(下面的页码是指原书页码)
aachen[地]亚琛,见aix-la-chapelle
abagha[族]阿巴噶部,517
abakan[地]阿巴坎草原,558注
abakhai[人]阿巴亥(努尔哈赤之子),517,518
abaqa[人]阿八哈,296,304,305,333,334—335,366—372,398
abares, abaroi[族]阿瓦尔人,见avars
abatai[人]阿巴台,512
'abbas (the great)[人]阿拔斯大帝,485
abbasids (baghdad caliphate)[朝]阿拔斯王朝(巴格达哈里发王朝),xxx, 141,147,150,151,158,169,189,237-238,245,261,269,282,312,349,353,354-356,357,359,398
abbaswali[人]阿布兹瓦力沙,421
'abd al- 'aziz[人]阿布阿兹,488
'abd al-karim[人]阿布都·哈林,500
'abd-allah[人]阿布都拉(死于1452年),460
'abd-allah[人]阿不德·阿拉赫(活跃于1750年),541
'abd-allah ii (1557-98)[人]阿不德·阿拉赫二世,485,487
'abdallah ibn-qazghan (mirza 'abdallah)[人]米儿咱·阿布达拉赫,343,345,409
'abd-allah tarkhan-beg[人]阿布杜拉·塔尔汗伯格,531
'abd al-latif[人]阿不都·拉迪甫(死于1450年),460
'abd al-latif[人]阿不杜拉迪甫(拉失德的长子)(活跃于1540年),499
'abd al-malik i,[人]阿布德·阿尔-马立克一世,143
'abd al-malik ii[人]阿不德·阿尔-马立克二世,144
'abd al-mu'min[人]阿布德·穆明,485,486
'abd ar-rahman[人]奥鲁剌合蛮,268,271-272
'abd ar-rashid[人]阿不都·拉失德,499-500
'abd ar-razzaq[人]阿布德·拉扎克,390
'abd ar-razzaq samarqandi matla'es-sa'dein,[书]《两幸福之会合》作者阿布德·拉扎克·撒马尔干第,459,624注
abeskun[地]阿贝什昆,240
'abish-khatun[人]阿必失可敦,366
ablai (ablai-taiji)[人]阿布赖台吉,522,523,525,526
abraham, mar[人]马·雅巴拉哈,见mar abraham
abramovka[地]阿布拉莫威卡,4
abu 'ali[人]阿布·阿里,143-144
abu bakr[人]阿布·巴克尔(1231-60),353,354,359
abu bakr[人]阿布·别克尔(活跃于1298年),335
abu bakr[人]阿布·巴克尔(活跃于1403年),435,451,456,458
abu bakr[人]阿布·巴克尔(活跃于1460-1514年),494,495,497
abu 'l faiz[人]阿布勒费兹,486
abu 'l fath muhammad[人]阿布儿·法斯·穆罕默德,588注
abu 'l ghazi,[人]阿布·哥志,486
abu 'l ghazi bahadur, shajare-i turk,[人]阿布哈齐,《突厥世系》,214,252,406,487-488
abu 'l khair[人]阿布海儿,460,479,480-481,489,615注
abu 'l muzaffar yusuf[人]阿布儿·穆扎菲·玉素甫,588注
abu sa'id[人]不赛因(1317-34年),387,389,396
abu sa'id[人]卜撒因(死于1469年),460-462,463,464,479
achaemenids[朝]阿赫门尼德王朝,9,12,13,15,28,545注-546注
a-chu[人]阿术,286-287
acre[地]阿迦,305,349,360,363,364,373
adai[人]阿台,505,506
adaj[地]阿台,254,392
adana[地]阿达纳,370
adrianople[地]亚德里亚堡,157,174,184
adriatic[地]亚德里亚,267
adzai[人]阿占,506
aëneolithic period[专]铜石并用时期,5
aetius[人]埃提乌兹,76
afghanistan[地]阿富汗地区(参看伽色尼王朝,古尔王朝,克尔特人),346,409,411,412,414,419,429,456,457,487;参见ghaznavids;ghorids;kerts
agni[地]焉耆(喀拉沙尔),见kara shahr
a-ha-ma[人]阿哈马·费纳客忒,见ahmed (1486/87-1503);ahmed fenaketi
