元府(长安),见changan

feodosiya[地]喀发,见caffa

fergana (ta-yüan)[地]费尔干纳(大宛),xxii,8,28,29,36,40,43,48,116,117,142,144,234,344,423,426,438,463,464,482,486,488,492,494,496,497,498,554注

fettich, nandor[人]弗蒂奇·南朵尔(著有《战国》)67,176,“fighting states,”见“warring states”

finance[专]财政,见crimea, genoese and venetian bankers; currency; taxation

finno-ugrian languages[文]芬兰-乌戈尔语,xxv

finno-ugrians[族]芬兰-乌戈尔种人,10-11,14,15,73,177,178

firdausi[人]费尔多希,243

five hordes[族]五部落,56

flor des estoires d'orient[书]《海顿行纪》(参看海顿),见hayton

fokuru[地]富库鲁,8

four confederates[族]四同盟者,参看卫拉特,见oirat

four garrisons[地]四镇(焉耆、喀什、于阗和库车),见kara shahr; kashgar; khotan; kucha

“four tughri”[地]四塔沟里,551注,568注

francesco da podio[人]弗朗希斯科,319

francis (of alexandria)[人]弗朗希斯,342

franks[族]法兰克人,56,60,62,173,174,175,178,359-360,364,371,449;参见syria

friuli[地]弗留利,174

fu an (chih tao)[人]傅安(之道),353,459

fu chien[人]苻坚,59,300

fuchow (fugiu)[地]鄜州,232,287,305,308,311,518,603注

fukien[地]福建,287,304,307,308,323,324,518

fu-li(as title)[专]附离(称号),87

fundukistan[地]法杜克斯坦,51

funerary customs[专]葬礼,8,21,23,87,129,546注,591注

fungchow[地]丰州,见yülin

fung fung-shih[人]冯奉世,37

fur trading[专]皮毛贸易,403

fu-shö sin[人]伏阇信,101

fu-te[人]富德,542

fu-ting[人]福定,603注

gaikhatu[人]海合都,309,373,377,612注

galatia[地]加拉底亚,157

galdan[人]噶尔丹,525-531,540,541

galdan tsereng[人]葛尔丹策零,532,536-537,540,541

galicia (galich)[地]加利西亚(或加利奇),6,8,246,265,266,395

galicia, spanish[地](西班牙的)加利西亚,74

galilee[地]加利利,364

gandhara[地]犍陀罗,49,65,69,70,71

gandharan art[文]犍陀罗艺术,48-49,64,70

ganges[地]恒河,69,71,146,168,419

ganja[地]刚加,151,263

ganja-karabakh[地]甘扎-卡拉巴克赫,5,545注

gardizi[人]迦尔迪齐,177,185,549注

garni[地]哈儿尼,见karni

gaul[地]高卢,63,74,76

gaza[地]加沙,362,364

gazaria[地]可萨尼亚,见khazaria

genoa[地]热那亚,374,375

genoese:在希俄斯[族]热那亚人,452;在克里米亚,247,312,374,403-407,442,471;在特拉布松,374

george (1235-42)[人]阔儿吉思(乔治),见körgüz

george (死于1298年)[人]阔里吉思,见körgüz

george (son of 'isä)[人]阔里吉思,304

georgia (and georgians)[地]格鲁吉亚,谷儿只,5,186,245,246,260,263,272,347,350,358,360,364,371,430,433,434,450

georgios tzoulos[人]乔治·佐勒斯,181

gepidae[族]吉别达伊人,73,75,78,173

ger (tents)[专]廓尔(帐篷),196

gerard[人]格拉德,314

geray[朝]格来王朝,见girei

gerbillon, père[人]热比荣,631注

geresandza (geresandza ochigin)[人]格森札斡惕赤斤,510,511

germania[地]日耳曼尼亚,173,179

germanic tribes[族]日耳曼部落,55,56,57,60,72-77,82,173,174,175;民族大迁徙,16,54

gestes des chiprois[专](提尔的)圣殿骑士,见templar of tyre

getae[族]盖特人,548注

ghajawan[地]加贾湾,484

ghazan[人]合赞,309,373,376-383,396,613注

ghazaniyeh[地]加赞尼耶,384

ghaznavids,[朝]伽色尼王朝,xxvii, 143-147,149-150,159,167-168

ghazni[地]加兹尼城,143,144,159,167-168,170,241,242,382,387,431

ghiugiu[地]衢州,见küchow

ghiyath ad-din (活跃于1174年)[人]吉雅斯·阿德丁,168

ghiyath ad-din (活跃于1224年)[人]嘉泰丁,260

ghiyath ad-din (活跃于1270年)[人]八剌,见baraq

ghiyath ad-din kert (活跃1307年)[人]嘉泰丁,386,387,389

ghiyath ad-din ii pir 'ali[人]嘉泰丁二世皮儿·阿里,427

ghor[地]古尔山区,167,168,352,382,427

ghorids[朝]古尔王朝,167-168,236,339,352-353,574注

ghurek (ikhshedh ghurek)[人]伊克谢德·胡拉克,116,117,118

ghuta[地]姑塔,447

ghuzz[族]古兹(参看乌古思),见oghuz

gilgit (little pulu)[族]吉尔吉特(小勃律),118,119

gilotto[人]基罗托,342

giorgi iii lasha[人]吉奥吉尔三世拉沙,245,260

giorgi vi[人]乔治六世,434

giovanni da marignolli[人]约翰·马黎诺里,319,342,404

giovanni da montecorvino[人]约翰·孟德科维诺,302,313,314,317,318,319,605注

girei (geray)[朝]格来王朝,471,472,473,475,477

girei, hajji[人]哈吉·格来,见hajji girei

girines[地]吉里勒斯,267

gisolf, buscarel de[人]布斯卡尔,见buscarel de gisolf

gliadenovo[地]格里亚德罗夫,548注

gobi desert[地]戈壁滩,xxii,xxv,34,61,62,132,133,138,191,196,203,212,234,286,318,424,425,504,505,536;绿洲,参见tarim

godan[人]阔端,259,593注,595注

godard, madame[人]哥达德夫人,51

göduk ahmed-pasha[人]哥杜克阿赫麦德(帕夏),471

goës, benedict de[人]鄂本笃,见benedict de goës

gokcha (sevan),lake[地]哥克察克湖(塞凡湖),348,430

gold (people)[族]金人,515

golden horde (altan-ordo; altunordu)[朝]金帐,参看钦察汗国,395-407,419,420,436,440,441,452,469-471,479;参见batu; kipchak khanate

görgüz[人]阔里吉思,见körgüz

gorki[地]下诺夫哥罗德(高尔基),见nizhni novgorod

gorodcheskaya[地]哥罗切斯卡亚,558注

gorodets[地]戈罗杰茨,470

goshi[人]完颜希尹,见wan-yen wu-shih

“gothia”[地]哥特人之地,406

goths[族]哥特人(吉别达伊人,东哥特人,西哥特人),16,56,73;参见gepidae; ostrogoths; visigoths

gran (strigonium; esztergom)[地]格兰城堡,267

grand canal[地]大运河,309,310

great armenia[地]大亚美尼亚,263,430,433

great bulgaria[朝]大保加利亚国,176

great horde (ulu-jüz)[朝]大帐(参看吉尔吉斯-哈萨克人),480,488,499,526,532,625注,参见kirghiz-kazakhs

great moravia[朝]大摩尔维亚,175,178

great pulu[朝]大勃律,见baitistan

great wall (of china)[地]长城,xxiv,20,26,34,61,80,85,227,324,507,514,540

great yüeh-chih (ta yüeh-chih)[族]大月氏,29

greco-buddhist art[文]希腊-佛教艺术,48-49,50,52,96,99;参见gandharan art

greco-roman art[文]希腊-罗马艺术,16,18,39,48

greco-scythian art[文]希腊-斯基泰艺术,8,13,15,18

gregory x, pope[人](教皇)格列高利十世,307,308-309,370,371

gregory (of tours)[人](图尔的)格里戈利,174,575注

grenard, fernand[人]格纳德,190,194,223,245,482

griaznov, m. p.[人]格里亚兹诺夫(使团),18

grillo, antonio[人]安东尼奥·格利洛,404

guichard (of cremona)[人](克里莫纳的)吉查德,348

guilds[专]商会,309-310

guillaume da prato[人]纪尧姆·波拉特,319

guillaume de hévésy[人]纪尧姆·赫威塞,见hévésy, guillaume de

guillaume de munte[人]纪尧姆·蒙特,451

guinzai[地]杭州,见hangchow

guiwarguis, mar[人]马·基瓦古斯,见mar guiwarguis

gujarat[地]吉莱特,32,444,445

gün biliktü mergen[人]衮必里克墨尔根,510,511

gupta[朝]芨多王朝,69,70

gurbesu[人]古儿别速,212,214

gurgan[地]古尔甘,390,464

gurganj[地]玉龙杰赤(乌尔根奇),见urgench

gurjara[族]瞿析罗人,72

gur-khan (as title)[专]古儿罕,165,206,233

gur-khan (person)[人]菊儿罕,192,199,206,578注

gushi khan[人]顾实汗,523,524,526

gushu(banner; administrative division)[专]旗,517,530

guy (guillaume)de longjumeau[人]盖依,273,349

güyük[人]贵由,217,264,265,267-273,329,347,348,349,350,352,581注,595注,596注

gwalior[地]瓜廖尔,71,146

haband[地]哈本德,608注

hackin, j.[人]哈辛,41,50,51-52,96

hadda[地]哈达,52,99

hafiz (活跃于1329年)[人]哈菲兹,390

haidarmirza[人]海达尔·米儿咱,穆罕默德·海达尔二世,见muhammad haidar ii

hailar[人]海剌儿,255

hailung[地]海龙,519

hajji barlas[人]巴鲁剌思部哈吉,343,345,409,410

hajji girei[人]哈吉·格来,471

hajji muhammad[人]哈吉·穆罕默德,487

hajji-tarkhan[地]哈只·塔儿塞(阿斯特拉罕),见astrakhan

hakozaki (hakata)bay[地]博多(筥崎)湾,289

halachar[地]兴庆府,132

ha-li[人]阿力,见'ali (活跃于1473年)

hallong-osso[地]贺垅·欧沙,25

hallstatt culture[文]哈尔希塔特文化,6,10,11

hama[地]哈马城,362,442

hamadan (ecbatana)[地]哈马丹,40,155,158,167,240,245,246,355,359,426,433,456

hami (camul)[地]哈蜜(伊吾),xxii,42,55,64,83,85,89,95,166,305,312,400,453,494,495-496,497,499,507,528,531,536,537;参见yiwu

han (river)[地]汉水,138,227,258,282,287

han, early[朝]前汉(西汉),xxx,13,25,26,27,34-38

han, late (a. d. 25)[朝]东汉,xxiii,39,41-48,54

han, late (947)[朝]后汉,见hou-han

han, pei-[朝]北汉,见pei-han

hančar, franz[人]弗朗兹·汉卡,11

hanchung (nancheng)[地]汉中(南郑),58,258

hanefites[宗]哈纳菲派(伊斯兰教派别),400

hangchow (campsay; cansay; guinzai; khansa; khanzai; khingsai; khinsa; quinsai)[地]杭州,137,138,189,282,287,305,308,310,316,518,604注

hankow[地]汉口,259,284,302

hanoi[地]河内,284,290

hanyang[地]汉阳,286,323

han yen-huei[人]汉延惠,129

haran[地]哈兰,361

harbin[地]哈尔滨,128,136,137,138,519

hari pushpa[人]诃黎布失毕,见ho-li pu-shih-pi

harqasun[人]阿尔哈森,见arghasun

harun ar-rashid[人]哈仑拉施特,181,241

hasan 'ali[人]哈散阿里,462

hasan brosh[人]哈森·布鲁希,356,360

hasan buzurg (hasan the jelair)[人]大哈森·布朱儿(札剌儿部哈森),389,390

hasan küchük[人]小哈森·库楚克,389

hasan-tigin[人]哈森特勤,159

harsha[人](印度皇帝)戒日王,72

ha-shen[人]罕慎,495-496

hattin-sum[地]哈屯森,25

hayathelites[族]莚哒人,见ephthalites

hayton (hethum), flor des estoires d'orient[人]海顿,282,361,363,371,373,378

hazrat apak (afak)[人]哈司剌·阿巴克(白山派首领),501,527,528

hazrat makhdumi nura[人]哈司剌·马黑杜米·奴烈,500

heaven[宗]长生天,腾格里,见tängri

hecatompylos (shahrud)[地]赫卡托姆皮洛斯(和椟城),40

hei-ssu[人]黑厮,304

heliocles[人]赫利克勒斯,30

hellenistic art[文]希腊艺术xxvi,12,18,25,39,48

helmand[地]赫尔曼德河,428

henry iii (of castile)[人]亨利三世,453

henry i (of cyprus)[人]亨利一世,271

henry (of silesia)[人]亨利,266

heraclea pontica (eregli)[地]赫拉克利庞蒂亚(埃雷利),174

heraclius[人]希拉克略,174,179

herat[地]赫拉特,哈烈,也里,68,85,116,167,168,241,242,334,340,343,352,354,369,370,380,385,386,390,426,427,428,445,457,459,461,465,481-482,484,485,498

herodian[人]赫洛店,84

herodotus[人]希罗多德,8,9,10,21,23,392,545注-549注,552

herrmann, albert[人]赫尔曼·阿尔伯特,20,35,41,42,172,214

herzfeld, e.[人]赫兹菲德,50

hethum i[人]海屯一世,263,264,269,271,281-282,360,361,362,363

hethum ii[人]海屯二世,379,382

hethum (monk)[人]海顿和尚,见hayton

heu kiun-tsi[人]侯君集,98

heves[地]赫淮什,8

hévésy, guillaume de[人]纪尧姆·赫威塞,xxv,576注

hezarasp[地]赫扎拉斯普,159,488,521

hie-li (el)[人]颉利,90,92

hien[人]贤,43

hierapolis[地]海俄拉城,见menbij

hieu-ch'u[族]休屠部,35

himalayas[地]喜马拉雅,xxi

hinchow[地]忻州,107

hinduism[宗]印度教,315,417,443,445,446

hindu kush[地]兴都库什山,68,69,71,85,93,241,244,343,346

hirado-shima[地]平卢岛,289

hissar[地]喜萨尔,464,484

history of the conqueror of the world[书]《世界征服者史》,见juvaini

hiu k'ang-tsung[人]许亢宗,134

hizen[地]肥前省,289

hochow (hochwan)[地]合州(合川),284

hochung (puchow)[地]河中(浦州),137,233,257

hochwan[地]合川(合州),见hochow

hojo tokimune[人]北条时宗,289

hokien (cacianfu)[地]河间,130,132,137,229,230,308,604注

ho k'iu-ping[人]霍去病,35

ho ko-tu-lu[人]合骨咄禄,见alp qutlugh

ho-lien[族]赫连部,61

holin[地]和林,见karakorum

ho-li pu-shih-pi (hari pushpa)[人]诃黎布失毕,99-100,101

ho-lo-ma[人]合剌,138,139

ho-lu[人]贺鲁,102-103

holwan[地]霍尔湾,169,355

holy land[宗]圣地,373-376;参见crusades and crusaders; jerusalem

homs[地]霍姆斯,362,365,371,378,382,447

honan[地]河南,4,57,58,59,61,65,137,138,227,232,255,257,258,259,283,517

honoria[人]荷罗丽娅,76

honorius iv, pope[人](教皇)霍诺留斯四世,373,374

hopei[地]河北,xxvi,3,19,25,54,57,58,59,60,65,106,108,127,128,129,131,136,137,138,164,229,230,232,284,325,507,519

hormuz (ormuz)[地]霍尔木兹,忽里模子,305,309,312,313,315

horse[专]马手,xxvi,12,223,549注,554注,stirrup,8,176,546注;参见archers, mounted

ho-shang (buddhist monks)[宗]和尚,602注

ho-ti[人](东汉)和帝,42

hotien[地]于阗,和田,见khotan

hou-chao[朝]后赵,57-58

hou-chin[朝]后金,127,129-130

hou-ch'in[朝]后秦,59

hou-chou[朝]后周,130,131

hou-han[朝]后汉,130

hou han shu[书]《后汉书》,30,31,32

hou-liang (4th-5th cent.)[朝]后梁(4-5世纪),60

hou-liang (10th cent.)[朝]后梁(10世纪),126

hou-t'ang[朝]后唐,127

hou-yen[朝]后燕,59,60

howorth, h. h.[人]豪沃思,439,440

hoyin-irgen (forest hunters)[专]槐因·亦儿坚(林中人),195

hsailaihsien[地]怀来县(妫州),见kweichow

hsia[朝]夏朝,61

hsia, hsi-[朝]西夏,见hsi-hsia

hsiang-shan[人]香山,603注

hsiao-shih[人]肖氏,131

hsia yüeh-chih[族]小月氏,28-29

hsi-ch'in[朝]西秦,60

hsien[朝]速古泰国,见sukhotai

hsien-pi[族]鲜卑人,xxiv,xxviii,xxix,39,46,47,53-54,55,61,89,193,283,;参见mu-jung; t'u-yü-huen

hsien-sheng (taoist monks)[宗]先生(道教和尚),602注

hsien-yün[族] 狁(匈奴),见hsiung-nu

hsi-hsia[朝]西夏,26,132,133,189,212,226-227,247,330

hsi-hsia script[文]西夏文,133

hsiung-nu (hsien-yün; hsiun-yü),[族]匈奴人( 狁,荤粥),xxii,xxiv,xxviii,8,13,15,17-21,23-29,32,34-39,41-48,50,53-54,55,56,61,72,75,76,81,176,217,224,256,283,417,546注,553注-554注;参见hou-chao; hu (tribe); huns; ts'ien-chao

hsi-wei[朝]西魏,65,66,81

hsi-yen[朝]西燕,59

hsüan-ti[人]汉宣帝,38

hsüan-tsang[人]玄奘,70,85,93,94,95-96,98,99,100-101,116,315

hsüan-tsung[人]唐玄宗,111,112,114,117,118,120,128,565注

hsü chou-huei[人]徐寿辉,323

hsü ta[人]徐达,325,502

hu (queen)[人]胡太后,65

hu (tribe)[族]胡人,19-20;参见hsiung-nu

huai-jen[人]怀仁可汗,见qutlugh bilgä

huang ch'ao[人]黄巢,126

hu-ch'u-ch'uan[人]呼厨泉,56

hudud al-alam[书]《世界境域志》,148,177

huen-shih[族]浑邪部,35

hu-han-ch'eng[地]忽汗城,515

hu-han-ye[族]呼韩邪,37-38

hui-tsung[人]宋徽宗,134,136-137

hu-kie[族]呼揭,38

hulägu (hulaku)[人]旭烈兀,282,285,296,305,331,349,353-367,372,397-398,419,609注

hulägu, house of[族]旭烈兀家族,311,327,333,334,339,386,387,396

hulaku[人]旭烈兀,见hulägu

hulun nor[地]呼伦诺尔,见dalai nor

humayun[人]胡马云,484

humi[地]护密(瓦罕),见wakhan

huna[族]参看莚哒,见ephthalites; huns

hunan[地]湖南,284,287,323

hungarian language[文]匈牙利语言,177

hungarians[族]匈牙利人,马扎尔人,见magyars

hungary[地]匈牙利,xxiii,8,72,174,176,266-267,395,449

hungchow[地]洪州(南昌),见nanchang

hung-wu (chu yüan-chang)[人]洪武帝(朱元璋),323-324,325,453

huni (kunni)[族]昆尼部,171,172;参见uarkhonites

hunni[族]参看匈人,见huns

hunnic art[文]匈奴艺术,12,13-14,17,18,19,24-26,37,50,176

hunnugur (viguri)[族]昆奴格尔,172

huns (huna; hunni)[族]匈人,xxiii,xxvi,7-8,19,21,23-24,55,72-76,78-79,80,190,224;参见individual tribes

huns, white[族]白匈奴(莚哒人)见ephthalites

hunting[专]狩猎部落,195,224,226

hupeh[地]湖北,137,259,284,287,323

hu-pi-lie[人]忽必烈,见kublai

hurka (mutan)[地]忽尔卡河,515,516

husain (活跃于1280年)[人]哈散,601注

husain (活跃于1326年)[人]胡赛因,387

husain (mir husain;活跃于1360年)[人]迷里忽辛,346,409,411-416

husain-i baiqara[人]速檀·忽辛·拜哈拉,243,417,464-465,481

husain jelair[人]胡赛因·札剌儿,390,429

husain kert[人]穆兹哀丁·胡赛因,见mu'izz ad-din kert

husain sufi (活跃于1360年)[人]胡赛因·苏菲,421

husain sufi (活跃于1505年)[人]胡赛因·苏菲,481

hu san-sheng[人]胡三省,570注

hu-sha-hu[人]胡沙虎,197,230

huvishka[人]胡韦斯迦,32

hu-yen[族]呼衍,42,47,48

hwai[地]淮河,58,59,64,65,137,138,139,227,308

hwaian (coigangiu)[地]淮安,308

hwaining[地]会宁,138

hwangchow[地]黄州,137,259,287

hweichung[地]回中皇宫,34

hyacinthus[人]雅琴夫,210

iaci[地]押赤,见yunnan (town)

ianzu[地]扬州,见yangchow

ibak[人]伊巴克,471,489

ibaqa-bäki[人]亦必合别吉,212,583注

ibn al-athir[人]伊本·艾西尔,186,245,262,573注,590注

ibn 'arabshah[人]伊本·阿拉不沙,431,435,442,448,451,470,623注

ibn-batuta[人]伊本·白图泰,311

ibn-fadhan, risala[人]伊本·法德罕,181

ibn hajar asqalani[人]伊本·哈扎尔·阿斯卡拉尼,442

ibn-khaldun[人]伊本·哈尔顿,447-448

ibrahim (死于1156年)[人]易不拉欣,574注

ibrahim (活跃于1468年)[人]易不拉欣,473

ibrahim ibn-inal[人]易不拉欣·伊本·伊纳尔,150,151

ibrahim ong (wang)[人]亦不剌忻·王,508

iconium[地]伊康,153

idakou, idaku[专]亦都护(称号),见idiqu

idigutschai[人]亦都护集乃,122,563注

idiqu (idakou; idaku; yedigei)[人]亦敌忽,440,442,470,622注

idiqut (iduq-qut; as title)[专]亦都护,588注

iduq-qut[专]亦都护,见idiqut

igor (活跃于944年)[人]伊戈尔,182

ikhshedh ghurek[人]伊克谢德·胡拉克,见ghurek

iki-ögüz[族]埃基·乌古思人,277

ikirä[族]亦乞剌思部,194,207

iki-shima[地]壹岐岛,289

ilamish[地]伊拉米什草原,169

ilanjouc[地]吉兰乞克河,见jilanchik

ilbars[人]伊勒巴斯,487

ilbars ii[人]伊勒巴斯二世,488

ilbilgä[人]颉利毗伽可敦,103

ildegiz[人]伊尔第吉兹,158

ilduchi, thomas[人]托马斯·伊尔杜奇,384

ilek[地]伊列克河,394,478

ilek nasr[人]伊列克·纳斯尔(阿尔斯兰·伊列克·纳斯尔),见arslan ilek nasr

ilham[人]伊尔哈姆,473

ili (ailah)[地]伊犁河,xxiii,xxix,29,37,38,45,53,67,82,83,89,109,114,115,117,118,119,120,144,145,147,165,172,233,234,235,236,254,270,272,277,286,292,293,305,312,319,326,327,332,333,338,341,342,344,409-413,417,420,422,423,424,425,460,461,463,482,491,492,493,495,497,499,501,504,506,507,508,522,525,-529,531,532,537,538,542,626注

ilibaligh[地]亦里八力,453

il-khan (as title)[专]伊儿汗(称号),296

ilkhe-alyk[地]埃里克,25,549注

ilqa[人]亦剌合(参看桑昆),见sängün

iltutmish[人]伊勒特迷失,260

ilyas[人]伊牙思,452

ilyas-khoja[人]也里牙思火者,346,410,411-412,422

ilyas ong[人]也里牙思王,508

imeretia[地]埃麦利蒂亚,272,350

imil[地]额敏河,叶密立河,xxiii,38,82,114,164,255,269,270,272,273,277,286,291,293,295,312,332,333,349,424,523,525,526,531,532,538