ahmed[人]阿黑马德(活跃于1089年),147,153
ahmed[人]帖古迭儿(活跃于1282年),见tekuder
ahmed[人]阿合木(活跃于约1387年),431,432,433
ahmed[人]阿黑麻(活跃于1460-81年),470-471,489
ahmed[人]阿黑麻(1469-94),463,464,494
ahmed[人]阿赫麦德(a-ha-ma;1486/87-1503),482,495,496
ahmed (the durrani)[人]阿黑麻,488
ahmed al-khalidi[人]阿赫麦德·哈里迪,377
ahmed fenaketi (a-ha-ma)[人]阿合马·费纳客忒,297,601注
ahmed jelair ibn-uweis[人]阿合木·札剌儿·伊本·乌畏思,390,429,430,433,434,435,437,447,450,456
ahmed-khoja[人]阿哈玛特和卓,528
ahmed razi[人]阿哈木拉齐,500
ahura-mazda[宗](阿乌兹达神)阿胡拉马兹达神,见ormazd
aibeg[人]艾伯格,348-349
ai-buqa[人]爱不花,301,302,303,599注
ailah[地]伊犁河,见ili
'ain jalud[地]艾因贾卢特,364,398,446
'aintab[地]加济安特普,447
ai-sie[人]爱薜(伊萨),见'isä
ai tängridä qut bulmysh alp bilgä[人]爱登里啰汨没蜜施合毗伽可汗,122
aix-la-chapelle (aachen)[地]埃克斯-拉-夏佩勒,175
ajanta[文]阿旃陀,51,52,96
'ajlun[地]阿杰伦,363
akcay[地]阿克恰伊,623注
akhshunwar (akhshunwaz)[人]阿克希瓦,68
akhsi[地]阿赫昔,482,496
akhtanizovka[地]阿赫坦尼诺夫卡,16
akhtuba[地]阿赫图巴,442
akmolinsk[地]阿克摩棱斯克,254,392
aksaray[地]阿克萨赖,350,359
aksehir[地]阿克谢希尔,382,451
aksu (river)[地]阿克苏河,369,398
aksu[地]阿克苏城(参看姑墨,拨换城),40,43,44,46,47,95,101,114,344,422,426,460,461,482,493,494,496,497,498,500,537,538,541
aktyubinsk[地]阿克纠宾斯克,254,394,440,460,478,480
a-ku-ta[人]阿骨打,134,136,515-516
'ala ad-din[人]阿拉丁(火炮手,工程师)(活跃于1272年),287
'ala ad-din[人](苏丹)阿拉丁(活跃于1390年),452,623注
'ala ad-din (tarmashirin;约1326-33年)[人]答儿麻失黑,341,387
'ala ad-din juvaini[人]志费尼,见juvaini
'ala ad-din kai-qobad (kaybobad)i[人]凯库巴德一世,261
'ala ad-din khilji[人]阿拉丁·哈勒吉,339,443
'ala ad-din muhammad (muhammad of khwarizm)[人]摩诃末,167-169,234,236-240,244,245,418,589注
alaghai-bäki[人]阿剌该别吉,227,301
alai[地]阿赖山,41
alaka[人]阿剌加(迪杰拉克),见jaylak
ala-kul[地]阿拉湖,424
al'altun (altun-bäki)[人]阿勒屯别吉,234,330
alamut[地]阿剌模忒,354,364
“a-lan[地]阿兰塞,”210
alan-qo'a[人]阿兰豁阿,193
alans (as; asod)[族]阿兰人(阿速人),29,72,73,74,75,78,172,246,265,281,304,402,442,503,504,505,552注,559注;参见asianoi;asioi
alaqmaq[地]阿拉喀马克,272,273,394
alaqush-tigin[人]阿剌忽失的斤,213,227,250,301
alashan[地]阿拉善,xxii,55,132,226,247
alatagh[地]阿拉塔黑,359
ala-tau,[地]阿拉套,xxiii,272,423
alba-iulia[地]阿尔巴尤利亚,267
albatu[专]部属,530-531
albistan[地]阿尔比斯坦,370
alchidai (alchidai-noyan)[人]阿勒赤歹,210,215-216
alchi tatar[族]按赤塔塔儿部,208
alchun[族]金人,见kin
aleksandrov[地]亚历山德罗夫,246
aleppo[地]阿勒颇,152,154,155,349,360,361,362,365,371,382,398,447
alexander (mountains)[地]亚历山大山,见krighiz
alexander nevsky[人]亚历山大·涅维斯基,395
alexandretta[地]亚历山大里塔,155
alexandria[地]亚历山大里亚,398,533
alexandropol[地]亚历山大堡,10,16
alexius comnenus[人]阿历克塞·科蒙勒努斯,184
alghu (alughu)[人]阿鲁忽,286,331-332,336,397,420
'alim[人]爱里木汗,488
alima[人]爱里马丞相,629注
'ali mu'ayyad[人]阿里·穆雅德,428
alinjaq[地]阿林加克,434
'ali shir[人]察儿·阿里·失儿·纳瓦依,见mir 'ali shir newa'i
'ali-tigin[人]阿里特勤,146,149
aljigidai[人]晏只吉带,242
alma-ata (verny)[地]阿拉木图(韦尔内),422
'ali (of astrakhan; 活跃于1516年)[人](阿斯特拉罕的)阿里,473,475
'ali (ha-li;活跃于1473年)[人]阿力,494,627注
'ali (of kipchak; 活跃于1501年)[人](钦察汗)阿里,471
'ali (of meshed; 死于约1513年)[人](麦什德的)速勒坦·阿里,见sultan 'ali
'ali (of samarkand; 活跃于1498)[人](撒麻耳干的)阿里,464,481
'ali (son-in-law of the prophet)[人](先知的女婿)阿里,447,448
'ali beg[人]阿里别克,428
almalik[地]阿力麻里,234,235-236,238,244,282,292,305,312,319,326,331,341,342,353,400
alp arslan ibn chagri-beg[人]阿尔普·阿尔斯兰·伊本·查基尔拜格,147,152,184
alp qutlugh (ho ko-tu-lu)[人]阿尔普·骨咄禄(合骨咄禄),121,122
alptigin[人]阿尔普特勤,143
alquibula'a[地]阿勒忽不剌,207
altai (altun)[地]阿尔泰山,xxi, xxiii,xxiv-xxv,xxvi,14,18,19,25,39,81,83,93,109,114,189,208,214,215,222,234,235,280,338,424,479,508,540
altaic languages[文]阿尔泰语系(参看蒙古语、通古斯语、突厥语),xxv,189,544注;参见mongol language; tungus languages; turkic language
altai-su[地]阿尔泰河,214
altan (altan-ochigin)[人]阿勒坦(阿勒坦·斡赤斤),198,202,208,209,211,212,581注
altan-khan (khanate)[朝]阿勒坦汗国,见altynkhan (khanate)
altan-khan (person; yen-ta)[人]阿勒坦汗(俺答),510,513-514,520,539,540,587注
altan-ordo[朝]金帐汗国(阿尔坦斡耳朵),见golden horde
altan uruk(imperial or golden clan)[族]黄金氏族,217,221
alti-shahr[地]阿尔蒂沙尔(喀什噶尔),见kashgaria
altun[地]阿尔泰山,见altai
altun-bäki[人]阿勒屯别吉,见al'altun
altun-ordu[朝]金帐汗国(阿尔浑斡耳朵),见golden horde
altyn-khan (khanate)[朝]阿勒坦汗国,512
altyn-khan (person)[人]硕垒乌巴什洪台吉,见shului ubasha khongtaiji
alughu[人]阿鲁忽,见alghu
a-lu-t'ai[人]阿鲁台,见aruqtai
aman(clemency)[专]阿门(宽恕),434
amankoh (ishkalcha)[地]阿曼科赫堡(伊斯卡察),386,427
amasanji (amasanji-taiji)[人]阿马桑赤台吉,493,507,508
amaterasu[专](日)天照大神,134
ambaqai[人]俺巴孩,198,200,228
amid[地]阿米德(迪亚巴克尔),见diyarbakir
ammianus marcellinus[人]阿米安努斯·马尔克里努斯,74-75,190
amroha[地]阿姆罗赫,339
'amr ibn el-laith[人]阿马尔·伊本·埃-勒斯,142