inal (as title)[专]亦纳勒(称号),191

inalchiq (qadir-khan)[人]亦纳乞克(哈亦儿汗),238,589注

inanch-bilgä[人]亦难赤必勒格,190-191,192,204,205,213

india[地]印度,32,49,69,70,71-72,80,146,168,241,242,260,311,315,339,340,341,417,419,420,434,443-446,484,498,499

indian art[文]印度艺术,48,49,50,96;参见buddhist art

indian ocean[地]印度洋,311

indigirka[地]因迪吉尔卡河,xxv

indochina[地]印度支那,284,289-290

indo-european languages[文]印欧语,xxiii,28,40,96

indo-european oases[地]印欧绿洲(塔里木盆地),见tarim

indo-scythians[族]印度-塞人(贵霜人,月氏人),27,28,49;参见kushan; yüeh-chih

indravarman iv[人]因陀罗诺曼四世,290

indus[地]印度河,71,241,340,444

inju (revenue)[专]引主(税收),253

inkagir[族]伊卡基尔人,515

innocent iv, pope[人]教皇英诺森四世,217,270,348,349

ioguristan[地]畏兀儿斯坦,见uiguristan

ionia[地]伊洛尼亚,452

ionians (yavana)[地](希腊人称)大宛(费尔干纳),554注

ipsala[地]伊普萨拉,184

iranjin[人]伊剌金,383

irano-buddhist art[文]伊朗-佛教艺术,51-52,96,97-98

iraq 'ajami[地]伊剌克·阿只迷,150,151,158,159,160,167,236,240,260,261,351,353,354,372,381,389,420,429,453,457,458,459,461,462

iraq 'arabi[地]伊剌克阿拉比,151,158,169,245,315,433,434,456,458,461

irdana (erdeni)[人]额尔德尼,488

irene (wife of constantine v),[人]伊拉尼皇后,179

irgen (tribe)[专]亦儿坚(部落),579注

irgiz[地]伊尔吉兹河,149,394,478

iron age[专]铁器时代,6,11,17-18

iron gates[地]铁门,86,93,342,411

irrawaddy[地]伊洛瓦底江,290,291,308

irtysh[地]额尔齐斯,也儿的石河,61,109,119,148,185,215,244,254,268,292,478,489,490,504,523,524;参见black irtysh

isa[人]伊萨,452

'isä (jesus; ai-sie)[人]伊萨,304

isfarain[地]亦思法拉因,428,485

isfendiyar[人]伊斯芬迪亚,521

isfendiyar-oglu[族]伊斯芬迪亚家族,452

isfijab[地]伊斯法吉勃(赛拉姆城),见sairam

ishim-khan[人]伊斯姆汗,521,526

ishkalcha[地]伊斯卡察(阿曼科赫堡),见amankoh

ishkapai[人]伊斯卡帕,8

isho[人]伊索,见yi-sho

ishthakri[人]伊斯塔克里,182

iskander (活跃于1400年)[人]米儿咱·伊斯堪答儿,见mirza iskander

iskander (活跃于1429年)[人]昔干答儿,456,457,458,459

iskander (1560-83)[人]伊斯坎德尔,485,486

isker[朝]失必儿国,见sibir

islam[宗]伊斯兰教,114,115,118,120,121,142,145,180,220,235,243,244,281,297,300,312,328,330,344,359,360,361,379,383,396,397,405,416-417,443,445,446,453,522,527,628注;哈纳菲派,400;圣战,152,237,297,416,450,451-452;499;易司马仪派,353,354,367;shafi'ites, 400;法典,416;十叶派,142-143,150,151,390,483,484;逊尼派,142-143,145,150,152,390,483,484

islam girei ii[人]伊斯兰·格来,472

isma'il (活跃于1272年)[人]伊斯迈尔,287

isma'il (活跃于1510年)[人]伊斯迈尔,483

isma'il (活跃于1678年)[人]伊斯迈尔汗(萨菲朝沙赫),500,501,527,528

isma'il ii (活跃于1540年)[人]伊斯迈尔(波斯沙赫),485

isma'il ibn-ahmed[人]伊斯迈尔·伊本·阿赫默德,142

isma'ilis (assassins)[宗]易司马仪教派,353,354,367

ispahan[地]伊斯法罕,xxix,151,153,260,261,390,391,431,432,433,436,456,457,458,459,461,462

isra'il[人]伊斯莱尔,149

issedones[族]伊赛多涅斯人,10-11,547注

issedon scythica[地]伊塞顿·斯基卡,41

issedon serica[地]伊塞顿·塞里卡,41

issyk kul[地]伊塞克湖,xxiii,xxvi,83,87,93,95,102,114,115,119,120,133,145,148,149,159,164,165,189,233,236,254,272,273,312,326,340-344,422,425,460,491,494,499,532

istämi (shih-tie-mi; sinjibu; silzibul)[人]室点蜜,82,83,84,86

itil (river)[地]伊提尔河(伏尔加河),见volga

itil (town; al-baida; sarigh-shin; saqsin)[地]伊提尔城,180,577注

ïtügän[地]於都斤山,见ätügän

ivailo (lakhanas)[人]伊凡洛(拉汗纳斯),402

ivan i[人]伊凡一世,404

ivan iii (the great)[人]伊凡三世(大帝),395,470,471

ivan iv (the terrible)[人]伊凡四世(伊凡雷帝),475,489

ivane[人]伊万涅,261,263

izmir[地]士麦那,见smyrna

izmit (nicomedia)[地]伊兹米特(尼科美底亚),184

iznik[地]伊兹尼克(尼西亚),见nicaea

jacobites[宗]雅各派,357,361,368

jaffa[地]贾法,360

jagambu (jaqambu)[人]札阿绀孛,204,205,206,212,581注

jagan[人]札甘,541

jagatai (chagatai)[人]察合台,229,238,239,254-255,269,326,328,589注,592注,606注

jagatai, house of[族]察合台家族,271,273,274,292-296,303,305,306,315,319,326-336,338-346,358,366,382,384,386,397,401,403,409-411,413,417,419,421,424,453,460,461;参见mogholistan

jaghun (army captain)[专]札温(百夫长),222

jägün-ghar[专]左翼军,见jegün-ghar

jagiello[人]雅杰罗,441

jahangir[人]只罕杰儿,421,423,456

jahan shah[人]只罕沙,459,461-462

jahan soz[人]贾汗·索兹,167-168

jajirat (juirat)[族]札只剌惕,194,201,207,213,215

jalal ad-din manguberti (mängüberti)[人]札兰丁·曼古伯惕,xxvii,237,241-242,259-261,262,347,418,590注

jalan[人]扎兰,530

jalish[地]察力失(喀拉沙尔),见kara shahr

jäm[地]剑河,见chäm

jamahar (rattle)[专]象声词牟牟,377

jamal ad-din mahmud[人]贾马阿丁·马合木,598注

jamal qarshi[人]贾马尔·喀什,332,334

jaman aq-köl[地]贾曼阿克库尔,439

james (of florence)[人](佛罗伦萨的)詹姆斯,608注

james, mar[人]马·詹姆斯,见mar james

jami[人]札米,465

jami-ut-tavarikh[书]《史集》,见rashid ad-din

jammu[人]朱木拿大公,446

jamuqa[人]札木合,201,202,203,206-207,209,212-216,584注

jan[人]札尼伯,486

jan 'ali[人]杰·阿里,475

janggin[专]章京,530

janibeg (1340-57)[人]札尼别汗,389,400,405

janibeg (活跃于约1460年)[人]札你贝,479-480

janids[朝]札尼家族,见astrakhanids

janizaries[专]雅内萨里(近卫军),451

jaochow[地]饶州,324

jaqambu[人]札阿绀孛,见jagambu

japan[朝]日本,289

japan, sea of[地]日本海,516

jarliq[专]札里雅黑,见yarligh

jasa[专]扎撒,见yasaq

jasak (prince)[专]宗王,517

jasaq[专]扎撒,见yasaq

jasrat[人]贾斯腊特,444

jaunpur[朝]札温普儿王国,444

java[地]爪哇,291,311,315

jaxartes[地]锡尔河,见sy'r darya

jayagatu (jaya'atu)[专](蒙古语)天国在地上的代表或使者,585注

jayan-buqa[人]者燕不花,603注

jaylak (djaylak; alaka)[人]迪杰拉克,402

jazira, al[地]阿勒贾兹拉,361

jazyges[族]贾兹基人,72

jean de carcassonne[人]让·德·卡尔卡松,273,349

jean sans peur[人]琼·桑·普尔,449

jebe[人]者别(哲别),207,214,228,229,236,240,245-246,247,260,264,582注

jegün-ghar (jägün-ghar; je'un-ghar; jun-ghar; segon-ghar;left or east wing)[专]左翼军,223,509,520,629注

jehol (wu-liang-ha)[地]热河,xxii,25,54,83,108,112,127,136,138,164,285,507,538

jeje'er undur[地]杰杰儿·乌都儿,212,583注

jeku[人]术客,见chaka

jelairs[族]札剌儿部人,194,197,201,389-390,391,405,420,426,429,430

jelme[人]者勒蔑,207,214

jend,[地]真德(今波罗威斯附近),149,238

jenghiz khan (temujin; chinggiskhan)[人]成吉思汗(铁木真),xxiv,xxvi-xxvii,xxviii,20,78,169,170,186,193-194,195-196,199-244,247-252,259-260,301,320,328,394,414,417,419-420,516,539,580注,581注,586注,591注;之死,248;说明,199,249-250;法典,格言,221;军旗,210,216,217;死后土地分配,253-256

jenkshi (djenkshi)[人]靖克失汗,341

jerome (of florence)[人](佛罗伦萨的)捷罗姆,314

jerqabchiqai[地]杰哈齐海峡谷,583注

jerusalem[地]耶路撒冷城,302,303,360,361,368,369,374

jesusabran, mar,[人]马·耶酥沙布兰,见mar jesusabran

je'un-ghar[专]左翼军,见jegün-ghar

jihun[地]古浑河,370

jilanchik (ilanjouc)[地]吉兰乞克河,439

jinong (as title)[专]济农(称号),509

jnanagupta[人]阇那崛多,562注

jöchi[人]术赤,198,201,209,229,238,239,247,253-254,351,392,394,589注

jöchi, house of[族]术赤家族,272,273,339,393,394,398;参见kipchak khanate

john (of brienne)[人]约翰王,245-246

john ii (comnenus)[人]约翰二世,185

john vi (patriarch of baghdad)[人]约翰六世,191

john vii (palaeologus)[人]约翰七世,452

john xxii, pope[人](教皇)约翰二十二世,404

joinville, jean de[人]约因维尔,252

jordan (river)[地]约旦河,364

jordanes[人]约丹尼斯,xxix,73,74,76,78

joseph (活跃于948年)[人]约瑟,181

juan-juan (ju-juan; kermikhions)[族]柔然,xxiv,xxix,60-64,66,67,80,81-82,171,172,173,176,193,216,217,231,417,575注;参见avars

juban[人]出班,见chopan

ju-chen[族]女真人,见jurchid

judaism[宗]犹太教,180-181,379

juirat[族]札只剌惕部,见jajirat

ju-juan[族]参看柔然,见juan-juan

julien (of sidon)[人](西顿的)儒连,364

jumna[地]朱木那河,445

jung, pei-[族]北戎,见pei-jung

jungar[族]准噶尔,见dzungar

jungdu[地]中都,见peking

jun-ghar[专]左翼军,见jegün-ghar

jungshiyabo[族]永谢布,见kharachin

juning[地]汝宁(蔡州),见ts'aichow

jurchedäi (jurchedäi-noyan)[人]主儿扯歹,210,583注

jurchid (ju-chen; jurche; jurchen)[族]女真人,xxvi,xxviii,66,128,130,133,134,136-140,164,189,190,196,231,233,288,515-516;参见kin

jurchid script[文]女真文,516

jurjan[人]朱尔赞,428

jurkin (jurki)[族]主儿乞部(主儿金部),202,204,581注

justin ii[人]查士丁尼二世,83-84

justinian[人]查士丁尼,79,172,173

justinian ii[人]查士丁尼二世,177,179

juvaini ('ala ad-din juvaini),ta'rikh-i jahan-gusha (history of the conqueror of the world)[人]志费尼《世界征服者史》,168,190,236,239,266,267,326,329,367,396,397,574注,589注,609注

jüz[专]玉兹(帐)625注

juzjani, tabaqat-i-nasiri[人]朱兹贾尼(《宗教保卫者一览表》),199,396,588注,589注

kabadian (mikoyanabad)[地]米高扬纳巴德,342

kabaka[地]卡巴卡,626注

kaba-matan (mitan)[地]卡巴·马坦,411

kabars[族]卡巴尔人,178

kabil-shah[人]哈比勒·沙,见kabul-shah

käbtäül (käbtäwüt, käbtä'üt; army guards)[专]值夜班者,222

kabul[地]喀布尔,32,50,68,69,70,71,80,119,143,241,340,346,409,411,412,414,426,456,457,483,484

kabul-shah (kabil-shah)[人]哈比勒·沙,411,416

kadphises i[人]卡德菲斯一世,见kujula (kujolo)kadphises

kadphises ii[人]卡德菲斯二世,见vima kadphises,32

kaesong[地]开城,259

kaichow[地]开州(澶州),见shenchow

kaifeng (p'ien; taliang)[地]开封(汴),xxix,57,127,130,132,133,137,138,227,230,232,257,258,259,296,310,323,324

kai-kawus ii[人]凯卡兀思,272,350,354,359,399-400

kai-khosrau[人]凯库思老,263

kai-khosrau iii[人]凯库思老三世,370

kai kia-yun[人]盖嘉远,115

kailu[地]开鲁(应昌),见yingchang

kai-qobad ii[人]凯库巴德二世,382

k'ai yüan[人]海云,276

kakheth[地]卡希什,434

kakhetia[地]卡希底亚,356

kakrak[地]卡克拉克,50-51

kalgan[地]张家口,25,230,510,529,530

kali[地]卡里,18

kalka (kalmius)[地]迦勒迦(卡尔米乌斯)河,246,247,407,436

kalmucks[族]卡尔梅克人(卫拉特人),487,488,501,506,515,520-525,531;参见dzungar; oirat

kaluga[地]卡卢加,73

kama[地]卡马河,176,177,247,264,392,393,472

kamala[人]甘麻剌,294,600注

kamchatka[地]堪察加半岛,515

kamennaya baba[地]卡曼纳雅·巴巴河(额尔齐斯河上游),556注

kamil muhammad, al-[人]卡米勒·穆罕默德,360-361

kanchow (campiciu; kansan; kutsang; in kansu)[地]甘州(在甘肃境内),35,61,112,125,133,286,302,306,318,499

kanchow (kiangsi)[地]赣州(江西),见kienchow

kanda[地]坎塔(撒马尔罕),见samarkand

kandahar[地]坎大哈,31,32,69,143,340,429,456,457

kandikh[人]坎迪赫,172

k'ang-hsi[人]康熙,xxx,518,519,529-533,536

kanghwa[地]江华岛,259,289

k'ang-kiu[地]康居(索格底亚那),见sogdiana

kanishka[人]迦腻色迦,32

kanjur[书]《甘珠尔经》,514

kankhli[族]康里突厥人,165

kansan[地]甘肃,见kanchow (kansu)

kansu[地]甘肃,xxiii,3,4,27,28,32,35,37,44,47,48,53,54,59,60,66,112,118,125,128,133,189,226,247,251,283,286,294,302,303,312,321,369,496,499,505,510,527,538

kan ying[人]甘英,47

kaochang[朝]高昌(吐鲁番),见turfan

kao hing[人]高兴,291

kao-kiu[族]高车,61,81;参见töläch

kaoliang[地]高粱河,131

kao sien-chih[人]高仙芝,115,119,120

kao-ti[人]汉高帝(汉高祖),27

kao-tsung (650-683)[人]唐高宗,102,103,106,107

kao-tsung (12th cent.)[人]宋高宗,137,138

kapal[地]卡帕尔城,272,277

kapisa (ki-pin)[朝]迦毕试国(罽宾),69,119

karabakh[地]卡拉巴,见arran

karabalgasun[地]哈喇巴喇哈森,xxiv,114,121,122,124,128,256,568注

karahisar[地]卡拉希沙尔,452

karakhanids[朝]哈拉汗朝,133,144-149,152-153,159,164-166,168,169,235,237

kara-khitai[族]喀喇契丹,(黑契丹),xxix,159-160,164-169,186,189,204,215,233-236,326

kara-khoja[地]哈拉火州(哈剌火州),见turfan

karakhoto (yi-tsi-nai; etzina)[地]哈拉霍托(古名亦集乃城),133

kara-kirghiz (burut)[族]喀喇吉尔吉斯人,501,522,536

karakol[地]克拉科尔,18,110,491

karakorum (holin)[地]哈拉和林(和林),xxiv,20,34,83,114,191,214,256,259,269,272,276,280,281,282,285,286,288,292,294,312,321,326,336,338,350,502,507,510,511,528,537,540,592注

kara-kum[地]卡拉库姆沙漠,xxii,107

karaman (dynasty)[朝]卡拉曼朝,160,382,385,389,391,449,452

karaman (place)[地]卡拉曼(拉兰达),见laranda

kara muren[地]卡拉木仑河(黄河),见yellow river

kara sengir tughai[地]卡拉森吉尔角,481

kara shahr (agni; chalish; cialis; jalish; yenki)[地]喀拉沙尔(焉耆·察力失),xxii,xxiii,28,40,41,43,45,46,48,52,59,61,62,95,98-99,103,107,114-115,125,144,233,420,424,491,493,497,498,563注

karashahri language[文]焉耆语,28,40,96

kara-su[地]卡拉苏河,376

karasuk[文]卡拉苏克文化,5

kara-tal (qaratal)[地]哈拉塔尔,425,436,491,621注,625注

kara-tau[地]卡拉套山,393

kara-turgai (ataqaroghai; anacargou)[地]卡拉图尔盖河(阿塔合儿灰,阿纳哈儿浑),439

kara-yus (pisannaya gora)[地]卡拉攸斯(皮沙那亚戈拉谷地),556注

karbala[地]卡尔巴拉,433

karchin[族]喀喇沁部,见kharachin

karlgren[人]卡尔格林,24-25

karni (garni)[地]哈儿尼260

kars[地]卡尔斯,263,281,430

karshi (qarshi)[地]卡尔施城,341,342,345,412,438,457

kartlia[人]卡特利亚,272,350

karun[地]哈尼,240

kashan[地]卡尚城,305

kashgar (shufu; cascar)[地]喀什城(疏附),xxii,xxiii,xxv,28,29,40,41,43,44,45,50,52,95,96,100-101,103,107,114-115,133,145,147,164,165,235,303,306,312,327,344,422,425,426,460,461,463,485,491-495,498,500,501,527,528,532,540,541,542

kashgari (person)[人]喀什噶里,185

kashgaria (alti-shahr)[地]喀什噶尔,xxv,8,43,46,48,133,142,144-145,147,148,149,159,164,165,189,233,235,236,255,277,292,293,303,326,338,344,368,422,425,448,485,491,494,497,499,500,501,527,528,537,538,541,542

käshik (guard)[专]怯薜(护卫军),213,222

kashmir[地]克什米尔,71,118,119,446,498,499

kasimov[地]卡西莫夫城,472

kasinskoye[地]卡西斯科耶,16

kastamonu[地]卡斯塔莫努,449,452

katanda[地]卡坦塔,18,19

kath[地]柯提,421,487,521

kavadh[人]喀瓦德,68

kaveripatnam[地]加韦里伯德讷姆,311

kayal[地]卡亚尔,见cail

kayseri[地]开塞利,263,281,370,389,391,449,451

kazakhs[族]哈萨克人(吉尔吉斯-哈萨克人)见kirghiz-kazakhs

kazakhstan[地]哈萨克斯坦,5,393

kazan (person)[人]哈赞,342

kazan (place)[地]喀山,13,73,176,405,441,470,471,472,473,475

kazerun[地]卡泽伦,366

kazvin[地]可疾云(加兹温),142,240,245,312,372,458

kazyr[地]克孜尔河,558注

kebek[人]怯别,295,338,339-340,341,386

kebek ii[人]怯别二世,463,493

kebeki (coins)[专]怯别币,341

kediri (daha)[地]谏义里,291

kedrala[地]卡德拉拉,549注

ke'er-un irgen (steppe herdsmen)[专]草原游牧民,195

kelat[地]克拉特,428

kelermes[地]克勒尔姆斯,4,11-12,15

kemal atatürk, mustafa[人]穆斯塔法·克马尔·阿塔特克,164

keng k'uei[人]耿夔,46,47

keng kung[人]耿恭,44

keng ping[人]耿秉,42,46

kentei (burqan qaldun)[地]不儿罕合勒敦山(肯特山),189,199,200,219,248

kerayit[族]克烈部,xxiv,xxv,191-192,199,200,203-213,216,217,220,227,300,417,578注

kerch[地]刻赤(潘蒂卡派),15,52,85,173,405,549注,554注;参见panticapaeum

kergüd[族]乞儿古斯部,503

keriya (pem)[地]克里亚,306

kerman (cherman; kirman)[地]起儿漫,151,152,153,260,261,269,305,309,353,382,390,431,432,433,459,461,462

kermanshah[地]克尔曼沙赫,355

kermian[地]克米安,449,451,452

kermikhions[族]柔然,见juan-juan

kerts[族]克尔特人,339,343,352-353,380,385-386,390,426-428

kerulen[地]克鲁伦河,怯绿连河,xxii,xxiii,20,109,110,192,193,200,212,248,255,273,274,321,502,504,510,512,529,530,536,539,540

kesh (shahr-i sebz)[地]渴石(沙赫里夏勃兹),343,345,346,409-414

keszthely[地]凯斯特海伊,176

khagan (qân; qaan; as title)[专]合罕(称号),61,216,217,221,560注,585注

khaganos (sovereign)[专]可汗罗斯(称号),577注

khailar[地]海拉尔,3

khairkhana[地]海尔哈纳,51

khaishan[人]海山,294,299,321,338

“khaladjin-alt”[地]合兰真沙陀,210

“khala-goun-ola”[地]哈拉-果翁-俄拉,210

khalil[人]哈里勒,456,457

khalka (people)[族]喀尔喀人,66,509,510,512,513,514,521,523,525,628,529,530,531,536,537,538,629注

khalka (river)[地]合勒卡河,210,510

khamdo[地]喀木,523

khan (as title)[专]汗,可汗(称号),61,216,560注

khanbaligh (khan-baligh; qanbaliq)[地]汗八里(长安,北京),599注;参见changan; peking

khangai[地]杭爱山(参看於都斤山),20,102,189,214,294,321,335,479,512,537;参见otükän

khanka[地]汗卡要塞,488

khansa[地]参看杭州,见hangchow

khanzade[人]罕匝答,421

khanzai[地]杭州,见hangchow

kharachin (jungshiyabo; karchin)[族]喀喇沁(永谢布人),509,517,629注

khara kula[人]哈剌忽剌,523,526

khara usu, lake[地]哈拉乌兹湖,214

khavalynsk[文]哈瓦伦斯克文化群,6

khazaria (gazaria)[地]可萨里亚,180,314,401,403

khazar language[文]可萨文,557注

khazars[族]可萨人,哈扎尔人,xxiv,xxviii,176,178-182,396,577注

kherson[地]刻松城,73

khewra[地]库腊,71

khidr-shah[人]希德尔沙,452

khilat[地]起剌特,261,263

khilok[地]希洛克河,194,551注

khingan[地]兴安岭,xxii,xxvi,39,53,54,55,86,192,194,208,210,505,517

khingsai, khinsa[地]杭州,见hangchow

khionites[族]希奥尼特人,68

khitan (khitai; kitat)[族]契丹人,xxiv,xxviii,66,83,88,106,108,112,125,127-134,136,146,148,164-165,186,190,196,220,228,231,233,250,251-252,283,306,516;参见kara-khitai