amu darya (oxus)[地]阿姆河(亚克苏斯河),xxix,30,83,85,142,146,147,158,164,166,167,168,239,240,244,282,331,333,334,340,342,343,345,353,366,393,412,414,418,438,484,485,486,487
amul[地]阿模尔,429,432
amur[地]黑龙江,xxvi,192,515,519
amurdara[人]阿穆尔达喇,629注
amursana[人]阿睦尔撒纳,537-538,541
anacargou[地]哈拉-土尔盖河,见kara-turgai
anagai[人]阿纳盖,85,173
anakast[人]阿纳卡斯特,84
a-na-kuei[人]阿拉环,80,81
ananda[人]阿难答,294,299,300,321,605注
ananino[文]安纳尼诺文化,14,15,73
anapa[地]阿纳帕,16
anash[地]阿纳什,558注
anatolia[地]安纳托利亚,152,154,155,157,164,385,387,389
anchialus[地]安齐阿卢斯,174,177
anda (sworn brothers)[专]安答(结义兄弟),201
andalo da savignano[人]安德鲁·沙维格纳诺,313
andereb[地]安德里布,343
andersson, j. g.[人]安德森,13
andizhan[地]安集延,169,423,426,463,482,492
andkhoi[地]安德·克霍,168,343
andré de longjumeau[人]安德烈·德·朗朱米,273,349
andrew (活跃于1290年)[人]安德鲁,见chagan
andrew (of nassio)[人]安德鲁,304
andrew (of perugia)[人](佩鲁贾的)安德鲁,314,605注
andronicus ii[人]安德努尼卡斯二世,374,385
andronovo[文]安德罗诺沃文化,5
androphagi[人]安德罗法吉人,10,11
angaraland[地]安加拉,xxi
angevins[专]安哲文舰队,374
anhwei[地]安徽,58,138,287
ani[地]阿尼,263
animal art[文]动物艺术,4-5,12-17各处,24-26,50,176,547注
ankara[地]安卡拉,450,451,452
anking[地]安庆,287,310
an lu-shan[人]安禄山,120,128
annam[地]安南国,284,289,290
annam, french[地]安南国(法属),见annam; champa
an shih-kao[人]安世高,49
ansi[朝]安息,47,98
antes[族]安特人,173
antioch[地]安条克,40,155,349,360,361
antiochos vii[人]安提珂七世,31
anyang[地]安阳,5,8
ao-lo po-ki-lie[人]阿罗·波吉乃,197-198
a-pao-ki (ye-lü a-pao-ki)[人]阿保机,128,129,515
ap-ili[地]伊犁河流域,423
aq-khoja[人]阿克霍札,372
aq-ordu[朝]阿黑·斡耳朵(白帐),见white horde
aq-qoyunlu (white sheep)[朝]阿克科雍鲁朝(白羊王朝),160,391,459,462
aqsu[人](察合台汗)阿克苏,492
aqsu[地]阿克苏河,见aksu
aqtagh[地]埃克塔山,84
aqtaghlik[朝]白山派,501,527-528,541
aquchu (a'uchu)[人]阿忽出,582注
a qudu[人]忽都,595注
aquileia[地]阿奎洛尼亚,76,78
'arab muhammad[人]阿拉不·穆罕默德,487,521
arad(commoners)[专]阿剌抽(平民),195,222
aragon[专]阿拉贡舰队,374
arakhosia[地]阿拉霍西亚,31
aral sea (lake aral)[地]咸海,xxix,38,55,67,72,73,80,82,85,126,155,165,166,185,264,335,393,420,521,523
aramaean language[文]阿拉米亚文,113
ararat, mount[地]亚拉腊山,359
aras (araxes)[地]阿拉斯,261,347,348,462
arban(army captain)[专]阿尔班(十夫长),222
arbela (erbil)[地]埃尔比勒,262,368,379,383
arcadiopolis[地]阿卡迪奥波利斯(卢累布尔加兹),见luleburgaz
archers(qorchin)[专]箭筒士(豁儿赤),582注