khitan language[文]契丹语,193

khitan script[文]契丹文,133-134,570注

khiva[地]希瓦(花剌子模),见khwarizm

khizr khan[人]希兹尔汗,446

khizr-khoja[人]黑的儿火者,422,424,425

khmer (cambodia)[地]高棉,290,291

khocho[朝]高昌,见turfan

khodzhent[地]忽毡,117,165,166,238,332,338,345,410,411,419,423,438,482,497

khoi[地]忽伊,359

khoit[族]辉特部,520,525,527,537,538,539;参见dzungar

khojas[专]和卓,500-501,527-528,540,541,628注

khojo jan (little khojo)[人]霍占集,541-542

khokars[族]科卡尔,444

khondemir[人]宽德密尔,465

khongtaiji (prince imperial)[专]洪台吉(王子称号),630注

khorchin (qorchin)[族]科尔沁人,505,509,516-517,529,629注

khortitsa[地]霍蒂萨,246

khoshot[族]和硕特部,487,503,510,520,523-527,532,537,538,540;参见oirat

khosrau firuz ar-rahim[人]库思老·卑路支·拉希姆,150-151

khotan (cotan; hotien; yotkan)[地]于阗(和田,约特干),xxii,40,41,43,45,48,52,54,95,96,101,103,107,114-115,147,165,235,303,306,312,327,332,424,426,491,494,497,500,533,541

khshevan (as title)[专](粟特语称号)王,68

khudaidad[人]忽歹答,422,425,459-460

khulm[地]胡勒姆,412

khurasan[地]呼罗珊,68,87,116,142,143,144,146,147,149,150,153,155,159,160,166-167,236,240,260,261,305,309,334,340,345,351,352,353,368,369,372,373,376,381,386,387,390,410,413,415,417,427,428,456,459,461,463,464,481-485,492

khutuktai sechen khongtaiji[人]库图克图彻辰洪台吉,510-514

khu urluk[人]和鄂尔勒克,521-522,523

khuzistan[地]胡齐斯坦,169

khvalinsk[地]克瓦林斯克,5

khwarizm (khiva)[地]花剌子模(希瓦),xxviii,9,116,150,158,159,160,166-170,189,233,234,236-242,247,254,260,261,301,330,332,335,351,354,355,392,397,420-421,426,479,481,487-488,521

kialing[地]嘉陵江(四川),258,284

kian[地]长江,见yangtze

k'iang[族]羌人,28-29,47,48

kiangchow (kiukiang)[地]江州(九江),137,323

kiangsi[地]江西,137

kiangsu[地]江苏,58,138,287,302

kichow[地]冀州(大名),见taming

kidara (ki-to-lo)[人]基达拉(寄多罗),68,69

kidarites[朝]基达里王朝,68,69

kien[人]贤,43

kienchow (kanchow)[地]虔州(赣州),137

kienkang[地]建康(南京),见nanking

k'ien-k'u[族]坚昆人,38

kienning[地]南京,见nanking

kienshih[地]监氏城,30

kiev[地]基辅,乞瓦,10,73,181,182,224,246,265,270,271,395,436

kigi[地]基伊,462

ki-kou-kuan[地]岐沟关,132

kikow[地]歧沟,570注

kile[族]基列人,515

kimäks[族]基马克人,148,185

kin (alchun; chin)[族]金(参看完颜部),136-140,164,170,189,190,191,192-193,197,198,203,204,226-233,257-259,283,301,516;参见wan-yen

king (river)[地]泾河,90

kingchaofu[地]京兆府(长安),见changan

kingchow[地]荆州,122

kin-ling-fu[地]金陵府(南京),见nanking

kinshan[地]金山岛,67,139

kin-tsung[人]钦宗,136-137

k'iou ch'ang-ch'uen (k'iou ch'u-ki)[人]邱长春(邱处机),244,249,255,590注

kipchak khanate (golden horde; white horde)[朝]钦察汗国(金帐汗国,白帐),186,246,264,268-276,281,282,292,304-305,312,314,319,332,335,342,350,358,365-366,368,376,387,389,393-408,419,420,421,426,430,432,435-443,591注;参见golden horde; white horde

kipchaks (cumans; komanoi; kun; polovtsy; qoun; qumani)[族]钦察人,xxiv,xxviii,148,184,185-186,246,264,392,395,396

ki-pin[朝]罽宾(迦毕试国)见kapisa

kirakos (of ganja)[人](刚加的)基拉罗斯,282,342,356,357,360,363,367,396

kirghiz (people)[族]黠戛斯,乞儿吉思,吉尔吉斯人,xxiv,19,106,109,124,125,128,148,196,205,216,418,473,478,483,485,549注,625注,参见kara-kirghiz; kergüd

kirghiz (alexander; mountains)[地]吉尔吉斯山,xxiii,154,155,161,191,237,244

kirghiz-kazakhs (qazaqs)[族]吉尔吉斯-哈萨克人,148,478,480,481,485,488-489,495,499,500,508,521,522,526,531,532,538,625注

kirgis nor[地]吉儿吉思湖,512

kirin[地]吉林省,255,269

kirki (chufut-kale)[地]基尔基,402

kirman[地]起儿漫,见kerman

kishi-jüz[族]小帐,见little horde

kishiliq[人]乞失力,210

kishmain[人]乞失麦,330,606注

kiskörös[地]小克勒什,176

kitat[族]契丹,见khitan

kitbuqa[人]怯的不花,355,356,361-365

ki-to-lo[人]寄多罗(基达拉),见kidara

k'iu[族]麹氏,98

kiuchüan[地]酒泉,28

kiukiang[地]九江(江州),见kiangchow

k'iu-li[地]渠犁,37

kiu-ma[地]拒马河,132,570注

kiun-ch'en[人]军臣单于,34

k'iu pai-ya[人]麹伯雅,89,98

kiu-pi-shö[族]车鼻施,119

kiu-shih[地]车师(别失八里,吐鲁番),见beshbaligh; turfan

k'iu-tsu[地]龟兹,见kucha

k'iu wen-t'ai[人]麹文泰,98

kiu-yen[地]居延,36

kiu-yung-kuan (nankow)pass[地]居庸关(南口),106,507

kiyat[族]乞颜氏族,193,194,198,201

kizil[地]克孜尔,50,51-52,96,97-98,101

kizil irmak[地]克孜尔·伊尔马克,350

kizilkaya (qyzyl-qaya)[地]克孜勒卡亚,549注

knights of rhodes[专]罗德的骑士们,451

koban[地]科本,5,11

kobdo[地]科布多,61,92,113,190,205,214,479,508,510,512,513,520,521,525,526,527,536,537,538,540

köbegün (princes)[专]王子,221

koblevo[地]科布勒沃,6

kobluk[人]古卜鲁克,见kuilek

kochkar[地]库什卡尔,423,561注

köchkünji[人]速云赤,484,485

ködä'ä-aral (kötö'ü-aral)[地]阔帖兀阿兰,274

kögmän[地]曲漫山,见tannu-ola

koh-i-baba[地]霍伊巴巴,465

koirijak[人]科利贾克,469,622注

kökächin (cocachin)[人]阔阔真,308,309

kokand[地]浩罕,482,486,488-489,496

kök-böri[专]灰狼,544注

kökchü (täb-tängri)[人]阔阔出,195,217-218,219,585注,591注

köke-khoto[地]库库河屯,见kuku hoto

kökö däbtär (“blue books”;registers)[专]青册,220

koko nor[地]青海湖,47,65,89,118,509,513,523,524,525,526,532,540

kökö temür[人]扩廓帖木儿,324-325

köksegu (kökse'u)sabraq[人]可苦速,205

kökshün orkhon[地]鄂尔浑河的科克沁,112

kollam[地]奎隆,见quilon

ko-lo[人]葛勒,默延啜,见mo-yen-cho

kölö, lake[地]曲烈湖,206

kolomna[地]科罗姆纳,265

kolyma[地]科雷马河,xxv

komanoi[族]钦察人,见kipchaks

kona shahr[地]科纳·沙尔,493

konchaka[人]科恩恰哈,617注

kondurcha[地]昆都尔察河,440

kondurchinsk[地]孔杜尔恰斯克,440

könig, f. w.[人]f·w·库利格,11

konya (lycaonia)[地]科尼亚(利考尼亚)xxix,155,157,261,263,272,281,382,385,387,389,452,573注

korea[朝]朝鲜,高丽,128,133,259,289,515,599注

körgüz (约死于1244年)[人]阔儿吉思,269

körgüz (george; 1235-42)[人]阔儿吉思(乔治),351-352

körgüz (görgüz; george; d. 1298)[人]阔里吉思,294,301-302,306,314,318,335

koshang[地]科尚(看托克托),见toqto

kosho-tsaidam[地]和硕·柴达木,85-86,87,92-93,101,103,106,108-109,110,112-113,192,566注,578注

ko shu-han[人]哥舒翰,118

kosogol, lake[地]库苏泊,124,479,503

kosovo[地]科索沃,449

kostromskaya[地]科斯特罗马斯卡雅,12,13,15

ko-tjong[人]王焢,259,288,599注

kotor (cattaro)[地]科托尔,267

kötö'ü-aral[地]阔帖兀阿兰,见ködä'ä-aral

köyitän[人]阔亦田,207,582注

közädagh[地]柯塞山,263

kozel[地]科泽尔,546注

kozlov, p. k.[人]科兹洛夫,25,39,133

krasnoyarsk[地]克拉斯诺亚尔斯克,5,14

krikor (gregory)[人]克利科尔,358

krum[人]克鲁姆,177

kuang[地]两广,324

kuangku[地]广固,557注

kuang-tö[地]广德,43

kuang wu-ti[人]光武帝,39

kubak-sari[地]和布克赛尔,526

kuban[地]库班,4,10,11,12,15,16,72,73,74,176,180,182,392,442,472,503,522

kublai (hu-pi-lie; qubilai; qubilay; qublay)[人]忽必烈,xxiii,xxviii,xxx,59,63,214,272,274,275,282-300,304,305,307,308-309,311,320,321,331,332,333,336,363,371-373,374,396,397,401,419,456,502,512,514,598注

kublai, house of[族]忽必烈家族(看元朝),见yüan

kucha (k'iu-tsu; kuche; kuchi)[地]库车,xxii,xxiii,28,40,41,43-49,52,54,59,62,95-100,103,107,114-115,117,119,125,144,164,173,189,212,233,312,326,329,340,344,426,460,491,492,497,498,506,542,555注,556注

kuchean language ("tokharian" a and b)[语]库车语(吐火罗语a和b),xxiii,28,40,49,96,97,124,125,562注

kucheng[地]古城(看别失八里),见beshbaligh

küchlüg[人]屈出律,190,215,233,234,235-236,330,584注

küchow (ghiugiu)[地]衢州,308

kuchu[人]阔出,259,268

kuchuk muhammad[人]库楚克·马哈麻汗,470,472

kuchum[人]库程汗,489,490

kudang[人]库登汗,510

kuei-shuang[族]贵霜人,见kushans

kuibyshev[地]古比雪夫(萨马拉),见samara

kuilek (kobluk)[人]古卜鲁克,403

kujula (kujulo)kadphises (kadphises i; ch'iu-chiu-ch'ueh)[人]卡德菲斯一世(邱就却),32,45-46,561注

kuku hoto (köke-khoto)[地]库库河屯(呼和浩特,归化城绥远城),35,136,510,514,529;参见kweihwacheng; suiyuan (town)

kül-bulat[人]库尔布鲁特,609注

kuldja[地]固尔扎,234,235,282,292,312,319,326,424,528,531,533,538,539,540,541

kule[地]库莱,184,

ku-li (as title)[专]谷蠡王(称号),20

kulikovo[地]库里科沃,405-406,407

ku-ki p'ei-lo[人]骨力裴罗,见qutlugh bilgä

kul oba[地]库尔·奥巴,7,13,15

kul-tegin[人]阙特勤,85-86,108-112,116

kuma[地]库马,392

kumaragupta[人]鸠摩罗芨多,69

kumarajiva[人]鸠摩罗什,49-50,59

kumiss (qumiz)[专]忽迷思(马奶酒),219,276,568注,587注

kumo[地]阿克苏城(姑墨),见aksu (town and province)

kumtura[地]库姆吐拉,52,96,97,98

kun[族]看钦察人,见kipchaks

kün-buqa[人]孔不花,259,301,302,303,599注

künchow (yüchow)[地]钧州(今禹州),258

kundelung ubasha[人]昆都仑乌巴什,487-488,523

kundjuk[人]宽阇,见kunjuk

kunduz[地]昆都士,82-83,85,93,116,117,119,143,342,346,409,411,412,414

kunduzcha[地]孔杜尔恰,440

kungas (kungkas)[人]孔加士,68

kungchang (lungsi)[地]关中(陇西),283

kungei[地]昆格山,500

kunges[地]空格斯,424,491

kungkas[人]孔加士,见kungas

kung-ti[人]恭帝(宋),286

kungyueh[地]弓月城,564注

kunjuk (kundjuk)[人]宽阇,338

kunlun[地]昆仑山,533

kunni[族]昆尼,见huni

kün tängridä ulugh bulmysh kütshlug bilgä ch'ung-tö[人]登啰羽録没蜜施句主毗伽可汗,122

kuo hiao-k'o[人]郭孝恪,95,99,100

k'uo-li-ki-ssu (george; name)[人]阔里吉思(乔治),301

k'uo-li-ki-ssu (george; person)[人](镇海之子)乔治,593注

kuo-shih (as title)[专]国师(称号),298

kupehkow[地]古北口,129

kura[地]库拉河,261,347,369,398,399,430,437,462

kurdistan[地]库尔德斯坦,263,361,430,433

kurds[族]库尔德人,379,383

kurdzhips[地]库尔德泽普斯,16

kuriyen (circles)[专]古列延,196

kusala[人]和世焺,321

kushans (kuei-shuang)[族]贵霜人,32,45-46,68-69

kusmehan[地]库什麦罕,68

kustanai[地]库斯坦赖,439

kutahya[地]屈塔希亚,451,452

kutaisi[地]库塔伊思,263

kutan[人]忽滩,246,264

ku-to-lu pei-kia k'iu[人]骨咄禄毗伽阙可汗,见qutlugh bilgä

kutrigurs[族]库特利格尔人,79,80,172,174,176

kutsang[地]姑藏(甘州),见kanchow (kansu)

ku-tu (as title)[专]骨都侯(称号),21

kuvrat[人]库弗拉特,175,176

kwachow[地]瓜州,35

kwangping[地]广平,325

kwangsi[地]广西,284,287,518

kwangtung[地]广东,287

kwantao[地]馆陶,325

kwei[人]桂王,518

kweichow (hsailaihsien)[地]妫州(怀来县),106

kweihwacheng[地]归化城,25,106,301,306,510,530,参见kuku hoto; toqto

kweilin[地]桂林,284,287,518

kweiteh[地]归德,258

kweitung[地]水洞沟,3

kyakhta[地]恰克图,25

kyozwa[人]莏苴,291

kyushu[地]九州,289

kyzyl-kum[地]克齐尔库姆沙漠,xxii

kyzyl-su,[地]克孜尔河,41

kzyl-orda[地]克孜勒奥尔达(看波罗威斯克),见perovsk

ladakh[地]拉达克山,497,499

ladislas (活跃于1287年)[人]拉迪斯拉斯,401

lahore[地]拉合尔,168,339,443

laikhor-khan[人]赉瑚尔汗,512

lajazzo (latakiap; layas; ayas)[地]剌牙思,305,312,313,370

lakhanas[人]伊凡洛(拉汗纳斯),见ivailo

lakiashih (aru-rarja)[地]拉加寺地区,525

lalegir[族]拉列基尔人,515

lamaism[宗]喇嘛教,220,298,299,319,323,383,513-515,523,564注,628注;红教,513,523;黄教,513,514,523,524,526,532,533,536,540

lamut[族]拉穆特人,515

lanchi[地](浙江)兰溪,308

lanchow (yüan-ch'uan)[地]兰州(苑川),35,60,107

langson[地]谅山,290

lao-shang[人]老上单于,21,27,28

lao-tse[人]老子,见taoism

laranda (karaman)[地]拉兰达(今卡拉曼),391,452

lasha, david[人]大卫·拉沙,见david lasha

lasha, giorgi iii[人]吉奥吉尔三世拉沙,见giorgi iii lasha

latakia[地]剌牙思,见lajazzo

latsang khan[人]拉藏汗,524,532-533

laurence (of ancona)[人]劳伦斯,342

law codes[专]法典,见shari'a; yasaq

layas[地]剌牙思,见lajazzo

lazica[地]拉齐卡,84

le coq, a. a. von[人]勒柯,96,97,122

legdan (lingdan)[人]林丹汗,510,514,517

legnica[地]里格尼兹,见liegnitz

lelvar[文]勒尔瓦尔文化,5,545注

lena (river)[地]勒拿河,xxv,515

leo, st. (leo the great)[人]圣利奥,76

leo iii (of cilicia)[人](西里西亚的)利奥三世,371

leo iv (the khazar; byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)利奥四世,179

leo vi (byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)利奥六世,178,180

levedia[地]列维底亚,177,178,182

levedian culture[专]列维底亚文化,67,549注

levunion, mount[地]列瓦尼恩山,184

lezghians (lezginy)[族]列兹基人,246

lhasa[地]拉萨(布达拉宫),523,526-527,532,533,540;potala,524,533

li an-ch'uan[人]李安全,226,227

liang[朝]梁,59,64

liang, hou-[朝]后梁,见hou-liang

liangchow (erginul; ergiuul)[地]凉州,35,54,112,306

liang k'in[人]梁慬,47

liang shu[书]《梁书》,68

liao (dynasty)[朝]辽代(契丹),见khitan

liao (river)[地]辽河,39,54,61,83,127,128,164,196,228,293

liaosi[地]辽西,53-54,57,88,108,112,230

liaotung[地]辽东,39,53,57,58,128,250,507,510

liaoyang[地]辽阳,131,136,138,139,227,228,229,516

li chih-ch'ang[人]李志常,249,275-276,590注

liegnitz (legnica)[地]里格尼兹,266

li ki-lung[人]李继隆,132-133

li ki-ts'ien[人]李继迁(赵保机),见chao pao-ki

li k'o-yung[人]李克用,126-127

li kuang-li[人]李广利,36

li ling[人]李陵,36

linchow[地]灵州,568注

lingchow (lingwu)[地]灵州(灵武),108,126,132,226,247,568注

lingdan[人]林丹汗,见legdan

lingkiu[地]灵丘,107,108,

lingwu[地]灵武(灵州),见lingchow

linhwang[地]临潢,130,136

lintao[地]临洮,517注

li-pien-a-ta[人]列边阿塔,见rabban-ata

li po, the man of the marches[人]李白《行行且游猎篇》,102

li-p'o-chuen[人]栗婆准,99

li shih-min[人]李世民(唐太宗),见t'ai-tsung

li shih-tsi[人]李世筈,92

lithuania[地]立陶宛,399,407,436,443,469

lithuanians[族]立陶宛人,471

li tsin-chung[人]李尽忠,108

li tsing[人]李靖,92

li-tsung[人]宋理宗,259

li ts'un-hsü[人]李存助,127,128

little horde (kishi-jüz)[族]小帐(吉尔吉斯-哈萨克),478,480,485,521,522,625注;参见kirghiz-kazakhs

little pulu[朝]小勃律,见gilgit

little yüeh-chih (hsia yüeh-chih)[族]小月氏,28-29

li tzu-ch'eng[人]李自成,517,518

liu chih-yüan[人]刘知远,130

liu fu-t'ung[人]刘福通,323

liu ts'ung[人]刘聪,xxviii,56,57

liu wei[人]刘伟,453

liu yüan[人]刘渊,56

li yi[人]李祎,118

lobdzang[人]罗卜藏,512

lob nor[地]罗布泊,xxii,35,37,40,41,42,52,96,303,306,312,344,424;参见shanshan; yiwu

blo-bzang (nag-dbang blo-bzang)[人]阿旺·罗卜藏,523-524,532

loehr, max[人]马克思·劳尔,4

loire[地]卢瓦尔河,74

lo-lo[族]罗罗人,283-284

lombards[族]伦巴德人,60,173,174

longjumeau[人]安德烈·德·隆朱米,见andré de longjumeau; guy (guillaume)de longjumeau

loni[地]洛尼,444

lop (charkhlik)[地]罗不,306

lore[地]罗耳,260

lorraine[地]洛林,178

louis ix (st. louis)[人]路易斯九世,圣·路易斯,273,276,277,281,349

louis the child[人]孩童路易斯,178

loulan[朝]楼兰,35,37,40,41,42

loyang[地]洛阳,xxix,41,48,49,56,57,58,59,61,63,65,120,121,122,126,127,259,558注

lu[人]鲁王,518

lucalongo, petrus da[人]彼得鲁斯,见petrus da lucalongo

lüders, heinrich[人]吕德斯,29

lugar[地]卢卡尔河,590注

lugovskoye[地]卢戈伊什科耶,558注

lu-ho (luke; name)[人]鲁合,301

lukchun[地]鲁克沁,42,47

luke (son of 'isä)[人]鲁合,304

lu kuang[人]吕光,50,59,60

luleburgaz (arcadiopolis)[地]卢累布尔加兹,76,184

lung[地]龙庭,34

lungcheng[地]龙城,557注

lungmen[地]龙门,64,65

lungsi[地]陇西,见kungchang

lungtö,[地]隆德,248

lur[族]罗耳人,432

luristan[地]卢里斯坦,11,169,355,430,432

lü shih-chung[人]刘时中,284

lutsang[地]鲁仓,525

lü wen-huang[人]吕文涣,287

lwanping[地]滦平,24,25

lycaonia[地]利考尼亚(科尼亚),见konya

lycia[地]吕基亚,452

lyons[地]里昂,270

macedonia[地]马其顿,449

madali[人]马达里(穆罕默德·阿里),见muhammad 'ali

madyes[人]马代斯,9

maes titianos[人]马厄斯·梯梯安洛斯,40,48,313

magadha[朝]摩揭陀,71

magdalenian culture[文]马格德林文化,3,13

maghas (mankas; monkas)[地]蔑怯思,265

maghreb[地]马格里布,355

magnesia ad sipylum (manisa)[地]马格尼西亚,453

magyars[族]马扎尔人,xxviii,174,177-179,181,182

mahamu[人]马合木,503,504,628注

ma-hei-ma[人]马黑麻,见muhammad (活跃于1560年)

mahmud (of ghazni;死于1030年)[人](加兹尼的)马赫穆德,144,145-146,149,150

mahmud (1487-93)[人]马合木,481

mahmud (1487-1508)[人]马哈木,463,482,496-497

mahmud (1494-95)[人]马合谋,464

mahmudabad[地]马哈茂达巴德,462

mahmud-beg[人]马合谋伯格,382,385

mahmudek[人]马赫穆提克,472

mahmud ibn muhammad[人]马赫默德·伊本·穆罕默德,158

mahmud khan[人]马合谋汗,416

mahmud shah ii[人]马茂德·沙二世,444,445

mahmud yalavach[人]马合谋·牙剌洼赤,250-251,272,328,352

“mahone”[专]马霍恩贸易公司,452

maikop[地]迈科普,545注

maiyafariqin[朝]蔑牙法里勒异密国,360

maikhan (tent)[专]迈克罕,196

maikop[地]迈科普,4,16

maitreya khutukhtu[人]迈达里·胡土克图,514

majapahit[朝]满者伯夷国,291

majd ad-din baghdadi[人]马扎德丁·巴格达第,589注

makikha[人]马基哈,356,357

makhmet-kul (muhammad-quli)[人]马赫麦特·库耳,489

makhtum khanim[人]马黑秃木·哈尼木,506,508

ma k'ing-siang[人]马金襄,593注

malabar[地]无离拔,315

malaya[地]马来亚,311

malayu[地]马拉尤,600注

malazgirt (manzikert)[地]曼吉克特,152,184

malfuzat-i timuri[书]《帖木儿名言录》,444-445

malik (as title)[专]马立克(称号,意为王),352

malikshah[人]马立克沙赫,147,152-153,154,155,158

mal-kal tungus[族]靺鞨通古斯人,515

mallu iqbal[人]马鲁·伊黑巴勒,444,445

malta (nr. irkutsk)[地]马尔塔,3

ma lung[人]马隆,54

malvan[地]马尔瓦(印度),32

malwa[地]马尔瓦(印度),69,70,71,146

malyi-terek[地]马尔义特列克,558注

mamai (mamaq; 1361-80)[人]马麦,405-406,407,436

mamai (活跃于1523年)[人]马迈(诺盖汗),473

mamelukes[专]马木路克人(奴隶),153,155,245,263

mamelukes (dynasty)[朝]马木路克王朝,364-365,366,368,370,371,373-376,mamelukes (dynasty)(cont.)382,384-385,387,398,400,403,404,405,433,434,446-448

manas (river)[地]玛纳斯河,100,342,344,422,491

manchouli[地]满洲里,3

manchu (dynasty)[朝]清朝,63,66,510,515-520,528-533,536-542

manchu (people)[族]满族人,515,516

manchukuo[朝]满洲国,515

manchuria[地]满洲,80,85,128,134,136,137,211,227,228,229,293,294,515,516,517,519,529,538

mandaghol[人]满都古勒,509

mandasur[族]曼达索尔家族,71

mandughai[人]满都海赛音,509

manegir[族]玛尼基尔人,515

mangala[人]忙哥剌,307,605注

mangit[族]曼吉特部(诺盖部),见nogai (tribe)

mangu timur (mongka temür)[人]忙哥帖木儿,292,333,366,371,401,606注

mangyshlak peninsula[地]曼吉什拉特半岛,521,522

maniak[人]曼尼亚克,184

maniakh[人]马尼亚克,83

manichaean art[文]摩尼教艺术,122,124

manichaeanism[宗]摩尼教,121,122,124-125,197,304,319

manisa[地]马格尼西亚,见magnesia ad sipylum

mankas[地]蔑怯思,见maghas

manqud[人]忙古惕,194,210

mansur (死于1393年)[人]曼苏尔,431,432-433

mansur (mansur-khan; 1503-43)[人]满速儿汗,497,499

mansur i ibn-nuh[人]曼苏尔一世(伊本·努赫),143

mansurov[人]曼苏罗夫,475

manzi[朝]蛮子国,309,311

manzikert[地]曼吉克特,见malazgirt

mao-tun[人]昌顿单于,27,28

mao'undur[地]卯温都儿,210

mar abraham[人]马·雅巴拉哈,369

maragheh[地]蔑剌合,245,262,359,367,368,377,379,382;望楼,384;蔑剌合,373,379,383

marawsik-ila[地]马拉什克亦拉,326

mar denha[人]马·德赫,367,368,369

mardin[地]马尔丁,433

mar guiwarguis[人]马·基瓦古斯,303

marguz (marcus)buyiruq[人]马儿忽思不亦鲁,191

marhasia (christian bishops)[专]马儿哈昔,300

maria (sister of andronicus ii)[人](拜占庭皇帝安德努尼卡斯二世的妹妹)马利亚,385

marignolli, giovanni da[人]约翰·马黎诺里,见giovanni da marignolli

marinus (of tyre)[人](提尔的)马里努斯,40

maritsa[地]马里查山谷,184

mariupol[地]马里乌波尔,246,407,436

mar james[人]马·詹姆斯,369

marj as-soffar[地]马尔杰·索法尔,382

mar jesusabran[人]马·耶稣沙布兰,369

mark (活跃于1248年)[人]马克,349

markanda[地]马尔干达,撒麻耳干,见samarkand

märkit[族]蔑儿乞部,192,195,201,204,205,207,208,213,215,216,234,578注,584注

mar koka[地]马科卡,368

markus[人]麻古思,见mar yahballaha iii

marquart josef[人]马迦特,68,171,180,182

mar särgis (ma sie-li-ki-ssu)[人]马薜里吉思,302

mar sehyon[地]马塞坊,368

mar shalita[地]蔑剌合,见maragheh条下

martinovka[地]马提诺威卡,575注

martonocha[地]马尔托罗查,10

maruta,st.[人]圣·马鲁塔,361

mary (daughter of michael palaeologus)[人](迈克尔·佩利奥洛格斯的女儿)马丽公主,368

mar yahballaha iii (markus)[人]马·雅巴拉哈三世(麻古思),301,302-303,336,368-369,372,373,377,379,383

mashhad[地]麦士德(图斯),见tus

ma sie-li-ki-ssu[人]马薜里吉思,见mar särgis

maspero, georges[人]马斯佩罗,19-20

massagetae[族]马萨革泰人,9,547注

mas'ud (1030-40)[人]马苏德,146,149

mas'ud (1133-52)[人]马苏德,158

mas'ud (活跃于1495年)[人]麻素提,464

mas'ud ii[人]马苏德二世,382,387

mas'udi[人]马苏第,181

mas'ud yalavach (mas'ud-beg)[人]麻速忽·牙剌洼赤(麻速忽伯格),269,328,331-335,352

ma'sum shah murad[人]马桑·沙·穆拉德,486-487

ma-ta-ku[人]麻达葛,139-140,227

matarka[地]马他喀贸易据点,180

mathura[地]孔雀城(摩突罗),32,146

matla' es-sa'dein[书]《两幸福之会合》,见'abd ar-razzaq samarqandi

maurice (byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)毛里斯,562注

mazanderan[地]马赞德兰,351,353,354,390,428,432,464

mazdaism[宗]马资达教,7,84,101,219

mecca[地]麦加,244,373,414,430

medes[族]米底人,7

media[地]麦地那,9,11,31

megujin se'ultu[人]蔑古真·薜兀勒图,204

mehmed ii[人]穆赫默德二世,471

meimundiz[地]麦门底司堡,354

melankhlenes[族]米兰克尼勒斯人,10,11

melgunov[地]麦勒古罗夫,10

melitopol[地]美利托波尔,15,546注

menander[人]弥南,173

menbij (hierapolis)[地]门比杰,40,361

meng kung[人]孟珙,282

mengli girei (geray)[人]明里·格来,470,471,472

meng t'ien[人]蒙恬,26-27

mentese[地]门泰斯,449,451,452

merhart, j.[人]麦哈特,16-17,25,37

merovingians[朝]墨洛温王朝(人),60

merv[地]莫夫(马里),xxi,40,67,68,80,85,116,117,144,147,150,159,160,164,167,191,240,242,243,312,334,369,483,487

meshed[地]麦什德(图斯),见tus

meshed-i-sar (babulsar)[地]麦什德·萨尔,432

mesia[地]麦西亚,78

mesopotamian art[文]美索不达米亚艺术,4,11-12

metz[地]梅斯,76

michael palaeologus[人]迈克尔·佩利奥洛格斯,368,399,400

middle horde (orta-jüz)[朝]中帐,478,480,522,532,625注,参见kirghiz-kazakhs

mien[朝]缅甸,见burma

mihaeni[地]米赫埃尼,8

mika'il[人]米凯尔,149

mikhailovka[地]米海洛夫卡,6,8

mikirakula[人]摩醯逻矩罗,71,248

mikoyanabad[地]米高扬纳巴德,见kabadian

milan[地]米兰,56,76

mindor[地]闵多儿,260

mindszent[地]明曾特,176

ming[朝]明朝,319,323,324,325,424,453,456,459,488,494,496,498-499,502-507,510-511,512,516,517,518,540

ming-an[人]明安,588注

mingchow[地]明州(宁波),见ningpo

mingghan (army captain)[专]敏罕(千夫长),222

ming-lak[地]明拉克,626注

ming-shih[书]《明史》,494,495,496,499,503-507,510

ming-ti[人]明帝,42,43

minorsky, v. f.[人]米诺尔斯基,146,172,180,185

min shan[地]鸣沙山,108

minteke[地]明铁盖达坂,41

miraj[地]米拉杰,445

minusinsk[地]米努辛斯克,xxiii,xxv,24,28,66-67,124,216,549注,556注,558注,艺术4,5,6,14,15,17-19,66,176

mir 'ali shir newa'i[人]察儿·阿里·失儿·纳瓦依,465

miran[地]米兰,41,49

miranshah[人]米兰沙,427,430,433,434,437,456,458

mir bayezid[人]迷里拜牙即,410

mirdasid dynasty[朝]米尔达西朝,152

mir husain[人]迷里忽辛,见husain (活跃于1360年)

mirkhond[人]米尔空,67,245,464,465

mirza 'abdallah[人]米儿咱阿布达拉赫,见'abdallah ibn-qazghan

mirza iskander[人]米儿咱·伊斯堪答儿,426

mitan[地]卡巴·马坦,见kaba-matan

mithridates ii[人]密特里达提二世,31

mitrovica[地]米特洛维察(锡尔米蒙),见sirmium

mizuki[地]麦诸基,289

mobarek-shah[人]木八剌沙,332,334

mo-ch'o (mo-cho; bak-chor; qapagan-khagan)[人]默啜,107-108,109,110,116,127-128,565注

moesia[地]麦西亚,174,177

mogholistan[地]蒙兀儿斯坦,342-346,419,420,422,424,425,426,438,459,460-461,463,480,482,490-501,506,507

mogholtai[人]蒙古台,332

mohi[地]莫希,266

mo-ho[族]靺鞨578注

mojak, moje[专]慕阇(称号),见mu-shö

mo-ki-lien[人]默棘连,110-111,112,113,565注

moldavia[地]摩尔达维亚,4,6,181,268

mologa[地]莫洛加河,265

mongka[人]蒙哥,264-65,267,272-276,280-284,288,298,300,320,329,330,349-350,352,353,354,357,363,394,395,397,512,596注,598注,606注

mongka temür[人]忙哥帖木儿,见mangu timur

mong-ku[族]萌古,197

mongol language[文]蒙古语,xxv,228,277,544注,579注-580注

mongol script[文]蒙古文,252,298-299;uiguro-mongol,516,521

mong-wu (mong-wa)[族]蒙兀,579注

monkas[地]蔑怯思,见maghas

mon-khmer[族]纯高棉种人,290

montecorvino, giovanni da[人]约翰·孟德科维诺,见giovanni da montecorvino

morava[地]摩拉瓦河,76

moravia[地]摩拉维亚(大摩拉维亚),266,395;great moravia,175,178

mordvian culture, so-called[文]摩尔达维亚文化,11

mordvinians[族]摩尔多维亚人,472

morosova[地]摩罗索瓦,549注

moscow[地]莫斯科,265,404,405,407,436,470,472,473

mostaert, father a.[人]老莫斯特尔特,530-531

mosul[地]摩苏尔,158,263-264,347,349,355,366,391

mo-yen-cho (bayan-chor; ko-lo; moyun-chor)[人]默延啜(葛勒),120,121,565注,567注

mozhaisk[地]莫扎伊斯克,407,436

mstislav (the bold)[人]勇士密赤思腊,246

mubariz ad-din muhammad[人]穆巴里克·丁·穆罕默德,390-391

mugan[地]木干草原,245,261,262,263,271,281,347,357,359,456,594注

muhammad (prophet)[人](先知)穆罕默德,500

muhammad (1105-18)[人]穆罕默德,158

muhammad ii (活跃于1403年)[人]穆罕默德二世,452

muhammad (ma-hei-ma;活跃于1560年)[人]马黑麻,499

muhammad (活跃于1603年)[人]麻法默德,500

muhammad hajji[人]哈吉·穆罕默德,见hajji muhammad

muhammad (of ghor)[人]希哈布·阿德丁·摩诃末,见shihab ad-din muhammad

muhammad (of khwarizm)[人]摩诃末(阿拉·阿德丁·摩诃末),见'ala ad-din muhammad

muhammad 'ali (madali)[人]穆罕默德·阿里(马达里),488-489

muhammad amin[人]穆罕默德·阿明,473

muhammad bughra-khan[人]博格拉汗,穆罕默德,147

muhammad girei[人]穆罕默德·格来,473

muhammad haidar i[人]穆罕默德·海达尔一世,463,494

muhammad haidar ii (haidarmirza)[人]穆罕默德·海达尔二世,497,498,499,627注;《拉失德史》344,416,423,424,425,480,481,482,491-495,497,499,500,504,506,507,508

muhammad ibn-tughlugh[人]穆罕默德·本·图格卢,341,443

muhammad-khan[人]马黑麻汗,425,619注

muhammad-quli[人]马赫麦德·库耳,见makhmet-kul

muhammad sam[人]穆罕默德·沙姆,386

muhammad shaybani[人]穆罕默德·昔班尼,464,465,481,482,483,486,487,497-498,615注

muhammad timur[人]穆罕默德·帖木儿,483

muhammad 'umar[人]穆罕默德·奥玛尔,488

muhammad yusuf[人]马黑麻·亦速甫,500

mu-han[人]木杆可汗,82

mu-ho[人]莫何,88

mu'in ad-din suleiman[人]穆因哀丁·苏来曼,370

mu'izz ad-din husain kert[人]穆兹丁·胡赛因,343,390,426

mu-jung[族]慕容氏(前燕、后燕国),57,58,61,577注;参见hou-yen; ts'ien-yen

mu-jung ch'uei[人]慕容垂,59

mu-jung tsiun[人]慕容鯭,58

mukachevo[地]穆卡切沃,见munkacs

mukden[地]沈阳,516,519

mukri[族](拜占庭作家记)蔑儿乞人,578注

muktapida[人]木多笔,118-119

multan[地]木尔坦,242,340,443,444,446

mumash[人]谟麻失汗,508

mu'min,al-[人]阿布德·穆明,见'abd al-mu'min

munda languages[文]穆恩答语,576注

mundzuk (mundiukh)[人]蒙杜克,75

munglik[人]蒙力克,217,218,585注

munkacs (mukachevo)[地]穆卡切沃,266

munte, guillaume de[人]纪尧姆·蒙特,见guillaume de munte

muqali (muquli)[人]木华黎,202,203,206,223,232-233,247,588注

mures[文]穆里斯文化,6

murgab (place)[地]穆耳加布,386

murgab (river)[地]穆耳加布河,340,461,465

murtuk[地]穆尔吐克,52,96,98,124

mus[地]穆什,391,430,431,459,462

musa[地]穆萨,149

muscovy[地]莫斯科维,395,407,436,438,441,452,470,471,473,475,489,522,540

mu-shö (mojak, moje; as title)[专]慕阇,121

musta'sim, al-[人]穆斯台耳绥姆,354,355-356

mu'tamid[人]穆塔米德,142

mutan[地]忽尔卡河,见hurka

mütügen[人]木阿秃干,241,271,329,334

muzaffarids[朝]穆扎法尔朝,343,390-391,426,431,432,433

muzaffar-i kashi[人]穆札菲·喀什,431

muzart[人]穆扎尔特,xxiii,555注

mylapore[地]马八儿,313,315,319

mysia[地]麦西亚,453

nablus[地]纳布卢斯,362

nadir-shah[人]纳迪尔沙,486,488

nagchu[地]那曲,533

nag-dbang blo-bzang,见blo-bzang

nagy czeks[地]纳吉·者克斯,267

naiman[族]乃蛮部,xxiv,xxv,126,190-191,204-208,212-217,233,234,235-236,301

naissus (nis)[地]尼什,76

nakhichevan[地]纳希切万,281,348,378,430,434,458

nakhsheb (nasef)[地]那黑沙不,341

naksh-i jahan[人]纳黑失只罕,425,619注

na-li[人]那利,100

namghin[地]安庆(或开封)(马可记),310

na-mo[人]那摩,275,276,298

nam tso[地]纳木错(腾格里湖),见tengri nor

nanchang (hungchow)[地]南昌(洪州)122,137

nancheng[地]南郑(汉中),见hanchung

nanchow[朝]云南国,见yunnan

nangin[地]南京,310

nan-kia[专]南家(金人称宋朝),593注

nangkiyas (nang-kiyas; nikasa)[人]宁甲速,593注

nanking (kienkang; kienning; kinling-fu; quelinfu)[地]南京(建康,金陵府),57,62,64,68,132,137,287,308,316,323,325

nankow (kiu-yung-kuan)pass[地]南关(居庸关),106,507

nanshan[地]南山,28,35

nanyang[地]南阳,258

nan-yen[朝]南燕,557注

naples[地]那不勒斯,319,374

narasihapati[人]那罗梯诃波帝,290

narasimhagupta[人]纳罗新哈·笈罗,70,71

narin, david[人]大卫·纳林,见david narin

naryn[地]纳林河,423

nasawi[人]奈撒微(《札兰丁传》的作者),241,589注

nasef[地]纳黑沙布,见nakhsheb

nasir, an-(1180-1225)[人](哈里发)纳昔儿,237-238

nasir an-(活跃于1320年)[人]纳绥尔(埃及马木路克王朝苏丹),404

nasir ad-din[人]纳速剌丁,601注

nasir ad-din 'ubaidallah[人]纳昔儿·丁·乌拜达拉赫,495

nasir yusuf, an-[人]纳绥尔·玉素甫,360,361-362,362-363

nasr ibn-ahmed[人]纳斯尔·伊本·阿赫默德,141-142

nasr ii ibn-ahmed[人]纳斯尔二世(伊本·阿赫默德),142

nauruz[人]捏兀鲁思,352,376-380

nauruz ahmed[人]老奴思·阿合木,508

naya[人]那雅,215,223

nayan (活跃于1287)[人]乃颜,293

nayan[人]伯颜,见bayan (1301-09)

nazar[人]那札儿(吉尔吉斯汗),499

negda[族]涅格达人,515

nehavend[地]尼哈温,116,432

nejm sani[人]纳吉姆·沙尼,484

nemesvolgy[地]内麦斯沃尔吉,176

neolithic period[专]新石器时期,3

nepryadva[地]涅普里亚德瓦河,406

nesef[地]内塞弗,457

nessa[地]奈撒,241,243

nestorian art[文]聂思托里安教艺术,26,124

nestorianism[宗]聂思托里安教(景教),125,142,189,190,191,197,220,237,263,270,271,277,280,300-304,306,315,327,341,342,368,369,383,396,397,597注;教士,300,602注;也里可温,300,602注

neustadt[地]诺伊施塔特,267

nevsky, alexander[人]亚历山大·涅维斯基,见alexander nevsky

ngan-tö[人]安得,42,44

nghean[地]义安,290

nicaea (iznik)[地]尼西亚(伊兹尼克),153,350,385,451

nicephorus i[人]黎塞弗留斯一世,177

nicholas iv, pope[人](教皇)尼古拉四世,313,336,373,375,376

nicholas, friar[人](修士)尼古拉,319

nicolo di pagana[人]尼可洛·迪帕加纳,404

nicomedia[地]尼科美底亚(伊兹米特),见izmit

nicopolis[地]尼科堡,449,452

nicosia[地]尼科西亚,349

nien-mo-ho[人]粘没喝,136,137

nikolayev[地]尼科拉耶夫,4,5

nikolayevka[地]尼古拉耶夫卡,73

nikov p.[人]李柯夫,402

nikpai oghul[人]捏古伯,334,607注

nilqa[人]亦剌合(桑昆),见sängün

nine oghuz[族]九姓乌古思,见toquz oghuz

nine tatar[族]九姓鞑靼,见toquz tatar

ningan[地]宁干(宁古塔),见ninguta

ningkiang[地]宁江州,136,137

ningkwo[地]宁国,287

ningpo (mingchow)[地]宁波(明州),137

ningsia (chunghing; egrigaia)[地]宁夏(中兴府),108,126,132,226,247-248,299,302,303,306,504,510,511

ninguta (ningan)[地]宁古塔(宁干),515,516

ningwu[地]宁武,133

ningyüan,[地]宁远,567注

nin-kia-su[人]宁甲速,257,258,593注

nirun[族]尼鲁温部,193,194

nis[地]尼什,见naissus

nishapur[地]尼沙普尔,146,149,150,160,240,241,305,334,369,380,390,427,485

nisibin (nusaybin)[地]尼西比斯(努赛宾),262,361,368

niya (niyang)[地]尼雅,41,49

nizam al-mulk[人]尼查姆·乌尔·莫尔克,152,153,154

nizhni novgorod (gorki)[地]下诺夫哥罗德(今高尔基),5,470

noeldeke, t.[人]诺尔德克,67

nogai (mangit; tribe)[族]诺盖部,470,486-487,490,521,522

nogai (noghai; person)[人]诺盖,366,369,398-403,405

nogai (region)[地]诺盖地区,472,473,475

noin ula[地]诺恩乌拉,12,18,25,26,39

nöku (nökud; warriors; free men)[专]那可儿(武士,自由人),195,222

“nomad horsemen”[专]游牧骑士风格,66-67,176

nomokhan (nomoqan)[人]那木罕,292,401

nomtarni[人]那蒙塔尼,629注

nonni[地]嫩江,39,208,505,509,529

north vietnam[朝]安南,北越,见annam

novgorod[地]诺夫哥罗德,265

novo alexandrovka[地]新亚历山德罗夫卡,546注

novocherkask[地]新切尔卡斯克,16

novogrigorievsk[地]诺沃格里格鲁夫斯克,5

nowairi[人]诺瓦里,401,403

noyan (as title)[专]那颜(称号),194,222,586注

noyandara[人]那颜达拉,511,629注

nuh ii ibn-mansur[人]努赫二世,曼苏尔,143,144

nuh i ibn-nasr[人]努赫一世(纳昔),143

nur 'ali[人]奴儿·阿里汗,522

nur daulet[人]努儿道剌特,471

nurhachi (nurkhatsi; nu-ul-ha-ch'e)[人]努尔哈赤,516-517

nusaybin[地]努赛宾(尼西比斯,见nisibin)

nu-shih-pi[族]努失毕部,95,102,103,109

nutuq (grazing lands)[专]努士克(牧场),195,221-222

nu-ul-ha-ch'e[人]努尔哈赤,见nurhachi

ob[地]鄂毕河,148,185,490,525

oboq (clan)[专]斡孛黑(氏族),193

ochigin (otchigin; as title)[专]斡赤斤(称号),255

oder (odra)[地]奥德河,266

odessa[地]敖德沙,13

odoli[地]鄂多理,516

odorico da pordenone[人]鄂多立克,216,306,312-320各处

odra[地]奥德河,见oder

oelun-eke[人]月伦额格,199,217,218,256,585注

ogädäi, ögedei[人]窝阔台,见ogödäi

oghlaqan[人]鄂克拉罕,629注

oghul[人]沙·斡兀立,见shah-oghul

oghul qaimish[人]斡兀立·海迷失,272-274,330,349,596注

oghuz (ghuzz; torks; ouzoi; uzes)[族]乌古思(古兹,乌泽人,奥佐伊人),xxix,148,149,151-155各处,157,160,164,167,181,182,185-186,237,240,393,565注-566注;九姓乌古思,106,110,126,145,565注,566注

oghuz-name[书]《乌古思名》,544注,565注-566注

oglakty[地]俄格拉克提村,16,19,549注

ogödäi (ogädäi; ögedei)[人]窝阔台,210,229,232,238,239,251,254-259,261,262,263,264,267,268,273,282,300,328,330,347,351,352,353,516,592注,593注

ogödäi, house of[族]窝阔台家族,273,274,280,286,291,292,294,295,296,329,330,338,394,401,403

ogor[族]乌戈尔种,171

d'ohsson[人]多桑,210,215,272,330,338

oirat (confederates; four confederates or dörben oirat oirad; oyirad)[族]卫拉特,斡亦剌惕,192,195,207,213,215,479,491,492,493,499,503-510各处,512,513,520-521,522,525,539;参见choros; dörböt; dzungar; kalmucks; khoshot; torghut

oirotin[地]奥罗丁,18

oiskaya[地]奥伊什卡亚,558注

oka[地]奥卡河,11,470,472,473

ökächi[人]鬼力赤,见ugechi

okhotsk, sea of[地]鄂霍次克海,515

okin-barqaq[人]斡勒巴儿合黑,198,202,228

oktar[人]鄂克塔,75

olbia[地]奥尔比亚城,73

olcha[族]奥尔恰人,515

oljäi temür (punyasri; pen-ya-shöli)[人]本雅失里,504,505,629注

oljaitu (nicholas)[人]完者都,315,340,368,372,383-386,396

olkhui[地]奥尔克浑河,583注

olomouc (olmütz)[地]奥洛摩茨,266

olöt[族]绰罗斯部,见choros

olugh-beg[人]兀鲁伯,243,417,457,459,460,461,492

omar khayyam[人]奥玛尔·卡雅姆,161

omurtag[人]奥慕尔塔克,177

onegesis[人]奥尼吉斯,78

ongirat[族]弘吉剌惕部,见qongirat

ongkin[地]翁金河,34,35,36,191,286,512,536

öngüt[族]汪古部,xxv,26,213,220,227,228,250,300-302,306,318,400,571注

onoghundur (onogur)[族]乌基杜尔人(乌基尔人),176,177-178

onon[地]鄂嫩河(斡难河),193,194,199,200,201,206,216,219,248,255,273,282,504,539

oppeln[地]奥珀伦,399

oqaylids[朝]鄂克里德朝,154

oradea[地]奥拉迪亚,266

orda[人]斡儿答,264,393,394,397,406,615注

ordos (people)[族]鄂尔多斯人,509-514各处,517,530-531,629注

ordos (region)[地]鄂尔多斯(鄂尔多斯艺术),xxii,19,20,27,35,55,88,89,93,126,132,133,189,226,247,510;艺术,13,17,18,19,24-26,50,176

ordu (tented palace)[专]斡耳朵(帐廷),255

ordubaligh (ordu-baligh)[地]斡耳朵八里(哈拉和林),256,599注;参见karabalgasun; karakorum

orenburg (chkalov)[地]奥伦堡,15,394,439,478

orestes[人]奥里斯特斯,78

orghana[人]兀鲁忽乃,275,286,329,330,331-332

orkhan[人]奥尔汗,385

orkhon[地]鄂尔浑,xxii,xxiii,20,34,35,38,46,55,61,80,82,83,87,103,106,111,114,125,128,190,196,197,252,256,269,292,312,417,419,504,512,529,539

orléans[地]奥尔良,76

ormazd (ahura-mazda)[宗]阿马兹达神(阿胡拉·马兹达神),84,219

ormuz[地]霍尔木兹(忽里模子),见hormuz

oro bögilä[人]阿罗·波吉乃,198

oroch[族]奥罗奇人,515

orochon[族]奥罗楚恩人,515

orgötü[地]奥古土,565注,567注

orsk[地]奥尔斯克,439

orta-jüz[族](中帐),见middle horde

osman[人]奥斯曼一世,见'uthman i

ossetians[族]奥塞梯人,74,442

ostrogoths[族]东哥特人,73,75,78

ostyak[地]奥斯佳克,489

ostyak language[文]奥斯特雅克语,576注

otar[地]奥塔尔,423

otchigin[专]斡赤斤,见ochigin

otemish[人]奥特米什,475

otrar[地]讹答剌,235,238,239,270,305,312,332,393,397,400,406,435,436,438,443,453,456

otto i (of germania)[人]奥托一世(日耳曼王),179

ottomans[族]奥斯曼人,xxviii,xxix,157,160,164,179,240-241,385,389,391,396,420,446,448-453,471,472,475,477,485