archers, mounted[专]马上弓箭手,7,8,23,75,223,224,553注-554注
ardashir togachi[人]阿答乞儿·脱花赤,459
ardebil[地]阿尔德比勒,246
arghasun (harqasun)[人]阿尔哈森,608注
arghun[人]阿鲁浑,296,304,308,309,313,367,372-376各处,379
arghun agha[人]阿儿浑阿合,269,281,352,376
argun[地]额尔古纳河,192,207,211,255
arimaspi[族]阿里玛斯波伊人,547注
arin-taize[人]阿林太子,582注
ariq-bögä[人]阿里不哥,280,281,285-286,291,331,332,363,397,456
ariq-qaya[人]阿里海牙,286,287
arjish[地]阿尔吉斯,见ercis
ärkägün (ärkä'ün; nestorian priests),[专]也里可温,300,602注
arlad[族]阿鲁剌惕部,见arulat
“armalech[地]阿力麻里,”见almalik
armavir[地]阿尔马维尔,16,73
armenia[地]亚美尼亚,152,431,449;大亚美尼亚,263,430,433;小亚美尼亚(西里西亚),8,9,263,264,269,271,281-282,305,312,347,360,361,362,363,370,371,379,382,384
armenians[族]亚美尼亚人,357,358,360,361,362,364,371
arne t. j.[人]阿勒,24,26
arnulf[人]阿尔鲁尔弗,178
arpa[地]阿尔帕,423
arpad (family)[族]阿尔帕德家族,178
arpad (9th cent.)[人]阿尔帕德(9世纪人),178
arpagaon (arpakawan)[人]阿尔巴合温,389
arqai[人]阿尔凯,588注
arran (karabakh)[地]阿兰(卡拉巴赫)草原,261,262,263,347,348,353,359,430,437,450,462,594注
arrian[人]阿里安,547注
arshal atar[地]阿沙尔阿塔,423
arslan (活跃于726年)[人]阿尔斯兰,117
arslan (1156-72)[人]阿尔斯兰,166,167
arslan (活跃于1211年)[人]阿尔斯兰,234,238
arslan ahmed[人]阿尔斯兰·阿黑马德汗,164
arslan ilek nasr[人]阿尔斯兰·伊列克·纳斯尔,144,145,146
arslan isra'il[人]阿尔斯兰·伊斯莱尔,149
arslan-khan (约1032-55年)[人]阿尔斯兰汗,147
arslan-khan (活跃于1130年)[人](哈拉汗朝地区汗)阿尔斯兰汗,159,573注
arslan-khan (活跃1211)[人]阿尔斯兰,见arslan
arslan-shah (1161-75)[人]阿尔斯兰·沙赫,158,159
artebanus ii[人]阿尔班努斯二世,31
artena-oghlu[族]阿尔特纳—乌鲁氏族,391
artsakh[地]阿特沙赫,608注
arulat (arlad)[族]阿鲁剌惕部,194,200,223
aruqtai (a-lu-t'ai)[人]阿鲁台,503,504,505,628注
aru-rarja[地]拉加寺地区,见lakiashih
as[族]阿息人(参看阿兰人),见alans
ascelin[人]阿瑟林,348,349
asha-gambu[人]阿沙甘不,247
a-shih-na hien[人]阿史那献,114,115
a-shih-na mi-shö[人]阿史那弥射,103
a-shih-na pu-chen[人]阿史那步真,103
a-shih-na shö-eul[人]阿史那社尔,99,100,101-102
ashkuz[族]斯基泰人,见scythians
ashraf (死于1343年)[人]阿失剌甫,389,405
ashraf, al-(活跃于1230)[人]阿尔·阿昔剌夫,261
ashraf musa, al-[人]阿什拉夫·穆萨,362
asianoi,29,30,[族]阿息洛伊人;参见alans
asioi, 29,30,552注,553注[族]阿息人(阿兰人);参见alans
askys[地]阿什克什河,558注
asod[族]阿苏特部(看阿兰人),见alans
asparukh[人]阿斯帕鲁赫,177
assassins[宗]暗杀派,见isma'ilis
assur[族]亚述人,7
assyria[朝]亚述帝国,6,7,8-9,11,12
assyrian art[文]亚述艺术,4,11-12,13,15
asterabad[地]阿斯特拉巴德,428,429,464,484,485