ötükän[地]於都斤山,106,112,561注,564注,565注;参见khangai

otuz tatar (thirty tatar)[族]三十姓鞑靼,106,192,565注

ouarkhonitai[族]瓦尔和昆尼(假阿瓦尔人),见uarkhonites

oudh[朝]乌德,444

ouzoi[族]奥佐伊人(乌古思),见oghuz

oxus[地]阿克苏斯河(阿姆河),见amu darya

oyidarma[人]斡亦答马,629注

oyirad[族]斡亦剌惕部,见oirat

özbeg (1210-25)[人]月即别,245,260

özbeg (1312-40)[人]月即别,319,400,404

özbegs[族]乌兹别克人,见uzbeks

ozmish[人]乌苏米施汗,113

pachow[地]霸州,133

pachymeres, georgius[人]帕切米尔,399,402

padsha-khatun[人]帕夏可敦,366

padua[地]帕多瓦,319

pagan[朝]蒲甘,291,308

pagana, nicolo di[人]尼可洛·帕格拉,见nicolo di pagana

pahipuszta[地]帕希普兹塔,176

paighu[人]拜格护,149

paiteng[地]白登山,27

paiza (golden tablet)[专]金匾,369

paleolithic period[专]旧石器时代,3

palestine[朝]巴勒斯坦,363,364

pamirs (pamier)[地]帕米尔,xxii,41,96,101,118,119,169,236,306,422

pan ch'ao[人]班超,31,42-47,542

panipat[地]巴尼伯德,445

p'an mei[人]潘美,131

pannonia[地]班诺尼亚,72,76,78,173,174,175

panshan[地](甘肃的)半山,4

pan-ti[人]班第,538,541

panticapaeum (bosporus; kerch)[地]潘蒂卡派(博斯普鲁斯,刻赤),52,85,173,554注

pan yung[人]班勇,47

paoan (chihtan)[地]保安,61,229,232

paochow[地]保州(保定),见paoting

pao-lu-ssu (paul; name)[人]保鲁斯,301

paoning[地]宝宁,258,284

paoting (paochow)[地]保定,108,132,133,230,511

pape[地]清迈,见chiangmai

paphlagonia[地]帕夫拉戈尼亚,452

paquette[人]帕库特,280

parak[地]帕拉克河(奇尔奇克河),见chirchik

paris[地]巴黎,374-375

parthians[族]帕提亚人,31,32,47,49

pascal (the spaniard)[地]巴斯喀尔,342

pasianoi[族]帕夏洛伊人,30

patzanakitai[族]佩切涅格人,见pet-chenegs

paul (of cilicia)[人](西里西亚人)保罗,84

pavia[地]帕维亚,76,178

pa-ya-tsi[人]拜牙即,499

pazyryk[地]帕兹雷克,xxiii,xxv,18,19,544注,549注

pegolotti[人]佩戈洛蒂,pratica della mercatura,311

pegu[朝]白古国,290

pehlewan[人]帕列文,158

p'ei[族]裴氏,115

pei-ch'i[朝]北齐,66,82

pei-chou[朝]北周,66,83

pei-han (ts'ien-chao; dynasty)[朝]北汉(前赵),56

pei-han (kingdom)[朝]北汉王国,130,131

pei-jung[族]北戎,19-20

p'ei kiu[人]裴矩,89

pei-liang (tsu-k'iu)[朝]北凉(沮渠),61-62,64

pei-shih[书]《北史》,70

peiting[地]北庭(别失八里)见beshbaligh

pei-yen[朝]北燕,61,557注;参见jehol

pekh (mayor of the palace)[专]帕克(宫廷侍长),577注

peking (cambaluc; chi; chung-tu; jungdu; khanbaligh; tatu; yen; yenching; yenchow; yüchow)[地]北京(汗八里,中都,大都),xxvii,xxix,xxx,34,58,127,129,130,131,133,134,136,138,139,146,148,164,165,189,196,224,227,229,230,232,253,257,288,295,302,303,305,307,308,312,313,316-317,318,319,324,325,340,479,502,507,510,511,514,516,518,530,538,539,587注,588注,599注

pelliot, paul[人]伯希和,xxv,24,53,80-81,96,97,107,173,193,197-198,221,257,271,272,298,301,303,304,305,307,318,347,348,349

pem[地]克里亚,见keriya

pengcheng (sinhsien)[地]彭城,64

pen-ya-shö-li[人]本雅失里,见oljäi temür

pepin[人]丕平,175

peregrino[人]帕莱格尼努,314

perm[地]帕姆森林,15,548注

perovsk (kzl-orda)[地]波罗威斯克(今克孜勒奥尔达),149,238

peroz[人]卑路支,68

persepolis[地]帕赛波里斯,7

persian art[文]波斯艺术,122,124,311,367,457,467

persian language[文]波斯语,157,243,604注

pervane (chancellor)[专]丞相,370

perwan[地]八鲁湾,241,242,590注

peschanaia[地]雅米谢威斯克,见yamishevsk

peshawar[地]白沙瓦,69

pest[地]佩斯,266,267

peta[人]拜塔,见baidar

petchenegs (bachanak; patzanakitai)[族]佩彻涅格人,xxiv,xxviii,178,181,182,184-185,186

peter, brother[人]彼得,342

peter (of crempa)[人]彼得(克雷蒙巴的),399

peter (of florence)[人]彼得(佛罗伦萨的),314

peter (metropolitan of moscow)[人]彼得(莫斯科主教),617注

peter the great[人]彼得一世,475,522;珍宝,13,16,548注

pétis de la croix[人]佩替·德·拉·克鲁阿,439

petreny[地]彼特里尼,4

petronas[人]帕特罗纳斯,180

petrovsk[地]彼得罗夫斯克,577注

petrus da lucalongo[人]彼得鲁斯,313,314

phags-pa[人]八思巴,298-299,513

phanagoria[地]法纳戈里亚,180

philippopolis (plovdiv)[地]菲利普波利斯,76

philip the fair[人]金发菲利普,374,375-376,384

phocaea[地]福西亚,452

phraates ii[人]弗拉亚特斯二世,31

phrygia[地]弗里吉亚,8,155,157,385,452,453

pi[人]比,39

pianfu[地]平阳府(平阳)见pingyang

pianobor[专]皮亚诺波尔文化,73

piano carpini[人]普兰·迦儿宾,7,216,221,224-225,257,270,271,272,348,395,396

piatigorsk[地]皮亚蒂戈尔斯克,5

p'ien[地]汴(开封),见kaifeng

pinchow[地]豳州,90

pingcheng (tai)[地]平城(代郡),27,57,60,63,65

pingchüan[地]平川,128

pingliang[地]平凉,248,257

pinglu[地]平卢,128

pingtinghsiang[地]平定乡(善阐),见shanshan

pingyang (pianfu)[地]平阳,56,57,229,232,257,307

pir budaq[人]皮儿·布达克,461

pir muhammad ibn-jahangir[人]皮儿·马黑麻·伊本·只罕杰儿,456,457

pir muhammad ibn- 'umar-shaikh[人]皮儿·马黑麻,444,456,457

pisannaya gora[地]卡拉苏河,见kara-yus

pishpek[地](谢米列契耶)皮什比克,见semirechye

plovdiv[地]菲利普波利斯(普罗夫迪夫),见philippopolis

podgortsa[地]波德戈尔扎,6

podio, francesco da[人]弗朗希斯科,见francesco da podio

pohai[朝]渤海国,128,515

pohuan[地]拨换城(阿克苏),见aksu (town and province)

pokrovsk (engels)[地]波克罗夫斯克,5

p'o-juan[人]婆闰,102

poland[地]波兰,孛烈儿,266,395,399

“po-lo”[族]薄罗人,69

polo,maffeo[人]马弗·孛罗,304-309,313

polo, marco[人]马可,波罗,216,252,290,293,296,297,298,302,305-313,320,371

polo, niccolo[人]尼古拉·孛罗,304-309,313

p'o-lo-men[人]婆罗门,81

polovtsy[族]波洛伏齐人(钦察人),见kipchaks

poltava[地]波尔塔瓦,407,436

polybius[人]波里比阿(史家),15

pompeius trogus[人]彭沛乌斯·托古斯30,31

pontis[地]彭蒂斯,8,9,18,182,449

pordenone, odorico da[人]鄂多立克,见odorico da pordenone

port arthur[地]旅顺港,128

po shuen[人]帛纯,50,59

postal service[专]帝国邮政,318

potemkin[人]波特金,477

poyang, lake[地]鄱阳湖,137,323,324

po-yao-ho[人]波姚河,227,301

po-yen[人]伯颜(将领),见bayan (活跃于1276年)

pozdneev[人]波兹尼夫,526

prabhakara[人]波罗羯罗,72

prabhakaramitra[人]波罗颇迦罗密多罗,94

prato, guillaume da[人]纪尧姆·波拉特,见guillaume da prato

“prester john”[专]约翰长老,191,306,318

priscus[人]普里斯卡斯,78

priscus (活跃于600年)[人]普利斯卡斯(拜占庭将军),174

prokhorovka[地]普罗霍罗夫卡,15

protoshilovo[地]普罗托什洛沃,558注

provence[地]普罗旺斯,178

prut[地]普鲁特河,392

pseudoavars[族]假阿瓦尔人,171,172

ptolemy[人]托勒密,xxiii,28,40,41,306

puchow[地]浦州(河中),见hochung

p'u hung[人]苻洪,58

pulad (活跃于1718年)[人]布拉特,见bulat

pulad (bolod; 活跃于1407-12年)[人]不剌汗,470

pulad (bolod; place)[地]普拉德,331

puladshi[人]播鲁只,见bulaji

pul-i sengi (stone bridge)[地]普勒伊森格,411

pulu, great[朝]大勃律,见baitistan

pulu, little[朝]小勃律,见gilgit

punjab[人]旁遮普,32,49,69,71-72,80,146,167,168,315,339,443,444,445,446

puntsuk-monchak[人]明楚克汗,521-522,525

punyasri[人]本雅失里,见oljäi temür

puragupta[人]普罗·笈多,70

pu-su-wan[人]耶律诗(普速完),见ye-lü shih

puszta[专]“无树平原”,267

pusztatoti[地]普兹塔托蒂,176

puyanghsien[地]濮阳县(澶州),见shenchow

qaan[专]合罕,罕,见khagan

qabul (qabul-khan; qabul-khagan)[人]合不勒汗,138,197,202

qachi'un[人]哈赤温,199,218,255

qada'an[人]哈丹,264,266,267,274,293,294,593注,599注

qadagin[族]哈答斤部,见qatakin

qadaq[人]合答黑,270,274

qadirkhan[地]兴安岭,见khingan

qadir-khan (person)[人]哈亦儿汗(亦剌乞克),见inalchiq

qadir-khan jibra'il[人]喀迪尔汗·贾布拉伊尔,159

qadir-khan yusuf[人]喀迪尔汗·玉素甫,146,147

qadisiya[地]卡迪西亚,116

qaidu[人]海都,63,194,197,200,264,266,274,286,291-296,303-304,305,308,321,332-336,338,376,401,403,512,606注-607注

qa'im, al-[人]阿尔·哈伊木,151

qaisar (as title)[专]凯撒,450

qal'a-i-sefid[地]喀拉伊舍弗德,432

qalaqaljit-elet (“qalaqaldjit-elet”)[地]合兰真沙陀,210,211

qalawun[人]嘉拉温苏丹,371

qam (shaman)[专]昆木(萨满),195

qamar ad-din[人]哈马儿丁,344,422,423,424,425

qân[专]罕,合罕,见khagan

qan-baliq[地]汗八里,见khanbaligh

qanqli[族]康里,237,247

qapagan-khagan[人]默啜(突厥碑文上记),见mo-ch'o

qara-buqa[人]哈拉不花,599注

qarachu (commoners)[专]哈拉抽(平民),195,222,531

qara-hulägu[人]哈剌旭烈兀,271,274,329

qarai[人]克烈,479-480

qarakuchum[人]哈拉库楚姆,470

qara-muhammad turmush[人]哈拉·马合木·吐穆斯,431

qara-qoyunlu (black sheep)[朝]喀喇-科雍鲁(黑羊王朝),160,391,430-431,433,434,435,449,458,459,461-462

qarataghlik[朝]黑山派,501,527-528,541

qaratal[地]卡拉套山,见kara-tal

qara'un qabchal[地]喀拉昆·巴查尔,578注

qara'utai tergen (wheeled wagons)[专]哈剌兀台·帖儿坚(轮车),196

qara-yusuf[人]哈拉·玉素甫,391,433,434,435,449,458,459

qariya (administrative division)[专](行政机构)营,530

qarluq[族]葛逻禄人,95,109,110,113,114,119-120,145,165,233,234,238,565注

qarshi[地]卡尔施城,见karshi

qasaq-tergen (wheeled wagons)[专]合撒黑·帖儿坚,196

qasar[人]哈撒儿,199,200,206,214,217-218,229-230,255,256,580注,586注

qasim (of astrakhan; 死于1469年)[人]卡西姆,472

qasim (of kazan; 活跃于1466年)[人]卡西姆(金帐汗库楚克·马哈麻之子),472

qasim (约1509-18)[人]哈斯木,480,508,626注

qatakin (qadagin; qatagin)[族]哈答斤部,194,206,207,208,213

qatwan[地]卡特文,160,165,333

qawurd[人]喀乌德,152,153

qayaligh (cailac)[地]海押立,234,238,272,277

qazaqs[族]哈萨克人,见kirghiz-kazakhs

qazghan[人]迦慈罕,342-343,409,426,427

qilich arslan iv[人]乞立赤·阿尔斯兰四世,269,272,350,354,359

qilich tamgatch-khan mas'ud[人]乞尼克·桃花石汗·马苏德,574注

qiniqs[族]乞尼黑部,148

qirq-yer[地]奇尔克耶城(巴赫切萨拉伊),见bakhchisarai,471

qobaq[地]霍博,273,349

qöl (center of army)[专]中军,中翼军,223

qongirat (ongirat; qongarat; qongrad)[族]弘吉剌惕部,194,200,206,207,210

qongrad[族]弘吉剌惕部,见qongirat

qorchi[人]火儿赤,202

qorchin (tribe)[族]科尔沁部,见khorchin

qorchin (bodyguard of quiver bearers)[专]豁儿赤(箭筒士),582注

qorla (qorola)[族]火鲁剌思,194,207

qorqonaq jubur[地]合儿郭纳黑·朱布儿,201,202

qorisü-bäki[人]火力速八赤,212,214

qoshun, qosighun (banners; administrative divisions)[族]库西昆(旗),530

qoun[族]看钦察人,见kipchaks

qubilai, qubilay, qublay[人]忽必烈,见kublai

qucha[人]忽察,273,274

quchar[人]火察儿,203,208,212

qudatqu bilig (yusuf khass hajjib)[人](霍吉勃)玉素甫·喀什(《福乐智慧》的作者),148

qudu'udar[人]忽都塔儿,582注

quegianfu[地]京兆府(长安),见changan

quelinfu[地]金陵府(南京),见nanking

quian[地](马可记)长江,见yangtze

quilon (coilum; kollam)[地]奎隆,309,311,312,319

quinsai[地](马可记)杭州,见hangchow

qulan[人]忽阑,215

qulan-bashi[地]忽兰巴什,244

qulbar[人]忽儿巴儿,582注

qum[地]库木,245,590注

qumani[族]库蛮(钦察人),见kipchaks

qumiz[专]忽迷思,见kumiss

qungrad[族]昆吉剌部,421

qurban telesut[人]库尔班·特勒苏特,578注

quriltat (assembly)[专]库里勒台(部落大会),213,216,217,221,256,259,269-270,273,274,282,284,285,328,333,338,353,358,584注-585注

quriqan[人]骨利干,106,564注,578注

qurjaquz (cyriacus)[人]忽儿察忽思,192

qutadmish[人]忽塔德迷失,302

qutaiba[人]库泰拔,116-117

qutb ad-din[人]忽特哀丁,353

qutb ad-din habash 'amid[人]哈巴什·阿密德,328,329

qutlugh (elterish)[人]骨咄禄,103,106,107

qutlugh bilgä (ku-li p'ei-lo; ku-to-lu pei-kia k'iu; huai-jen)[人]骨咄禄毗伽阙可汗,113-114

qutlugh-buqa[人]忽特鲁格不花,406

qutlugh-khan (dynasty)[朝]忽特鲁汗朝,260

qutlugh-khoja[人]忽都鲁·火者,339,382

qutlugh-shah (dynasty)[朝]忽特鲁沙王朝,353,366

qutlugh-shah (person)[人]忽特鲁沙,382

qutlumish[人]库吐尔米希,见qutulmish

qutui-khatun[人]忽推可敦,371,372

qutula[人]忽图剌,198,201,202,208

qutulmish (qutlumish)[人]库吐尔米希,150,152

qutuqa-bäki[人]忽都花别吉,213

qutuqtu (as title)[专]呼图克图(崇敬的,神圣的),297-298

qutuz[人]忽都思,364,365

quyildar (quyildar-sechen)[人]忽亦勒答儿,210

quyash[地]虎牙思,326

qyzyl arslan[人]凯佐尔·阿尔斯兰,155,158

qyzyl-bash, lake (ulyungur nor)[地]克孜尔巴什湖,205

qyzyl-qaya[地]克孜勒卡亚,见kizilkaya

raab[地]拉布河,175

rabban-ärkägün (christian priests and monks)[人]列班—也里可温僧,300

rabban-ata (simeon; li-pien-a-ta)[人]列班·阿塔,263,270,347-348,594注

rabban sauma[人]列班·扫马,301,302-303,313,336,368,369,372,374-375,377,612注

raden vijaya[人]拉登·韦查耶(土罕必阇耶),291

radkan[地]拉德坎,390

rahiba[地]拉希巴,385

rai (rhagae)[地]剌夷,雷伊,40,142,143,150,151,155,167,240,245,261,312,453,457,461,462,590注

“rajputs”[族]拉其普特部,72

rajyavarhana[人]罗伽伐弹那,72

rashid ad-din (fadl allah rashid ad-din tabib)[人]拉施特哀丁(《史集》的作者),381,384,387;jami-ut-tavarikh,193,198,205,215,219,231,248,250,264,266,271,321,333,354,355,357,364-365,365-366,378,381-382,383,393,397,403,404,478,589注

ratibor[地]拉蒂博尔,266

rawak[地]剌窝,48

ray dul chand[人]拉伊·杜尔·查德,444

reindeer[专]驯鹿,18

rémusat, a.[人]雷慕沙,251

rhagae[地]剌夷,雷伊,见rai

rheims[地]兰斯,178

rhine[地]莱茵河,76,78

rhodes[地]罗德斯岛,477

richard of burgundy[人](勃艮地的)李嘉德,342

rinchenpal[人]懿璘质班,321

rogerii carmen miserabile[书]《可怜的诺基里·卡曼》,267

roman (of ryazan)[人]罗曼,265

roman empire[朝]罗马帝国,47,55,56,57,60,74-76,78-79

roman empire, eastern[朝]东罗马帝国(拜占庭帝国),见byzantine empire

romanus diogenes[人]狄根尼斯·罗曼努斯,152,184

romanus lecapenus[人]罗曼努斯·尼卡彭努斯,181

rome[地]罗马,57,305,374,375

ross, denison[人]罗斯·丹尼斯,423

rostovtzeff[人]罗斯托夫兹夫,15,16

roxolani[族]罗克索兰人,72

ruas (rugas; rugila)[人]卢噶斯,75

rubruck, william of[人]卢布鲁克,7,94,190,197,216,226,274,276-277,280-281,315,392-397,400,512,579注,585注,596注,597注

ruffo, marco[人]马可·拉菲,470

rugas, rugila[人]卢噶斯,见ruas

rui[人]沙哈鲁,51

rukh, shah[人]沙哈鲁,243,417,432-433,456-460,492

rukh, shah (活跃于1710年)[人]沙·鲁克,488

rukn ad-din khoja[人](起儿漫的)鲁肯哀丁火者,353

rukn ad-din kurshah[人]鲁肯丁库沙,354

rukn ad-din mahmud[人]鲁肯·阿德丁-马赫默德,159,165,574注

rumania[地]罗马尼亚,395,446

rus[朝]罗斯,265

russia[朝]罗斯,俄罗斯,181,182,224,247,260-261,265,270,271,395,396,404,405-406,407,419,420,433-434,436,469-473,475,477,486-490,522,532,538,540

rustam (person)[人]罗思檀,456,457,458

rustam (place)[地]拉斯塔姆,428

rum[地]罗姆,153,450,614注

rusudan[人]鲁速丹,260,263,350

ryazan[朝]里亚赞,265,395,470

sa'adi[人]撒迪,161

sabaria[地]沙巴里亚,175

sabir (sabiri)[族]沙比尔人,172

sabran[地]扫兰,406,435,438

sächä-bäki[人]撒察别乞,202,203,204

saciu[地]沙州(敦煌,马可所记),见tunhwang

sa'd[人]赛德,359

sa'd ad-daula[人]撒菲·倒剌,372-373,377

sa'd ibn-zengi[人]撒德·伊本·赞吉,260

sadovets[人]沙多威兹,575注

sadr-jihan (minister)[专]沙狄尔·吉汗(大臣),377

safa girei[人]沙法·格来,475

safarids[朝]萨法尔王朝,142

safavids[朝]萨菲王朝,462,482,483,484

sagamoni burcan[宗](佛陀)释迦穆尼,见buddha

sahib girei[人]沙希布·格来,473

sa'id (sa'id-khan)[人]赛德汗,497,498,499,500

saif ad-din[人]赛福丁,330

sahib-divan (as title)[专]沙黑勃迪万(理财大臣),351

sain-khan (as title)[专]赛恩汗(意为好汗),254,395

sain-khan (person)[人]撒因汗,赛因汗,见batu

sain noyan[地]赛音诺颜,53,107,191,512

saint-denis, abbey of[地]圣丹尼勒(教堂),374

st. michael of tarel (nr. nisibin)[地]圣米切勒修道院,368

st. thomé[地]圣托马斯,315

sairam (isfijab)[地]赛拉木(伊斯法吉勃),235,423,460,463,482,492,495,496,532

sairam nor[地]赛里木湖,331

sajo[地]撒岳河(《元史》作漷宁河),226,266

saka (sakai; shaka; sse)[族]萨迦,塞人(萨迦伊),xxiii,7,8,16,28-32,36,40,100,545注-546注;参见scythians

saka language[文]塞语,萨迦语,xxiii,29

sakaraulai (saka rawaka; saraucae)[族]萨迦劳赖人,30,31

sakastana[地]萨迦斯坦纳,31

sakmara (semmur)[地]萨克马拉河,439

saladin[人]萨拉丁,360,362

salbak-turkan[人]萨尔贝克突干,236

salendi[人]萨伦迪,330

salghurids[朝]萨尔古尔王朝,169,260,353,354,366

sali-sarai[地]萨里·萨莱,342,412,413

salji'ut (saljigut)[族]散只兀惕部,194,206,207,208,213

saljük[人]塞尔柱克,见seljuk (ruler)

salmony, alfred[人]阿尔弗雷德·沙尔莫尼,26

salonika[地]萨洛尼卡,449

salt range[地]盐山,71,444

samagir[族]萨马吉尔人,515

saman[族]萨曼家庭,141

samandar[地]萨曼塔尔,181,577注

samanids[朝]萨曼王朝,141-144,149

samara (kuibyshev)[地]萨马拉(古比雪夫),5,440

samaria[地]萨马里亚,362

samarkand (kanda; markanda)[地]撒马尔罕,撒麻耳干(坎塔,马尔干达),xxv,xxix,30,96,116,117,118,120,141,142,146,147,153,159,160,165,168,169-170,234,237,239,243,244,253,254,255,312,326,327,328,331,332,333,335,338,340,344,345,353,369,411,412,413,421,423,425-429,432,433,435,439,445,448,453,457,459,460,461,463,464,465,481,483,484,485,492,494,496,498

samnan[地]西模娘,240,428,461

samuqa ba'atur[人]三木合巴儿秃,232,588注

samur[地]萨穆尔山,441

sanang sechen[人]萨囊彻辰,297-298,503,504,505,506,511,515,630注

sanatroikes[人]沙拉特洛伊克斯(辛剌特拉克斯),见sinatrukes

sandilkh[人]桑第克,79

sandomierz[地]桑多梅日城,266,399

sanga (sang-ko)[人]桑哥,297,601注

sangari isaac[人]伊沙克·圣格里,180-181

sängim[地]圣吉木,96,98

sang-ko[人]桑哥,见sanga

sangs-rgyas rgya-msho[人]桑结嘉措,524,532

sängün (ilqa; nilqa)[人]桑昆(亦剌合,圣公),205,206,209,210,211,212,582注

saniz-mirza[人]米儿咱·桑尼司,494

sanjar[人]桑伽,xxix,159-160,161,165,166,237,240,241,418,573注-574注

sanskrit[文]梵文,49,59,96,97,101,124

sapurgan[人]沙拉特洛伊克斯(辛剌特拉克斯),见sheburgan

saqsin[地]沙利格·欣(沙克新)伊提尔城,见itil

saracens[族]萨拉逊人,374

saraga[地](托勒密记)洛阳,41

sarai[地]萨莱,281,304,312,393,400,402,403,407,420,436,437,441,442,470,471

sarakhs[地]萨拉赫斯,167,427

saratov[地]萨拉托夫,5,10,522

saraucae[族]萨迦劳赖伊,见sakaraulai

sarban[人]撒里蛮,292

sarbedarians[族]赛尔巴朵尔人,343,390,426,427,428

särbi[族]鲜卑族名来源,557注

särgis[人]萨吉斯,349

särgis (sergius), st.[人]吉·薜儿吉斯,191

särgis, mar[人]马薜里吉斯,见mar särgis

sari[地]萨里,429,432

sarigh-shin[地]沙利格·欣城(伊提尔城)见itil

sarikol[地]萨里豁勒河,236

sari-uigur[族]萨里回鹘,125

sarkel (bela vezha; belaya vezha)[地]沙克尔(白城),180,181,577注

sarkis (serge)[人]萨尔吉斯,358

sarmatians[族]萨尔马特人,xxiii,7,10,13,15-17,19,25,28,40,52,72,73,78,548注;参见alans; saka; scythians

sarosios[人]萨罗秀斯,172

sar-otar (tar-ussar; zahidan)[地]沙尔-奥塔尔(塔尔乌沙,扎希丹),620注

sartaq[人]撒里答,277,396-397,592注,615注

sartes (sarta'ut; sartaghol)[族]萨尔特人,589注

saruhan[地]萨鲁汉,449,451,452

sary-su[地]萨雷河,148,149,393,403,406,435,439,478,479,480,485,508

sas-kya[人]萨斯迦,298,595注

sassanids[朝]萨珊王朝,xxx,50-51,52,67-68,82-84,85,96,116,141,142

satilmish-beg[人]萨替尔密什·伯克,335

satoq bughra-khan[人]博格拉汗萨图克,145

sauma, rabban[人]列班·扫马,见rabban sauma

“sauromatians”[族]撒乌罗玛泰伊人,548注

sava[地]萨瓦河,174,175

savignano, andalo da[人]安德鲁·沙维格纳诺,见andalo da savignano

sayan[地]萨彦岭,xxv

sayyid 'abd-allah-khan[人]赛义德·阿拉汗,488

sayyid ahmed[人]赛义德·阿合木,624注

sayyid ajall (shams ad-din 'umar)[人]赛夷阿扎儿,赛哀丁乌马儿,297,601注

sayyid 'ali[人]赛义德·阿里,461,492,493,624注,626注

sayyid muhammad-mirza[人]赛义德·马黑麻·米儿咱,499

sayyid muhammad rahim-khan[人]赛义德·穆罕默德·拉希姆汗,488

sayyids[朝]赛义德王朝,432

schefold, k.[人]舍夫德,13

schipenitz[地]斯奇彭尼兹,4

scythia[地]斯基泰人之地,276,392

scythian art[文]斯基泰艺术,7,11-15,18

scythians (ashkuz; skythai)[族]斯基泰人,xxiii,xxvi,4-12,15-16,17,19,21,23,28,29,40,72,546注;参见saka; sarmatians

sebeos[人]亚美尼亚史学家,561注

sebüktigin[人]赛布克特勤,143,144

sebzewar (shindand)[地]撒卜兹瓦儿,343,345-346,390,410,426,428,485

sechen (as title)[专]薛禅(称号),194-195

sechen (person)[人]薛禅汗,510

sechen-khan (khanate)[人]车臣汗(车臣汗国),512

sechen-khan (死于1676年)[人]车臣汗(僧格之弟,准噶尔部人),526,527

sechen-khan (死于1691年)[人]车臣汗(喀尔喀部),529

secret history(of the mongols; manghol un niuca tobca'an)[书]《秘史》(蒙古人的),190,197,198,201-205,209,210,212-216,218,247,250,415,544注,601注

segon-ghar, 见jegün-ghar[专]左翼军

seima[地]色玛,5

seistan[地]锡斯坦,31,32,411,415,428,429

selenga[地]色楞格河,113,191,192,193,194,205,479,512

selenginsk[地]色楞金斯克,558注

seleucia[地]塞硫西亚,357,368,369

seleucids[朝]塞硫古王朝,31,157

selitrennoe[地]谢利特连诺耶,400

seljuk (saljük; ruler)[人]塞尔柱克,148-149

seljuks[族]塞尔柱克人,xxviii,147-155,157-161,164,165,166-167,184,185,189,236,240,245,261,263,272,281,305,312,347,350,354,355,370,377,382,385,572注

seljuk-shan[专]塞尔柱克沙赫,366

semipalatinsk[地]谢米巴拉金斯克,254,392,478,523

semirechye (pishpek)[地]谢米列契耶,80,114,236,272,341,424,566注,607注

semmur[地]萨克马拉河(《武功记》中记法),见sakmara

sempad[人]森帕德,269,271

sempad bagratuni[人]森帕德(巴格拉德尼),561注

sengge[人]僧格,526

sens[地]桑斯,178

seoul[地]汉城,259,289

sera metropolis[地](托勒密记)长安,41

serbia[朝]塞尔维亚,449

serbs[专]塞尔维亚人,451

seret[地]谢列特河,177

“serica”[地]塞里斯,xxiii; 参见issedon serica

serindia[地]西域,xxi

setsen(as title)[专]薛禅或薛层(称号),194-195

setserlik-mandal[地]车泽尔里克曼达勒,53

sevan, lake[地]塞凡湖(哥克察克湖),见gokcha, lake

sevata (of kachen)[人](卡城的)塞瓦塔,360

seven brothers tumuli[专]七兄弟墓,15

seyhan[人]塞伊汉,361

sha[地]沙河,132

sha-ch'a chung-yi[人]沙吒忠义,108

shachow[地]沙州(敦煌),见tunhwang

shad (as title)[专]设(官名),87

shad al-mulk[人]夏德·穆尔克,457

shadi-beg[人]沙狄汗,443,469-470

shafi'ites[宗]沙菲派,400

shahi[朝]沙赫王朝,119

shahin girei[人]沙希因·格来,477

shah-khan[人]沙·汗,499

shah namah[书]《帝王史记》,97,159

shah-oghul[人]沙·斡兀立,338

shahrbaraz[人]沙赫巴拉兹,174

shahr-i sebz[地]沙赫里夏勃兹,见kesh

shahrud[地]和椟城(赫卡托姆皮洛斯),见hecatompylos

shajare-i turk[书]《突厥世系》阿布哈齐著,见abu'l ghazi bahadur

shaka[族]萨迦人,塞人,见saka

shama-i jahan (sham-i jahan)[人]沙迷查干,425

shamakha[地]沙马哈,246

shamanism[宗]萨满教,23,84,86,172,190,195,197,208,215,220,513

shams ad-din ii (活跃于1279)[人]沙姆斯哀丁二世,370

shams ad-din ii (活跃于1329)[人]沙姆斯哀丁二世,390

shams ad-din juvaini[人]沙哀丁·志费尼,367

shams ad-din muhammad kert[人]沙姆斯哀丁·穆罕默德,334,352-353,354,369-370

shams ad-din 'umar[人]赛丁乌马儿(赛夷阿扎尔),见sayyid ajall

shams al-mulk nasr[人]沙姆·乌尔·莫尔克·纳赛尔,147,152-153

shan[专]掸邦,291

shang[朝]商朝,5

shangkiu[地]上谷,35

shang-shung-la[地]桑雄拉关隘,533

shangtuho (chandu; cyandu; dolonnor; tolun nor)[地]上都府,多伦诺尔,3,285,288,298,307,324,325,510,529

shanhaikwan[地]山海关,127,517

shan-man(shaman)[宗]萨满,195

shanshan (pingtinghsiang; yunnanfu)[地]善阐(平定乡;云南府),鄯善(罗布泊),42-43,46,47,49,54,59,62,95,96,284;参见lob nor

shansi[地]山西,19,20,25,27,34,35,47,54,56-60,63,65,90,106,107,127,129,130,131,133,137,138,164,213,227,228,232,233,301,303,307,324,325,507,510,517,519,529

shantung[地]山东,57,58,59,64,65,137,138,229,232,308,316

shaohing[地]绍兴,122

sha-po-lo[人]沙钵略,88

shanyü(town)[地]单于都护府(绥远城),见suiyuan (town)

shan-yü(ch'eng-li ku-t'u shan-yü; as title)[专]单于(撑犁孤涂单于),20,23

shara (dzasagtu-khan)[人]扎萨克图汗,528,529

shara muren[地]沙拉木伦河(辽河),54,127,128,130,136,325,502

shari'a (law code)[专]沙里亚法,416

sharif ad-din[人]歇甫里丁,410,414,434,451

sharkhiyan[地]沙尔希延,146

shash[地]柘析,见tashkent

sha-t'o (chöl; ch'u-yueh)[族]沙陀人(处月),100,126-127,569注

shaukam[专]少监,233

shayban (活跃于1240年)[人]昔班,264,266,267,393-394,478

shaybani[人]昔班尼,见muhammad shaybani

shaybanids[朝]昔班王朝,xxviii,394,460,471,478-490,508,614注-615注

sheburgan (sapurgan)[地]沙普甘,305,343

she-hu (yabghu)[专]合候(称号),30

shenchow; kaichow; puyanghsien; shen-yüan[地]澶州(满族地名开州,今濮阳县),132,133,570注

shensi[地]陕西,20,25,34,53,54,57,58,59,61,66,132,136,138,232,257,283,284,285,307,518

shen-wen (simeon; name)[人]西蒙,301

shenyang (mukden)[地]沈阳,516

shenyüan[地]澶渊(澶州),见shenchow

she-wei[族]室韦,578注

shibe[地]希柏,18

shigi-qutuqu[人]失吉忽秃忽,220,231,241,242,587注-588注,593注

shihab ad-din muhammad (muhammad of ghor)[人]希哈布·阿德丁·摩诃末,168

shih chung-kuei[人]石重贵,130

shih hu[人]石虎,58

shih king-t'ang[人]石敬瑭,127,129-130

shih-kuei[人]射匮,89,93

shih lei[人]石勒,57-58

shih-li-mang-kia-lo (sri mangala)[人]失里忙伽罗,119

shih-pi[人]始毕,89,90

shih pi[人]史弼,291

shih-pu-ch'eng[地]石堡城,118

shih-tie-mi[人]室点密,见istämi

shi'ites[宗]十叶派(伊斯兰教派),142-143,150,151,390,483,484;参见islam

shiktur (shinktur)[人]势都儿,293

shilka[地]石勒喀河,515

shimonoseki strait[地](日本)下关,289

shindand[地]撒卜兹瓦尔,见sebzewar

shinktur[人]势都儿,见shiktur

shirämön[人]失烈门,268,273,274

shiratori, kurakichi[人]白鸟库吉,24

shiraz[地]泄剌只,设拉子,151,260,343,353,390,391,419,431,432,433,436,445,456,458,462,492,495

shirki[人]昔里吉,292

shir muhammad[人]失儿·马黑麻,459

shirvan[地]失儿湾,246,398,437,441

shisdai[人]希斯达伊,181

shö-luen[人]社仑可汗,61

shoping (yuyü)[地]朔平(右玉),57,107,136

shtetkovo[地]斯特科夫,4

shuen-chih[人]顺治,518

shuen-ti[人]汉顺帝,48

shu-an (john)[人]术安,314

shuentö[地]顺德,见siangkuo

shufu[地]疏附(喀什),见kashgar

shuja[人]沙舒贾,391,431

shului (sechen-khan)[人]硕垒(车臣汗),512

shului ubasha khongtaiji (altynkhan)[人]硕垒乌巴什洪台吉,512,520,521,525

shushtar[地]苏什塔尔,432

sialkot[地]锡尔科特,71

sian[地]西安(长安),见changan

siangkuo (shuentö)[地]顺德,57,132

siangyang[地]襄阳,138,259,282,287,307

siao-t'ang-shan[地]小汤山,554注

siara-osso-gol[地]萨拉乌苏河,3

sibir (isker)[朝]失必儿国,489,490,521

sidon[地]西顿,364

sidonius apollinaris[人]西多尼斯·阿波林纳黑斯,75

sieg, e.,[人]西格,40

siegling, w.,[人]西格林,40

sienyang[地]咸阳,35

sie-p'o a-na-che[人]薛婆阿那支,99

sie wan-pei[人]薛万备,101

sigebert[人]希格贝特,173,174

sigismund (of hungary)[人](匈牙利的)西斯基蒙德,449

signakhi[地]塞格纳克城,238,393,406,407,435,436,438,460,479,480

sikander-shah[人]伊斯坎达尔沙,446

silesia[地]昔烈西亚,266,395

siling[地]涞源县,570注

silistra[地]锡利斯特拉,见dristra

silk road[地]丝绸之路,xxii-xxiii,35,37,39-41,45,48-52,95-98,306,312

silk trade[专]丝绸贸易,310,311-312

silzibul[人]室点密(叶护),见istämi

simeon[人]西蒙,见rabban-ata

simeon (of bulgaria)[人](保加利亚大公)西蒙,178

sinatrukes (sanatroikes)[人]辛剌特拉克斯(沙拉特洛伊克斯),31

sincalan[地]辛加兰(广东),见canton

sindufu[地]成都,见chengtu

singidunum[地](贝尔格莱德)辛吉杜蒙,见belgrade

singiumatu[地]新州马头(山东),见tsining (shantung)

sinhsien[地]彭城,见pengcheng

sining[地]西宁,118,302,568注

sinjibu[人]叶护(室点密)见istämi

sinkiang[地]新疆,126

sinlo[地]新乐,132

sipo[族]锡伯族人,538

sira-ordo (golden residence)[专]昔剌斡儿朵,269,270,271

sirsuti[地]锡尔苏蒂,444

sirmium (mitrovica)[地]锡尔米蒙(米特罗维察),173

sis[地]西斯,370

sisian (sitiens)[地]锡西安,608注

sita (siti; syas)[地]锡塔河,265

sitiens[地]锡西安,见sisian

siuan-ti[人]汉宣帝,37

siuni[地]锡尤尼,608注

siun-ki, mount[地]浚稽山,36

sivas[地]锡瓦斯,154,263,305,391,449,450

siverskaya[地]锡韦尔斯卡亚,16

siwalik[地]西瓦利克山,445

six dynasties[专]六朝,26,76

skandagupta[人]塞建陀罗笈多,69,70

skull, use as drinking cup[专]作饮酒器用的头盖骨,21,27,28,176,483

slave trade[专]奴隶贸易,403

slavs[族]斯拉夫人,175,177,178;参见antes; croats; slovenes; wends

slovenes[族]斯洛文尼亚人,173

smolensk[地]斯摩棱斯克,246

smyrna (izmir)[地]士麦那(伊兹米尔),184,419,451,452

sobo nor[地]索波湖,552注

soche[地]莎车(叶儿羌),见yarkand

sod-nams rgya-mts'o[人]锁南坚错,513-514

so-fei su-tan[人]琐菲速檀,见sufi-sultan

sögätü(so-tu)[人]速客秃(唆都),287,290

sogdiana (k'ang-kui; transoxiana)[地]索格底亚那(康居,河中粟特),xxii, xxv, 30,31,38,44,45,67,80,82,83,116,117,118,119,124,141;参见transoxiana

sogdian language[文]索格底亚那语,粟特语,96,113,124

sogok nor[地]索戈克湖,552注

sok[地]索克河,440

so-ko[人]沙葛可汗,109

sokpa[地]索克巴,525

solang[族]肃良合人,192

soldaia[地]苏达克城,见sudak

solhat (solgat)[地]索勒哈特,402

solokha[地]索罗克哈,10,15

solon[族]高丽人,192,208,515,538

somnath[地]索姆纳特,146

sonqor[人]失克秃儿,361

sorcery[宗]看萨满教,见shamanism

sorghaqtani (soyurghaqtani)[人]唆鲁禾帖尼(莎儿合黑塔尼),212,255,272,273,275,280,358,596注

sorqan-shira[人]锁尔罕失剌,200,582注

sosnovaya maza[地]索斯诺瓦雅·马札,6

so-tu[人]唆都(速客秃),见sögätü

south vietnam[朝]南越,见champa

soyot[族](兀良哈人)索约特人,见uriangqai

soyurghaqtani[人]莎儿合黑塔尼(唆鲁禾帖尼),见sorghaqtani

soyurghatmish[人]锁咬儿哈的迷失,416

spalato[地]斯普利特,见split

spice trade[专]香料贸易,310,311,312-313,315

split (spalato)[地]斯普利特,267

sri mangala[人]失里忙伽罗,见shih-li-mang-kia-lo

sse[族]塞人,见saka

ssu-ma[专]司马,54

ssu-ma ch-ien[人]司马迁,20,30,36

stalingrad[地]斯大林格勒(察里津),见tsaritsyn

staromishastovskaya[地]斯特拉米沙斯托夫卡雅,4-5

stavropol[地]斯塔夫罗波尔,16

stein, sir mark aurel[人]奥瑞尔·斯坦因,29,48-49,52,53,96,97,306

stephen (vaik), st.,[人]圣·斯提芬(瓦伊克),179

stephen (of serbia)[人]斯提芬,451

stone bridge[地]石桥,见pul-i sengi

strabo[人]斯特拉波,8,28,30,155,157,573注

strigonium[地]斯特里戈里姆堡,见gran

stroganov[地]斯特罗甘诺夫,489

süanhwa (süan-tö)[地]宣化,24,25,108,229,507,510,511

subati (dzasagtu-khan)[人]素巴第(札萨克图汗),512

sublime porte[专]土耳其政府,见ottomans

sübötäi[人]速不台,207,214,216,226,240,245-246,247,258,260,264,266-267,395,582注,584注

suchow (succiu; sugiu)[地]肃州,35,107,133,302,306,308,310,312,499

sudak (soldaia)[地]苏达克城,247,276,398,400,406,591注

suddhipala[人]硕德八剌,321

suevi[地]苏尔维,74

su-fa[人]苏伐(姓),见swarna

su-fa pu-shih (suvarna pushpa)[人]苏伐勃犅,99

su-fa tie (swarnatep; suvarna deva)[人]苏伐叠,99

sufi-sultan (so-fei su-tan)[人]琐非速檀,499

sugiu[地]苏州,见suchow

sugunjaq (sunjaq)[人]孔札黑,355,361

sui[朝]隋朝,66,85,88,89,90

suiyuan (province)[地]绥远,213,301,303,318

suiyuan (shanyü; town),[地]绥远,25,106;参见kuku hoto

sukhotai (hsien)[朝]速古泰国,291,600注

sulak[地]苏拉克,180,549注,556注

sulamish[人]苏拉米什,382

sulde (guardian genius)[专]保护神,217

suldu[族]速儿都思,194,200

suleiman ibn qutulmish[人]苏里曼·伊本·库吐米施,153,154

sultan 'ali of meshed[人](麦什德的)速勒坦·阿里,465

sultaniyeh[地]苏丹尼耶,305,368,385,387,429,458,462

sultan-shah (死于1193年)[人]苏丹·沙赫,167

su-lu[人]苏禄,114-115,118

sumatra[地]苏门答腊,309

sumun (squadrons)[专]苏木(骑兵中队),530

sung[朝]宋朝,63,131-132,133,134,136-138,139,189,258,259,282-284,286-288,296,297,304,305,516,518,593注

sungari[地]松花江,136,515,516,517

sung yün[人]宋云,65,67,69,70,71

sunjaq[人]孔札黑,见sugunjaq

sunnites[宗]逊尼派,142-143,145,150,152,390,483,484;参见islam

sunzumatu[地]索家马头(新州马头)即山东济宁,见tsining (shantung)

suqnaq-tigin[人]苏格纳黑特勤,236,238

suri afghans[朝]苏里阿富汗,167

su ting-fang[人]苏定方,102-103

sutlej[地]萨特莱杰河,444

su-tsung[人]肃宗,120-121

suvarna[族]苏伐家族,见swarna

suvarna deva[人]苏伐叠,见su-fa tie

suvarna pushpa[人]苏伐勃犅,见su-fa pu-shih

suyunitch[人]苏英尼奇,335

suzdal[地]苏兹达尔城,265,395,407

suzdalia[朝]苏兹达里亚公国,265

svetoslav (bulgar)[人]斯维托斯拉夫,402,403

sviatopolk[地]斯威阿托颇尔克,175,178

sviatoslav (of kiev)[人]斯维托斯拉夫,181

svishtov[地]斯维什托夫,76

swarna (suvarna; su-fa; family)[族]苏伐家族,99

swarnatep[人]苏伐叠,见su-fa tie

syas[地]锡塔河,见sita

syr darya (jaxartes)[地]锡尔河,xxix,29,30,67,142,149,169,235,238,244,247,305,312,393,397,406,407,412,421,435,436,438,460,464,479,488,493,532

syria[地]叙利亚,40,152,154,155,261,282,300,312,349,355,359-365,370,371,373,374,375,376,382,398,419,447-448,450;参见mamelukes (dynasty)

syr tardush[族]薛延陀,92,93,565注

szechwan[地]四川,132,258,259,282,283,284,285,307,518,533

szentes[地]森特什,176

szakald[地]扎卡尔德,267

szilagyi-somlio[地]舍拉吉-索姆利欧,8,176

tabaqat-i-nasiri[书]朱兹贾尼著《宗教保卫者一览表》,见juzjani

tabari[人]塔巴里,83,117

tabaristan[地]塔巴里斯坦,142

tabgatch[族]拓跋,见toba

tabriz (tauris)[地]大不里士,桃里寺(元),xxvii,xxix,151,169,224,245,260,261,262,281,305,309,312,313,315,348,359,368,377,379,381,389,390,391,405,419,426,430,437,445,453,456,458