astrakhan (hajji-tarkhan)[地]阿斯特拉罕,441,442,471,472,473,475,486,521,522,540
astrakhanids (janids)[朝]阿斯特拉罕王朝,486,488
ata(father; as title)[专]阿塔(父亲,一个称号),316
atabeg[专]阿塔卑(封建主),158,169
atagaroghai[地]阿塔合儿灰(卡拉图尔盖河),见kara-turgai
at-bashi[地]阿忒八失河,423
atelkuzu[地]阿特尔库祖,177,178,181,182
atrek[地]阿特里克河,429
atrek-kul[地](巴尔喀什湖)阿特里克湖,见balkhash,lake
atsiz[人]阿特西兹,159,160,166,573注-574注
attali[朝]阿塔鲁王朝,157
attila[人]阿提拉,38,75-76,78,248,267-268
ätügän (ïtügän)[地]於都斤山,561注
a'uchu[人]阿忽出,见aquchu
augsburg[地]奥格斯堡,179
aulie-ata[地]奥李·阿塔,见talas (town)
aunjetitz[地]奥涅提兹,4
aurelian[人]奥列里安,73
aurel stein[人]奥瑞尔,斯坦因,见stein, sir mark aurel
aurignacian culture[文]奥瑞纳文化,3
“aurignacian venus”[文]奥瑞纳女神像,3
austrasia[朝]奥地利,173,174
avak[人](梯弗里斯牧师)阿瓦克,358
avares, avari[族]阿瓦尔人,见avars
avaria[地]阿瓦尔人之地,175-176
avars (abares; abaroi; avares; avari)[族]阿瓦尔人,xxiii-xxiv,xxviii,67,79,82,84-85,171-177各处,193,546注
avicenna[人]阿维森纳,244
ayamish[人]阿牙迷失,302
ayas[地]剌牙思(拉齐卡),见lajazzo
aydin[地]艾登,449,451,452
ayil(camps)[专]阿寅勒,196
ayman, aymaq(tribes or army corps)[专]爱马克(部,或军团),516,530
ayoshka[地]阿约什卡,558注
ayuka[人]阿玉奇,522
ayurparibhadra[人]爱育黎拔力八达,见buyantu
ayurshiridhara[人]爱猷识礼达腊,324,325,502
ayyub[人]阿优布,541
ayyubids[朝]阿尤布王朝,189,261,359-365各处
azerbaijan[地]阿塞拜疆(阿哲儿拜占),151,155,158,169,240,245,260,261,262,263,309,315,334,339,359,361,366,368,389,390,398,405,429,430,437,456,458,459,461,462
'aziz, al-[人]阿尔·阿吉兹,360
azov (town)[地]亚速(城)(参看塔那),见tana
azov, sea of[地]亚速海,15,79,80,172,173,176,177,181,182,246,407,436
baalbek[地]巴勒贝克,447
ba'arin[族]八邻部,194,202,218,599注
ba'atur(as title)[专]巴阿秃儿(称号),194,222
ba'atur (ba'atur-khongtaiji)[人]巴图尔洪台吉,523,526,540
babulsar[地]麦什德·萨尔,见meshed-i-sar
baber[人]巴布尔,417,464,482,483,484,497,498
babur-mirza[人]巴布儿·米儿咱,460,461
babylon[地]巴比伦,7,9
bachanak[人]佩彻涅格人,见petchenegs
bacninh[地]北肮,290
bactra (balkh)[地]巴尔赫,巴里黑城,xxi,40,68,85;参见balkh (city)
bactria (balkh; ta-hsia; tokharistan)[地]巴克特里亚(大夏,吐火罗斯坦),xxii,28-32各处,51,67-71各处,82-83,85,93,172;参见balkh (region);tokharistan
badai[人]把带,210
badakhshan (badascian)[地]巴达克山,65,69,70,71,305,312,340,346,409,411,414,542
badi'az-zeman[人]巴迪·匝曼,465,481
badma sambhava[人]巴德马沙布黑威,629注
badr ad-din lulu[人]别都鲁丁卢卢,263-264,359,366