täb-tängri[人]帖卜腾格里(阔阔出),见kökchü

tadzhiks[族]塔吉克人,161,237,277,327,344,381,426

taganrog[地]塔甘罗格,16

tagarskoye[地]塔格尔斯科耶,17

taherten[人]塔黑屯,430,449,450

tahir-khan[人]塔希尔汗,508

tahmasp[人]塔马斯普,484-485

ta-hsia[地]大夏(巴克特里亚),见bactria

tai[地]代郡(看平城),见pingcheng

taianfu[地]太原,见taiyüan

taibugha[人]台不花别吉,见taibuqa

taibuqa (taibugha; baibuqa; tayang)[人]台不花,205,212,213,214,215,216

taichow[地]代州,108

taichu[人]泰出,204

taiji (as title)[专]太子(称号),582注

taijigot, taiji'ut[族]泰赤乌惕部,见tayichi'ut

taiping[地]太平,137,287

taishi (as title)[专]太子(称号),即王子,195

t'ai-tsi (as title)[专]太子(称号),即王子,195

t'ai-tsu (chao k'uang-yin)[人]太祖(赵匡胤),131

t'ai-tsung (sung emp.)[人]太宗(宋朝),131

t'ai-tsung (li shih-min; t'ang emp.)[人]唐太宗,李世民,90,92,93,94,95,98,99,100,101,102,111,134

t'ai-wang, t'ai-yang (as title)[专]大王,太阳(称号),205

taiyiji (nobles)[专]台吉(贵族),530

taiyüan (taianfu; tsining; tsinyang)[地]太原(冀宁,晋阳),27,56,59,60,107,122,126,130,131,136,229,232,307,324,325

takash (活跃于1084年)[人]塔卡什,153

takash (活跃于1172-94)[人]塔喀什,167

taka-shima[地]鹰岛,289

taklamakan[地]塔克拉玛干大沙漠,xxii

talamba[地]德伦巴,445

talas (river)[地]怛逻斯河,38,67,82,83,87,120,142,145,233,234,236,244,254,273,326,327,340,342,343,386,395,422,425

talas (aulie-ata; dzhambul; tankip; yangi; town)[地]怛逻斯,(奥李阿塔,养吉,江布尔),67,84,93,120,141,142,147,169,277,303,312,338,423,461,492

talekan[地]塔里寒,68

tale-lama[地]大理国(看云南),见dalai lama

tali (kingdom)[地]大理城,见yunnan

tali (caragian; town)[地]大理,284,307

taliang[地]大梁,见kaifeng

taliku[人]塔里忽,338

tallgren, a. m.[人]塔尔格伦,4,5,6,10-11,14,17

ta-lo-pien[人]大逻便,88

talysh[文]塔里锡文化,5,545注

tamagha[专]塔马合,见tamgha

taman peninsula[地]塔曼半岛,10,180,181,182,

tambov[地]坦波夫,471

tamerlane (timurlenk)[人]帖木儿,248,300,325,328,345,346,390,391,400,406,408-453,456,479;特点,414-415,434;cruelty,428,430,431,442,444-445,450

tamgatch-khan[人]贝里特勤,见buri-tigin

tamgha (tamagha; seal)[专]塔马合(印),220,586注

tamghaj[专]拓跋,见toba

taming (kichow)[地]大名,132,137,229,232,588注

tämir[地]塔米尔河,294,528

tana (azov)[地]塔那(亚速夫海附近),15,16,312,313,404,405,441,442,475

tanduc[地]托克托,见toqto

tang[人]唐王,518

t'ang[朝]唐朝,xxx,66-67,88,90,98,99,101-103,106-109,111-115,117-122,124-125,126-128,302

t'ang, hou-[朝]后唐,见hou-t'ang

t'ang hiu-ying[人]唐休璟,118

tang-hu[专]当户(称号),21

tängri (khagan)[人]登利可汗,113

tängri (heaven), cult of[宗]腾格里(天国),20,23,84,86,106,179,217,219-220,228,244,266,270-271,354,561注,585注

tängri bilgä[人]腾里野合俱录毗伽,122

tängridä bulmysh alp qutlugh ulugh bilgä[人]爱腾里逻羽録没蜜施合胡禄,122

tängridä bulmysh külüg bilgä[人]爱登里逻汨没蜜施俱録毗伽可汗,122

tängrida qut bulmysh il ytmish bilgä qaghan[专]可汗名下赞誉之词,意为从天国获得的至高无上的权力,567注

tängri-yin kuchundur[专]凭借长生天的力量,380

t'ang shu[书]《唐书》,90,93-94,101,106

tangut[族]唐兀惕(西夏),125,132,133,294,299,302,303,306,321,369,400;参见hsi-hsia

tanki[地]看怛逻斯城,见talas (town)

tannu-ola (kögmän)[地]唐努乌拉,109,216,549注

tannu-tuva[地]唐努图瓦,544注

tan-shih-huai[人]檀石淮,53

taoism[宗]道教(先生),63,111,220,244,275,276,297,298,299,300;hsien-sheng (monks),602注

tao-jen[宗]道人,见t'o-yin

ta-pu-yen[人]塔不烟,166

tara[地]塔拉,523

taranchi[族]塔兰奇人,538

tarbagatai[地]塔尔巴哈台,xxiii,xxvi,89,92,95,114,119,164,215,255,273,280,286,291,295,333,349,424,479,512,520,523,525,526,527,530,531,538

tardu (ta-t'ou)[人]达头,84-85,88,89,173,562注

tardu-shad[人]达度设,93

targhutai kiriltuq[人]塔儿忽台乞邻勒,200,206,580注,582注

ta'rikh-i jahan-gusha[书]志费尼《世界征服者史》,见juvaini

ta'rikh-i rashidi[书]《拉失德史》,见muhammad haidar ii

tarim[地]塔里木,xxii,xxiii,28,37-54,59,92,93,95-101,103,107,114-115,118,119,303,306,542;参见各绿洲条

tarkhan (tarkhat; as title)[专]答儿罕,达干(称号),222,582注,586注-597注

tarmashirin[人]塔儿麻失里,见'ala ad-din (tar-mashirin)

tarn, w. w.[人]塔恩,30,31

tarqu[地](其他史料中的)萨曼塔尔,577注

tarsa(christian designation)[专]迭屑(基督教徒),300

tarsus[地]塔尔苏斯,370

tartar[族]塔塔儿人,见tatar

tar-ussar[地]塔尔乌沙,见sar-otar

tash arighi[人]塔什·阿里希,411

tashkent (shash)[地]塔什干(柘析),29,89,96,103,116,117,119,142,235,238,244,312,338,345,411,413,415,418,419,423,425,438,439,457,463,480,481,482,484,485,488,489,492,494,495,496,508,531,532,533,540

tash kurghan[地]塔什库尔干,41,306

tashtyk[专]塔锡蒂克文化,19

tatar[族]塔塔儿(三十姓鞑靼,九姓鞑靼),139,191-192,193,198-199,203-204,206,207-208,213,227;称作蒙古人是不对的,472,585注;参见otuz tatar; toquz tatar

t'a-t'a-t'ung-a[人]塔塔统阿,190,216,220,232,250,584注

tating[地]大宁,136,138,227

ta-t'ou[人]达头,见tardu

ta-ts'in[地]大秦(罗马帝国,见roman empire)

tatta, lake[地]塔塔湖盆地,157

tatu[地]大都(北京),见peking

tatung (yünchow)[地]大同,xxiv,20,27,57,58,60,63,126,129,131,133,136,138,227,229,324,507,510,511

taugast[族]桃花石(拓跋),见toba

tauris[地]桃里士(大不里士),见tabriz

tawaji[人]达瓦齐,见dawaji

tawakkul[人]泰外库勒汗,508,531

taxation[专]税收(制度),251,253,256-257,275,300,351,352,586注,602注

tayang (as title)[专]大王,太阳,蒙古语塔阳,190,205

tayang (person)[人]塔阳(台不花),见taibuqa

tayanku (tayanku-taraz)[人]塔延古·塔拉兹,168-169,234

tayichi'ut (taijigot; taiji'ut)[族]泰赤乌惕部,194,195,200,206,207

tay kiet[地]特基特湾,290

ta-yüan[地]大宛(费尔干纳),见fergana

ta yüeh-chih[族]大月氏,29

tbilisi[地]第比利斯(梯弗里斯),见tiflis

tbilisskaya[地]第比利斯卡亚,73

tebes[地]特伯斯,485

tegin (tekin; as title)[专]特勤(称号),71,87

teilhard de chardin, pierre[人]查尔丁,3

tekes[地]特克斯河,93,491

tekin[专]特勤,见tegin

tekke[地]泰凯,452

tekrit[地]提克里特,见tikrit

tekuder (ahmed)[人]帖古迭儿,367,371-372

teletz[人]泰勒兹汗,177

temeyen-ke'er[地]特木因—基也尔,213

temir[地]铁米尔,336

templar of tyre, gestes des chiprois[专]提尔的圣殿骑士《奇普洛瓦故事集》,361,363

temuge (temuge ochigin)[人]铁木哥(铁木哥·斡赤斤),199,213,218,230,255,269,271

temujin[人]铁木真(成吉思汗),见jenghiz khan

temür (temür oljaitu)[人]铁穆耳(铁穆耳完泽笃),xxx,290,291,294,295,299,302,313-314,320,321,335,336,338,380,384,403

temür-buqa[人]帖木儿不花,325

temutai[人]铁木台,259

tengkow[地]定州,108

teng-li meu-yu[人]登里牟羽,121

tengri hills[地]腾格里山,340

tengri nor (nam tso)[地]腾格里湖(纳木错),524,533

teplukhov[人]特普鲁科夫,19

terek[地]捷列克河,5,72,74,180,366,387,392,398,441,472,503

tereshcenko[人]特里斯圣科,442

termez[地]帖尔木兹,159,342,414

terter, george[人]乔治·特尔特,402

tervel[人]泰弗尔,177

tes[地]特斯,18

tesh (ti-shö)[人]蒂赊,567注

teu hien[人]窦宪,46

teu ku[人]窦固,42

teutonic knights[专]条顿骑士团,266

thagouri[族]塔沟里人,28

thagouron[地]塔沟拉城,28

thai[族]傣族(罗罗人),291;参见lo-lo

thaleqan[地]塔里寒城,241

thana[地]塔纳,312,315

thanesar (thaneswar)[地]塔内瑟尔,72,146,599注

thanhoa[地]清化,290

theodora (wife of justinian ii)[人](查士丁尼二世之妻)塞俄多拉皇后,179

theodore (khangan)[人]塞俄多尔,175

theodoric (visigoth)[人]狄奥多里克,58,76

theognostes[人]塞俄罗斯特斯,401

theophilus, (byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)狄奥菲勒斯,180

theophylactus simocattes[人]塞俄菲拉克特斯·西摩卡塔,84,171,172,560注,561注,575注

thessalonica[地]塞萨洛尼基,185

thiän-tak[地]天德(托克托),见toqto

thinae[地](托勒密记)洛阳,41

thirty tatar[族]三十姓鞑靼,见otuz tatar

thogara[地](希腊史家记的张掖)塔沟拉城,28,41

thogay[人]托盖,304

thomas (of florence)[人]佛罗伦萨的托马斯,314

thomsen, v. l. p.[人]汤姆森,86

thoroana[地]塞洛亚那,41

thozan[地]东胜(托克托),见toqto

thrace[地]色雷斯,6,8,9,76,157,174,182,184,399,449

thraco-phrygians[族]色雷斯—弗里吉亚种人,4,10

three kingdoms[朝]三国,54,55

three quriqan[族]三个骨利干部(联盟),578注

thunderbolt goddess[专](一种游戏)劈雷女神,134

thuringia[地]图林,173

tiberius ii[人]提比留斯二世,84

tibet (t'u-fan)[族]吐蕃[地]西藏,103,107,114,115,118,119,126,189,284,319,367,522-524,532-533,536;参见k'iang; lamaism; tangut

tibetan script[文]藏文,298

t'ie-mai-kai[地]帖麦该川,213

t'ien[文]汉语“天”,指天神之意,219

t'ien-ho (denha; name)[人]腆合,301

t'ien shan[地]天山,xxi,xxiii,28,40,84,96,423,424,495,497,501

t'ien-tö[地]天德(托克托),见toqto

tiflis (tbilisi)[地]梯弗里斯,179,245,246,260,263,348,399,434

tigris[地]底格里斯河,355,357,433

tigris[地]伏尔加河(马可记伏尔加河),见volga

tikrit (tekrit)[地]提克里特,433

ti-ku-nai[人]迭古乃,138,139

timur[人]帖木儿(帖木兰),见tamerlane

timur (活跃于1415年)[人]帖木儿,470

timurid art[专]帖木儿朝艺术,457,465

timurids[朝]帖木儿王朝,xxviii,158,243,342,416,418,456-465,479,480,481,483,484,485,492

timurlenk[人]跛子帖木儿,见tamerlane

timur-malik[人]帖木儿灭里,238,406-407,435

timur qutlugh[人]帖木儿·忽特鲁格,440,442,443,469,622注,624注

timur-shah[人]帖木儿·沙,487

timurtash[人]帖木儿塔什,387,389,447,614注

tingchow[地]定州(中山),见chungshan

tingiu[地]德化,见tö-hua

ti-ping[人]宋帝昺,288

tirnovo[地]特尔诺沃,403

ti-shö[人]蒂赊,见tesh

tisza[地]蒂萨河,72,174,266

titus[宗]提多,49

toba (tabgatch; tamghaj; taugast)[族]拓跋人,xxviii,xxix,57,58,60-66,81,283,288,300,558注,560注,561注;参见wei

toba hung[人]拓跋弘,64-65

toba hung ii[人]拓跋宏,65

toba k'iao[人]拓跋恪,65

toba kuei[人]拓跋珪,60

toba siun[人]拓跋濬,64

toba ssu[人]拓跋嗣,61

toba tao[人]拓跋焘,61,62-64

tobol[地]托博尔,439,478,489,521

tobolsk[地]托博尔斯克,479,489,490

töchow[地]德州,132

tödöyän-girte[人]托多颜·昔惕,200

togachar[人]脱格察儿,599注

togachi[人]秃合赤,340

toghan temür (1333-70)[人]妥懽帖睦尔,319,321,323,324,325,502

toghon (toghan; 活跃于1285年)[人]脱欢(忽必烈之子),290

toghon (toghon temür; toghan; 活跃于1434年)[人]脱欢(马合木之子),491,505-506,629注

toghrul-beg[人]吐格利尔拜格,见togrul-beg

togh temür[人]图帖睦尔,321

toghul timur[人]吐格帖木儿,390

togortak[地]托加尔塔克,184

togrul (wang-khan)[人]脱斡邻勒(王罕),192,199,200-201,203-212,216,578注

togrul iii[人]吐格利尔,158-159,167

togrul-beg (toghrul-beg)[人]吐格利尔拜格,147,149-150,151-152,158,159

tö-hua (tingiu)[地]德化,604注-605注

tokat[地]托卡特,263,449

tokhari[族]吐火罗人,27-28,31;参见tukhara

tokharian languages[文]吐火罗语,见kuchean language

tokharistan[地]吐火罗斯坦,116,117,118,119,143,参见bactria

tokharoi[人](希腊人的)吐火罗人,28,30,31

tokhta-qiya[人]脱黑脱乞牙,406,435

tokien[地]乾城,46

tokmak[地]托克玛克93,94,96,114,115,423,491

tö-kuang[人]德光,129,130

töläch (tölös)[族]铁勒,60,81,89,92,93,100,565注;参见kao-kiu; uigurs

tolbiacum[地]托尔比阿克,63

tölös[族]铁勒族,见töläch

tolui[人]拖雷,212,229,239-243,255,258,593注

tolui, house of[人]拖雷家族,272,273,274,292,295,329,380,394

tolun nor[地]多伦诺尔(上都府),见shangtuho

tomsk[人]托木斯克,490

tonkin[地]东京平原,289,290

tonyuquq (toñuqouq)[人]暾欲谷,106,110,111,112

t'o-po[人]他钵,88,562注

toqtai (toqta; toqtoa)[人]脱脱,384,402,403,404

toqtamish[人]脱脱迷失,393,406-408,430,435-443,469,479,615注

toqtemür[人]脱脱木儿,292

toqto (koshang; tanduc; thiän-tak; thozan; t'ien-tö; toshang; tung-sheng)[地]托克托(科尚,东胜,天德),213,301,303,306,307,318,570注;参见kweihwacheng

toqtoa[人]脱脱,见toqtai

toqto'a (toqto'a-bäki)[人]脱脱别乞,201,205,208,213,215,582注

toqtoa-buqa[人]脱脱不花,507

toquz oghuz (nine oghuz)[族]九姓乌古思,106,110,126,145,565注,566注

toquchar[人]脱合察,241,584注

toquz tatar (nine tatar)[族]九姓鞑靼,110,192

toquz temür[人]脱古思帖木儿,502-503

törägänä[人]脱列哥那,268-269,271,330,352,595注,615注

toramana[人]多拉马那,71

torbitashi[人]托比塔石,583注

torghaq (guard)[专]卫队,哨兵,520

torghut (törghüt)[族]土尔扈特人,488,503,510,520-522,523,525,538-539,540;参见oirat

torii[人]托利,53

torks[族]托克人(乌古思),见oghuz

toru haneda[人]托鲁·汉勒达,30

toshang[地]东胜(托克托),见toqto

tötsing (tsingfeng)[地]德清军(清丰县),132

tovinsk[族]图瓦族,538

t'o-yin (tao-jen; tuinan; buddhist monks)[宗]道人,597注,602注

trade[专]贸易(指丝绸贸易),309-313,403;参见silk road

trajan[人]图拉真,45,72

tran nhon-ton[人]陈仁宗,290

transbaikalia[地]外贝加尔地区,13,25,37,208

transcaucasia[地]外高加索地区,179,376,437

transoxiana[地]河中地区,141-147,149,152-153,159,160,165,168,169,172,189,233,236,238,239,242,255,269,292,293,305,326,333,334,335,336,338,340,342,343,344,345,352,369,370,376,387,390,406,408-419,421,422,423,425,426,428,432,435,438,440,453,456,457,460,463,464,465,479,481-488,492-496,500,508;参见sogdiana

transylvania[地]特兰西瓦利亚,173,178

tran thaitong[人]陈日煚,284

travancore[地]特拉万可,309,311

treaty of belgrade[专]贝尔格莱德条约,475

treaty of karlowitz[专]卡尔洛维茨条约,475

treaty of kuchuk kainarji[专]库楚克-凯纳尔吉条约,475,477

treaty of the prut[专]普鲁特条约,475

trebizond (city)[地]特拉布松,309,312,313,314,374,453

trebizond (empire) [王朝]特拉布松国,312,449,591注

trifonova[地]特里波利耶,18

tripitaka[书]《三藏》,49

tripoli (county)[地]特里波利郡,360

tripolye[地]特里波利耶,4

troitsk[地]特洛伊茨克,558注

troitskosavsk[地]特洛伊茨科沙夫斯克,25,37

troyes[地]特鲁瓦,76

tsaghan-gol[地]柴汗沟,549注

tsagun dorji (tushetu-khan)[人]察珲多尔济(土谢图汗),528,529

ts'aichow (juning)[地]蔡州,258

tsaidam[地]柴达木,212,523,524,525,526,533

tsang (gtsang)[地]乌斯藏,298,523,524

tsanglu (cianglu)[地]长芦,308

ts'ao pei[人]曹丕,54

ts'ao pin[人]曹彬,131

ts'ao ts'ao[人]曹操,54

tsarev[地]察列甫,400,442

tsaritsyn (stalingrad; volgograd)[地]察里津(斯大林格勒),247,522

tsereng dondub[人]大策凌敦多卜,524,531,532,533,536,540

tsewang dorji namgyal[人]策妄·多尔济·那木札尔,537

tsewang rabdan[人]策妄阿拉布坦,531,532,533,536,540,541

tsewang shab[人]策妄扎布,529

ts'ien-chao (pei-han)[朝]前赵(北汉),56

ts'ien-ch'in[朝]前秦,58

ts'ien-yen[朝]前燕,58,59

tsifeng[地]赤峰,136

tsinan[地]济南,137,229,232

tsingchow (yitu)[地]青州(益都),557注,571注

tsingfeng[地]清丰(德清军),见tötsing

tsingshui[地]清水河,248

tsining (shansi)[地]冀宁(山西)(太原),见taiyüan

tsining (singiumatu; sunzumatu; in shantung)[地]济宁(山东),308,316

tsinyang[地](晋阳)看太原,见taiyüan

tsiyang (ciangli)[地]滋阳,308

tsi-yung[人]祭彤,39

tsong-kha-pa[人]宗喀巴,513,514

tsoros[族]看绰罗斯部,见choros

tsotba ba'atur[人]卓特巴巴图尔,526,527

tsuglan (diets or leagues)[专]扎格兰,530

tsu-k'iu[人]沮渠(北凉),见pei-liang

tsushima[地]对马岛,289

tuan hing-chih[人]段兴智,284

tuan kung[人]段颎,48

t'u-chüeh (blue turks; kök türk)[族]突厥人,xxii,xxiii,xxiv,8,23,79-90各处,92-95,99,100,103,106-114,116-117,120,126,127-128,171,172,173-174,176,196,216,217,224,231,256,326,417,546注,585注;参见nu-shih-pi; tu-lu (tribes)

t'u-ch'i[专]屠耆王,20

tuda mangu[人]脱脱蒙哥,401-402

tudun (as title)[专]吐屯,87,175

t'u-fan[族]吐蕃(看藏族),见tibet

tughan[人]托甘汗,133,146

tugha timur[人]秃花·帖木儿,428

tughlugh (活跃于1274年)[人]秃忽鲁哥,308

tughlugh (活跃于1305年)[人]吐格鲁格,339,340

tughlugh timur[人]秃忽鲁帖木儿,344-345,346,409-410,411,422

tughri[地]四塔沟里,见“four tughri”

tugshada[人]吐格沙达,116,117

tuinan[宗]参看道人,见t'o-yin

tukhara[族]吐火罗人,28,40,68,69;参见tokhari

tu-k'i-che[人]突骑支,99

tula[地]土拉河(土兀剌河),35,106,110,191,200,212,247,255,502,504,512,529,530,536

tula-buqa[人]秃剌不花,401,402

tu-lan[人]都兰,88,89

t'u-li[人]突利,88,89,92

tulik[人]吐利克,344

tultu[地]吐尔吐,551注

tu-lu (person)[人]咄陆,95

tu-lu (tribes)[族]咄陆部,95,102,103,109,114

tulugma (heading-off movement)[专]拦截运动,224

tulun-cherbi[人]咄伦·切必,589注

t'u-man[人]头曼,27

tümed[族]土默特部,509,510,513,514,517,519,529,530,629注

t'u-men[人]土门(看布明),见bumin

tumen (army division)[专]土绵(万夫长),222,587注

tumengken[人]图蒙肯,512

tümen sasaktu[人]图们札萨克图汗,510,514

t'u-mu[地]土木,507

t'ung-chien-k'ang-mu[书]《通鉴纲目》,132

tungchow[地]通州,325

tungge (tungeli)[地]董哥泽,583注

tung hua lu[书]《东华录》,536

tung-ko, lake[地]董哥泽,210

tungkwan[地]潼关,232,257,258

tung-nu[族]东胡,27

tungsheng[地]东胜(看托克托),见toqto

t'ung shih-hu[人]统叶护,93,94-95

tungus[族]通古斯人,xxiv,xxv,53,78,128,189,514,515-516,519;参见jurchid; kin

tungus languages[文]通古斯语,xxv,127,193

tunguska[地]通古斯卡,515

tungwan[地]统万城,61

tung-wei[朝]东魏,65,66,82

tunhwang (saciu; shachow)[地]敦煌(沙洲),xxii,35,36,41,52,96,133,302,305,306,312,499,536

tupshi[地]吐帕施,36

tuq (army division)[专](十万人的组织称为纛,587注

tuq (standard)[专]纛(旗子),210,216,217,293

tuqa timur[人]秃花帖木儿,334

tuqiti-khatun[人]秃乞台可敦,358

toqulqu-cherbi[人]秃忽鲁忽切儿比,593注

tuqugan[人]秃罕,见tutuqan

tura[地]图拉河,479,489

turan[地]图兰,252

turan-shah[人]图兰沙,362

turbat-i-jam[地]土尔巴特·杰姆,484

turbet[族]杜尔伯特,见dörböt

turfan (carachoço; kaochang; karakhoja; khocho; kiu-shih)[地]吐鲁番(高昌,哈拉火州,车师),xxii,xxiii,28,35,37,38,40,42,44,46,47,48,59,62,64,89,93,94,95,98,100,122,124,125,144,164,189,197,233,252,305,312,326,329,424,425,453,491,492,493,494,496,497,498,499,506,528,536,603注,艺术,52,96,98,122,124