baga-tarkhan[人]莫贺达干,115,566注
baghatur(as title)[专]巴哈秃儿(称号),194
baghdad[地]巴格达,报达,151,355-356,357,359,367,368,389,390,397,420,426,429,430,433,434,435,450,456,458,462
baghdad,caliphate[朝]巴格达哈里发朝,参看阿拔斯王朝,见abbasids
bägi(as title)[专]别乞(称号),195
bagrach, lake (bagrach kol)[地]博斯腾湖,46,424
bagrat v[人]伯格拉特五世,430
bahmanids[朝]巴赫曼小苏丹国,444
bahram chobin[人]巴赫拉姆·楚宾,85,141
bahram gor[人]巴赫拉姆·哥尔,67-68
bahram-shah[人]巴赫拉姆沙赫,159
bai[地]拜城,426,492,497
baibars[人]拜巴斯,364,366,370,398
baibuqa[人]台不花,见taibuqa
baida, al-[地]拜达城(参看伊提尔),见itil
baidar (peta)[人]拜答儿,264,266
baidarik[地]拜塔里克河,536,581注
baidu[人]拜都,377,378
baiju[人]拜住,263,271,281,282,347,348,349,350,355,359,361,596注
baikal, lake[地]贝加尔湖,xxii,xxvi,xxvii,25,114,192,194,205,208,479,503,504,507,544注
bailey, h. w.[人]贝利,30
baiqara[人]拜哈拉,456,457,458
bairam khwaja[人]拜拉姆·瓦加,391
baishing[地]板升,629注
baitistan (great pulu)[族]巴蒂斯坦,大勃律,118
bajazet (bayezid; bayazid)[人]巴耶塞特,435,448,450-451,452
bajazet ii[人]巴耶塞特二世,483
bäk-chor[人]默啜,见mo-ch'o
bakhchisarai (qirq-yer)[地]巴赫切萨拉伊,471,475
bäki(as title)[专]别乞(称号),195
bala (活跃于1222)[人]八剌(札剌儿部那颜),242
bala (bela;活跃于1252)[人]八拉,330
baladitya[人]槃罗迭多,71
balaklava[地]巴拉克拉瓦,406
balamir (balamber)[人]巴拉米尔(巴拉贝尔),38,73
balanjar[地]巴伦加尔,180
balasagun[地]八拉沙衮,133,144,145,147,164-165,233,234,236,312
balc[地]巴里黑城,巴尔赫,见balkh (city)
baljuna[地]班朱尼河,211,415,583注
balkan mountains[地]巴尔干山脉,175,176,184-185
balkh (city; balc)[地]巴尔赫城,巴里黑城(参看巴克特里亚),116,142,143,146,166,240,243,305,312,340,346,409,411,412,414,415,431,456,457,460,461,481,485,486,487;参见bactra
balkh (region)[地]巴尔赫地区(参看巴克特里亚和吐火罗斯坦),117,153,160,414;参见bactria; tokharistan
balkhash, lake (atrek-kul)[地]巴尔喀什湖,xxiii, 53,55,67,72,80,95,113,114,115,119,120,148,234,238,255,270,275,277,326,335,424,425,480,489,507,508,522,531
baltic[地]波罗的海,395
bamian[地]巴米安,范延,50-51,97,167,241,271,329,334
baniyas[地]巴尼亚斯,363
banjara[人]班家拉,629注
baqi muhammad[人]巴基·穆罕默德,486
baraghun-ghar (bara'un-gharorqar; barun-ghar; right or west wing)[专]右翼军,223,509,629注
baranduk[人]巴兰都黑,480
baraq (ghiyath ad-din)[人]八剌,292,327,332,333-334,369,401,606注
bara'un-ghar (qar)[专]右翼军,见baraghun-ghar
barca[人]别儿哥,见berke
barchuq[人]巴而术,233,234,238,329-330
bardhaa[地]巴尔德哈,437