turfanese language[专]吐鲁番语,96

türgäch[族]突骑施,见türgish

turgai (region)[地]图尔盖,254,392,394,403,460,478,479,522

turgai (river)[地]图尔盖河,8,19,148,393,394,439,485,508

turghai[人]图盖,339

turghaq (turgha'ut; army guards)[专]土儿合兀惕(值日班者),222

türgish (türgäch)[族]突骑施,107,109,114-115,118

turkan-khatun[人]秃儿罕可敦,237

turkestan (yasy; town)[地]突厥斯坦城(雅西城),238,438,439,479,480,481,488,492,493,496,507,526,531,532

turkic language[文]突厥语,xxv,327,465,544注,579注-580注

turkic script[文]突厥文,113,124

turkman[族]土库曼人,见turkoman

turkmenistan[地]土库曼斯坦,164

turkoman (turkman)[族]土库曼人,148,149,153,155,157,158,160,161,164,185,382,385,391,418,430,431,521,522,572注

tus (mashhad; meshed)[地]图斯(麦什德),167,240,241,351,352,368,376,387,425,483,484,485

tusculum[地]图斯卡鲁姆,375

tushetu-khan (person)[人]土谢图汗(察珲多尔济),见tsagun dorji

tushetu-khan (bodgo-khan; khanate)[人]土谢图汗,53,512,528

tu-tsung[人]宋度宗,286

tutuq (as title)[专](突厥语)都督,582注

tutuqan(tuquqan)[人]秃罕,401

tutush[人]突吐施,154,155

t'u-yu[人]突欲,129

t'u-yü-huen[族]吐谷浑,64-65,89

tver[地]特维尔城,265,395,404

tyawka[人]头克汗,531,532,625注

tyre[地]提尔,360,361

tyumen[地]秋明,406,443,489,490,614注

tyutshta[地]秋兹塔,66,558注

tzelgu[人]翟尔古,184

tzu-ch'uan[地]酒泉,35,41

uar (var)[族]瓦尔部,171,172

uarkhonites (ouarkhonitai; uarkhuni; varchonitae)[族]瓦尔和昆尼,82,171,173

'ubaidallah[人]奥贝都剌汗,485

ubasha[人]渥巴锡汗,522,538-539

ubsa nor[地]乌布萨泊,190,510,512,525

uch ferman[地]乌什吐鲁番,见uch turfan

uchirtu-sechen[人]鄂齐尔图(车臣汗),523,525,526,527

uchiyeds[族]乌济叶特人,629注

uch turfan (uch ferman; wensu)[地]乌什·吐鲁番,40,425,541

uchur[族]乌楚尔人,515

udine[地]乌迪内,319

udiyana[地]乌阇衍那,65

ufa[地]乌发,548注

ugä[人]乌介,见wu-kiai

ugechi (活跃于1267年)[人]忽哥赤,308

ugechi (ökächi;活跃于1399年),[人]鬼力赤,503,628注

ugra[地]乌格拉河,470

uigur[族]回纥,回鹘,畏兀儿,xxiv,60,81,89,100,102,110,113-114,120-122,124,125-126,128,133,144,149,164,171,180,189,190,196,197,212,216,217,220,231,233,234,250,251,252,277,319,327,417,424,425,565注-566注;参见sari-uigur; töläch

uiguria[地]回鹘地区(畏兀儿地区),244,326,329,330,335,367,417,482,493,496;参见beshbaligh; kucha; turfan

uiguristan (ioguristan)[地]畏兀儿斯坦,305,424,461,463,491,493,495-499

uigur language[文]回鹘语,畏兀儿语,220,243

uigur script[专]回鹘文,畏兀儿文,113,124,125-126,220,252,277,298-299,351,601注uiguro-mongol,516,521

ukenj[人]斡根赤,330,606注

ukraine[地]乌克兰,265,266

ulala[地]乌拉拉,525

ulan bator[地]乌兰巴托,见urga

ulan-put'ung[地]乌兰布通,529

ulaqchi[人]兀剌黑赤,397

uliassutai[地]乌里雅苏台,20,479,512,537

ulja[地]斡里札,203

üllö[地]于勒,176

ulski[地]乌尔斯基,15

ulu-jüz[族]大帐,见great horde

ulu muhammad[人]乌鲁·穆罕默德,472

ulus (tribe; small nation)[专]兀鲁思(部落,小民族),193,253,579注

ulus-begi (as title)[专]兀鲁思别吉,344,422

ulus-irgen (organized nation or state)[专]兀鲁思-亦尔坚(国家),197,579注

ulu-tau (ulugh tagh)[地]兀鲁塔山,215,393,406,435,439,478,479,485

ulyungur nor[地](克孜尔巴什湖)乌伦古尔湖,见qyzyl-bash

umai[宗]乌迈,86

'umar-mirza[人]乌马儿·米尔咱,456,458

'umar-shaikh (死于1391年)[人]乌马儿·沙黑(帖木儿之子),425,433,438,456

'umar-shaikh (1469-94)[人]乌马儿·沙黑,463,494

umehara, sueju[人]梅原末治,24

ummayads[朝]倭马亚王朝,116-117

unaghan boghul[专]乌拉干,孛斡勒(奴隶、属臣),见boghul

unggur[人]乌格尔,588注

ungvar (uzhgorod)[地]乌日哥罗德,266

uquna[人]兀忽纳,238

ur[地]乌尔,8

ural (yaik; river)[地]乌拉尔河(扎牙黑河),6,181,182,186,277,392,394,407,439,471,472,478,479,480,486,522,525,531

urals (mountains)[地]乌拉尔山,xxv,8,78,177,247,264,393-394,478,489

uralsk[地]乌拉尔斯克,254,392

ura tyube[地]乌拉秋别,36,464

urban v, pope[人]教皇乌尔班五世,319

urga (ulan bator)[地]库伦(乌兰巴托),xxi,512,514,529,530

urgench (gurganj)[地]乌尔根奇,玉龙杰赤,160,237,239,241,243,254,335,394,421,479,485,521,589注

uriangkhai (place)[地]乌梁海地区,549注

uriangkhans[族]兀良哈人,509,629注

uriangqai (soyot; people)[族]兀良哈人(索约特人),538,579注,582注

uriangqatai (uriankqadai)[人]兀良哈台,28,284,598注

urianqut[族]兀良忽人,582注

urmia, lake[地]乌尔米亚湖,359

urtupa[地]乌尔吐帕,440

uruk-khatun[人]兀鲁克可敦,373,383

urumchi (urumtsi)[地]乌鲁木齐,95,536,537,538

urungu[地]乌伦古河,61,81,89,119,205,255,272,312,479,510,523,525,538

urus[人]兀鲁思,406,435

uru'ud[族]乌鲁尔德部,194,210,583注

ushin banner[族]乌审旗,513

uspenskoye[地]乌斯平斯科伊,见bolgar (town)

usrushna[地]乌拉秋别,见ura tyube

ussuri[地]乌苏里江,128,133,134,515

ust-kamenogorsk[地]乌斯季卡缅诺哥尔斯克堡,532

ust-labinskaya[地]乌斯拉宾斯卡亚,16

ust-urt[地]乌兹特-乌尔特,164

usun[人]兀孙,218

'uthman (of tekke)[人]乌斯曼,452

'uthman i (osman)[人]奥斯曼一世,385,389

uthman ibn ibrahim[人]乌斯曼·伊本·易不拉欣,168,169,237

uturgurs (utrigurs)[族]乌特格尔人,79,80,172,173

uweis[人]乌畏思,390,391

uzbeks (özbegs)[族]乌兹别克人,460,464,465,479-486,488,500,531;参见shaybanids

uzes[族]乌泽人,见oghuz

uzgen[地]乌兹根(讹迹邗),144,234,423,460,479

uzhgorod[地]乌日哥罗德,见ungvar

uzindur[地]乌金杜尔,78

uzun hasan[人]乌宗·哈桑,459,462,470

vaik[人]瓦伊克(圣斯提芬),见stephen

vais (vais-khan)[人]歪思汗,491,492,506

vakhsh[地]瓦赫什河,346,411

valens[人]瓦伦丁,48

valentinian iii[人]瓦伦丁三世,76

valentinos[人]瓦伦丁,84,85,88,172,173,

van (town)[地]凡城,431,433

van, lake[地]凡湖,261

var[族]瓦尔部,见uar

varchonitae[族]瓦尔昆尼人,见uarkhonites

vartan[人]瓦尔坦,356-357,358,360,361

vartopu[文]瓦尔特浦文化,6

varus[人]瓦努斯,36

vasellus, james[人]瓦舍鲁斯·詹姆斯,371

vasellus, john[人]瓦舍鲁斯·约翰,371

vasili ivanovich[人]瓦西里·伊凡洛维奇(巴西尔三世),见basil iii

vasudeva[人]韦苏特婆,32

venetians[族]威尼斯人,533;在克里米亚,247,312,403,404,405,442

venice[地]威尼斯,309,314

verkhneudinsk[地]上乌金斯克,13,558注

verny[地]韦尔内,见alma-ata

viatka[地]维亚特卡,473

vidjaya[人]尉迟,见vijaya

vienna[地]维也纳,419

vietnam[朝]越南(安南国占婆),见annam; champa

viguri[族]昆奴格尔人,见hunnugur

vijaya (vidjaya; chaban)[地]佛誓,290,309

vima kadphises (kadphises ii)[人]维马·卡德菲斯二世,32

vimalaksha[人]卑摩罗义,50

visigoths[族]西哥特人,60,73-74,75,76

vistula[地]维斯杜拉河,73,266

vitautas[人]维托夫特,见witowt

vithimir[人]威塞米尔,73

vitim[地]维季姆,515

vitovt[人]维托夫特,见witowt

vladimir (place)[地]弗拉基米尔,247,265,395,407,436

vladimirtsov, b. y.[人]弗拉基米尔佐夫,193,194-195,201,202,204,207,215,217,222,247

vladivostok[地]海参崴(符拉迪沃斯托克),128

vocan[地]瓦罕,见wakhan

vogul[族]窝古尔人,177,489

vogul language[文]窝古尔语,576注

volga (itil)[地]伏尔加河(伊提尔河),10,14,72,73,173,180,181,182,186,247,264,268,270,271,276,281,282,304,312,392,393,396,397,400,402,403,419,436,440,442,472,486,521,525,540

volgograd[地]伏尔加格勒,见tsaritsyn

völkerwanderung[专]民族大迁徙,16,54

voronezh[地]沃罗涅什,7,10

vorskla[地]沃尔斯克拉,443,469

votiak[族]沃加克族人,489

vozdvizhenskoye[地]沃兹德维任斯科耶,73

vozha[地]沃查,405

vugiu[地]婺州(浙江),见wuchow (chekiang)

wahlstatt[地]瓦尔斯塔特,266

wajih ad-din mas'ud[人]瓦吉黑哀丁·马苏德,390

wakhan (humi; vocan)[地]瓦罕,41,118,306

wali[人]瓦力,428,429

wa-li-pu[人]斡离不,136

wallachia[地]瓦拉几亚,6,75,174,175,176,184,268

wang (as title)[专]“王”(称号),204

wang (tribe)[族]王部,见dörben qoriya

wang an-shih[人]王安石,296

wang chan[人]王振,507

wang chung-tsu[人]王忠嗣,118

wang-khan (as title)[人]王罕(称号),192

wang-khan (person),[人]王罕(脱斡邻勒),见togrul

wangtu[地]望都,128

wan li[人](明)万历皇帝,516

wan tu-kuei[人]万度归,62

wan-yen[族]完颜部,134,136,516,571注;参见kin

wan-yen ch'eng-huei[人]完颜承晖,230

wan-yen wu-shih (goshi)[人]完颜希尹,139

warfare[专]战术,见battle tactics

"warring states"("fighting states")[朝]战国时代,20,24-25,26

wassaf[人]瓦撒夫,333,338,384

water, reverence for[专]崇拜河水,84,219,220

waterways[专]水路,309,310

waziristan[地]瓦济里斯坦,169

wei (dynasty)[朝]北魏,60;参见toba

wei (river)[地]渭河,92,138,232,257,258,283

wei (state)[朝]魏国,54,55

wei, hsi-[朝]西魏,见hsi-wei

wei, tung-[朝]东魏,见tung-wei

wei-ch'ö[人]尉迟,101,115

wei-chö cheng[人]尉迟胜,567注

wei-ch'ö fu-shö[人]尉迟伏师,115

weichow (yüchow)[地]蔚州(幽州),106-107,108

wei ts'ing[人]卫青,34,35

wenchow[地]温州,137

wends[族]文德人,173

wensu[地]温宿(乌什·吐鲁番),见uch turfan

wen-tjong[人]王倎,288

white horde (chaghan-ordo; aqordu)[族]白帐(查罕·斡耳朵,阿黑·斡耳朵),335,393,403,406-407,421,435,436,438,439,469,478-479,615注;参见kipchak khanate; orda

white huns[族]白匈奴(莚哒),见ephthalites

white sheep[朝]白羊王朝,见aq-qoyunlu

wieger, léon[人]威格尔,21

william (of nassio)[人](纳昔奥的)威廉,304

william (of rubruck)[人](卢布鲁克村的)威廉,见rubruck, william of

witowt (vitovt; vitautas)[人]维托夫特,443,469

wolf (böri)[专]狼(附离),xxvii,81,87,544注,560注

wuchang (wuchow; hupeh)[宗](图腾)狼,[地]武昌(湖北),武州,284,285,287,323

wu-che-lo[人]乌质勒,107,109

wuchow (hupeh)[地]武州(湖北省)(看武昌),见wuchang

wuchow (near shoping)[地]武州(朔平附近),136

wuchow (vngiu; chekiang)[地]婺州(浙江),308

wu-chu[人]兀术,137

wu hou (wu tsö-t'ien)[人]武后(武则天),107,108,127

wuhu[地]芜湖,287

wu-huan[族]乌桓,39,54

wu-kiai (ugäq)[人]乌介可汗,569注

wu-k'i-mai[人]吴乞买,136,571注

wu-lei[地]乌垒,37

wu-liang-ha[地]乌梁海(热河),见jehol

wu-ling[人]赵武灵王,20,550注

wu-lo[人]乌禄,139

wu san-kuei[人]吴三贵,517,518

wu-sun[族]乌孙,29,30,34,37,38,40,45,53,552注

wutai[地]五台山,133

wu-ti[人]武帝,34,35,36,101

wu tsö-t'ien[人]武则天,见wu hou

wu-tu-pu[人]吾睹补,230

wuwei[地]武威,35,54

xiengmai[地]清迈,见chiangmai

yabghu (as title)[专]叶护,82,87,560注-561注;参见she-hu

yachy[地]押赤(看云南)见yunnan (town)

yadigar (yadiyar)[人]雅迪格尔汗,475,489

yaghma[族]样磨,572注

yahballaha, mar[人]马·雅巴拉哈三世,见mar yahballaha iii

yahya[人]牙黑牙,431,432,433

yaik[地]扎牙黑河(乌拉尔河),见ural (river)

yaishan[地]厓厓山,288

ya-ku (james; name)[人]雅各,301

yakut[人]雅库特,xxv,544注

yalavach, mahmud[人]马合谋·牙剌洼赤,见mahmud yalavach

yalavach, mas'ud[人]麻速忽·雅剌洼赤,见mas'ud yalavach

yamishevsk (peschanaia)[地]雅米谢威斯克,523,532

yang chien[人]杨坚,88

yangchow (ianzu; yangiu)[地]扬州,122,139,302,308,310,316,323

yangi[地]养吉,见talas (town)

yangi-hissar[地]英吉沙尔城,495

yangiu[地]扬州,见yangchow

yang-shao-ts'un[地]仰韶村,4

yang-ti[人]隋炀帝,89-90,98,99

yangtze (kian; quian)[地]长江,57,137,138,139,259,283,284,287,293,302,304,309,310,323,516

yang ye[人]杨业,131

yao ch'ang[人]姚苌,59

yao chu[人]姚枢,283

yao-shu-mu (yoshmut)[人]尤斯姆,593注

ya'qub[人]雅库伯,452

yarkand (soche; yarcan)[地]叶儿羌(莎车)(鸭儿看),xxii,37,40,41,43,45,48,52,95,96,101,306,426,460,485,491,494,495,497,498,500,501,527,528,532,540,541,542

yarligh (jarliq; imperial edict)[专]札儿里黑(敕令),282,597注

yar muhammad[人]雅尔·穆罕默德,486

yaroslav (of kiev)[人](基辅的)雅罗斯拉夫,182

yaroslav (of sternberg)[人]雅罗斯拉夫,266

yaroslav (of vladimir)[人]雅罗斯拉夫(弗拉基米尔的),269,395,615注

yaroslavl[人]雅罗斯拉夫,265

yaroslavskaya[地]雅罗斯拉夫斯卡雅,73

yär-su[专]天地之精灵,见yer-sub

yasaq (jasa; jasaq; yasa; law code)[专]札撒(法典),221,230-231,252,256,275,312,328,416,418,586注

yasd[地]耶斯特,见yezd

yasodharman[人]亚琐德哈尔曼,71

yassawur[人]牙撒吾儿,340,386

yassy[地]亚色,423

yasun (subclan)[专]牙孙(小氏族),193

yasy[地]雅西城(突厥斯坦城),见turkestan (town)

yavana (ionians)[地](希腊人称呼)大宛,554注

yazi[地]雅吉,423

ye[地]邺城,58,59,60;参见changteh

yedigei[人]亦敌忽,见idiqu

yehangir[人]叶汗吉尔,526

ye-hsien, ye-hsien taichi[人]也先台吉,见esen (esen-taiji)

yelets[地]耶列兹城,441,471

ye-li-k'o-wen (priests)[专]也里可温,300,602注

yellow river (caramoran; kara muren)[地]黄河,xxvi,27,35,55,60,61,132,133,136,138,176,226,232,233,257,258,283,308,510,604注

yelmish[人]叶儿迷失,301

ye-lü a-pao-ki[人]耶律阿保机,见a-pao-ki

ye-lü chih-lu-ku[人]耶律直鲁古,166,233,234,235

ye-lü ch'u-ts'ai[人]耶律楚材,231-232,250,251,256-257,258,268,593注

ye-lü hiou-ko[人]耶律休哥,131-132

ye-lü hsien[人]耶律贤,131

ye-lü king[人]耶律璟,130

ye-lü lü-ko[人]耶律留哥,228,250

ye-lü lung-sü[人]耶律隆绪,131,132

ye-lü shih (pu-su-wan)[人]耶律诗(普速完),166,167

ye-lü ta-shih[人]耶律大石,164,165,166,574注

ye-lü tö-kuang[人]耶律德光,见tö-kuang

ye-lü yen-hsi[人]耶律延禧,136

ye-lü yi-lie[人]耶律夷列,166

ye-lü yüan[人]耶律阮,130

yen, hou-[朝]后燕,见hou-yen

yen, hsi-[朝]西燕,见hsi-yen

yen, nan-[朝]南燕,见nan-yen

yen, pei-[朝]北燕,见pei-yen

yen, ts'ien-[朝]前燕,见ts'ien-yen

yenching, yenchow[地]燕京,燕州(今北京),见peking

yenisei (people)[族]叶尼塞人,515

yenisei (river)[地]叶尼塞河,xxiv,3,40,66,109,113,124,125,148,166,191,205,216,286,503,508,515,521,532

yenki[地]焉耆(喀拉沙尔),见kara shahr

yen-lo[人]奄罗,88

yenmen[地]雁门,34,57,90

yen-ta[人]俺答(阿勒坦汗),见altan-khan

yer-sub (yär-su; genies)[专]天地之精灵,86

yesen temür[人]也先帖木儿,见esen temür

yesugän[人]也速根,208

yesugei[人]也速该,192,198,199,203,578注

yesui[人]也速亦,208,248

yesun temür[人]也孙铁穆耳,299,314,317,318,321

yesut[族]叶苏特部,207

ye-tai[族]莚哒人,见ephthalites

“ye-tai-i-li-t'o”[人]叶太伊里窦,68

yezd (yasd)[地]耶斯特,305,309,315,390,431,432,433

yezdegerd ii[人]耶斯特二世,68

yezdegerd iii[人]叶斯德苟特三世,116

yi-che-shih[人]伊稚斜单于,35

yichow[地]易州,132,570注

yi-jan[人]伊然可汗,113

yingchang (kailu)[地]应昌(开鲁),325,502

yingpan[地]营盘,42

ying-tsung[人](明)英宗皇帝,507

yi-sho (isho; jesus; name)[人]伊索,301

yissu-mangu[人]也速蒙哥,271,274,329

yissu-temür[人]玉昔帖木儿,293

yi-sun[地]伊循,37

yi-tsi-nai[地](哈拉霍托)亦集乃,见karakhoto

yitu[地]益都(青州),见tsingchow

yiwu (hami or lob nor?)[地]伊吾(哈密),42,47,48

yo fei[人]岳飞,138

yo-nan (john; name)[人]约南,301

yotkan[地]约特干(于阗),见khotan

yüan[朝]元朝,xxx,288-321,323-325,327,339,367,396,502,503,513,519;参见kublai

yüan-ch'uan[地]苑川(兰州),见lanchow

yüan shih[书]《元史》,198,205,206,208,212,213,214,215,229,231,588注

yüchow[地]禹州(看钧州),见kunchow

yu-ch'u-kien[人]於除鞬,46

yüeh-chih[族]月氏人(看贵霜),27-32,34,35,40,45,46,49,68,69,551注;参见kushans

yulduz[地]裕勒都斯,xxiii,46,67,80,83,84,93,173,338,413,419,422,424,425,460,461,463,493,495,497,498,506,539

yülin (fungchow)[地]榆林,25,107,511

yümen[地]玉门,35

yümen kuan[地]玉门关,41

yüncheng[地]郓城,301

yünchow[地]云州(大同),见tatung

yunchung[地]云中,106

yung-cheng[人]雍正皇帝,518,536,537

yung-li (yung-ming)[人]永历(永明),518

yung lo[人]永乐皇帝,453,456,459,503,504,505

yung-ming[人]永明(永历),见yung-li

yungping[地]永平,108,127,230,517,557注

yunkang[地]云岗,64

yunnan (caragian; caraian; nanchow; tali; kingdom)[朝]云南国,283-284,307-308,518,598注

yunnan (iaci; yachy; town)[地]云南,307

yunnanfu[地]云南府(善阐),见shanshan

yunus[人]羽奴思,461,463,480,481,492,493-494,494-495,497,498,507

yüqunan[人]玉忽南,583注

yüräk[人]玉剌克,301

yuriel[地]尤利城,407,436

yurii (of ryazan)[人](里亚赞的)尤里,265

yurii (of vladimir)[人](弗拉基米尔)尤里,247

yurii ii (of suzdalia)[人](苏兹达里亚大公)尤里,265

yuri konchakovich[人]尤里·科思察科维奇,591注

yurt (grazing land)[专]禹儿惕(牧地),221-222,253

yusuf[人]玉素甫,541

yusuf khass hajjib, qudatqu bilig[人](霍吉勃)玉素甫·喀什《福乐智慧》,148

yusuf sufi[人]玉素甫·苏菲,421

yuyü[地]右玉(朔平),见shoping

zabdat at-tavarikh[书]《史记实录》,499

zabergan (zamergan)[人]扎伯干,79

zafer-name[书]《武功记》,342,343,345,410,411,413,414,415,418,423,424,427,430,431,433,435-444各处,448,449,451

zagan[人]察甘,见chagan

zagros[地]扎格罗斯山,169

zahidan[地]扎希丹(沙尔-奥塔尔),见sar-otar

zain al- 'abidin[人]赞·阿比丁,431,432

zaisan, lake[地]斋桑湖,190,215,523,525,527,532,533

zamergan[人]扎伯干,见zabergan

zaranj[地]扎兰季,428

zaya pandita[人]扎雅班第达,520

zayton[地]刺桐(泉州),见chüanchow

zemarchos[人]蔡马库斯,84

zenjan[地]赞詹,240,245,391

zerin[地]泽林,364

ziebil[人]札比尔可汗,179

ziyad ibn-salih[人]齐雅德·伊本·萨里,119-120

znamenka[地]兹纳缅卡,18

zodan[人]佐登,175

zoroastrianism[宗]琐罗亚斯特教,7

zubov[地]祖波夫,16

zurulum (corlu)[地]祖鲁姆(乔尔卢),174,184

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