barghu (barghuchin; barquchin; barqujin)[地]八儿忽真隘,205,208,582注
bar hebraeus[人]巴赫布拉攸斯,191,362,367,377,396
barkiyaruk[人]巴尔基雅鲁克,155
barkol[地]巴里坤,42,48,55,126,536,538
bar kol, lake[地]巴里坤湖,47,126,569注
barla[族]巴鲁剌部,见barula
barlas[人]巴鲁剌思部哈吉,见hajji barlas
barnaoul[地]巴尔瑙尔,525
baroghil pass[地]巴罗吉尔山口,119
barquchin, barqujin[地]八儿忽真隘,见barghu
barquq[人]贝尔孤格,433,434,441,446-447
barsa-bolod[人]巴尔斯博罗特,509,510
bartan-ba'atur[人]把儿坦巴阿秃儿,198
bartatua[人]巴塔图亚,8-9
barthold, v. v.[人]巴托尔德,113,120,126,145,149,154,165,179,181-182,194,195,198,201,222,238,239,253,272,275,277,328,333,341,377,380,395,397,400,407,421,440,441,442,479,480,525,531
barula (barla)[族]巴鲁剌部,194
barun-ghar[专]右翼军,见baraghun-ghar
bashkirs[族]巴什基尔人,403,472,522,576注
basil ii (byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)巴西尔二世,182
basil ii (the blind; russian ruler)[人](罗斯统治者,瞎子)巴西尔二世,470
basil iii (vasili ivanovich; russian ruler)[人](莫斯科大公,瓦西里·伊凡诺维奇)巴西尔三世,473
basmil[族]拔悉蜜,112,113,569注,588注
basra[地]巴士拉,315,458
bastarnae[族]巴斯塔尔尼人,72-73
batchman[人]八赤蛮,264
bateni[地]巴捷尼,18
battle of the marshes[专]麦什德之战,412
battle tactics[专]战术,9,23,24,74-75,224-226,228,229,242-243,245,283;artillery,529,530,540,625注;大象,use of,290,308,339,340,445,447,451,572注;火器,530,532,540;骑兵射手,7,8,23,75,223,224,553注-554注;围攻机械,283,287,450
batu (sain-khan)[人]拔都(赛恩汗),254,264-276,281,282,350,392-396,512,594注,596注
bayan (活跃于582)[人]巴颜,173-174
bayan (活跃于650)[人]巴颜(保加尔人首领),176
bayan (nayan; 1301-09)[人]伯颜(白帐汗),335,403
bayan (po-yen;活跃于1276)[人]伯颜(将领),286,287,292,294,599注
bayan (死于1340)[人](权臣)伯颜,323
bayan-chor[人]默延啜,见mo-yen-cho
bayan selduz[人](速勒都思部)巴颜,343,345,346,409,410
baya'ut[族]伯牙吾惕,194
bayazid, bayezid[人]拜牙即(迷里拜牙即)见bajazet; mir bayezid
bayirku[族]拔野古,109,110
bayisangghur[人]巴义山格呼儿,629注
baysonqor (baysonkur)[人]拜孙哈尔,464
begjik[人]别克吉,411
beha ad-din (beha ad-din muhammad)[人]贝哈哀丁,367,609注
beha ad-din marghinani[人]火者·巴海乌丁,329
beha ad-din razi[人]贝哈哀丁拉齐,588注
beit abe[地]拜特·阿比,357
bek(mayor of the palace)[专]伯克(宫廷侍长),577注
bekter[人]别克台尔,199,200
béla iv (of hungary)[人](匈牙利王)贝拉四世,266,267
bela[人]八拉,见bala
bela vezha, belaya vezha[地]白城(沙克尔),见sarkel
belgrade (singidunum)[地]贝尔格莱德(辛吉杜蒙),76,174
belgutai[人]别里古台,199,293
belisarius[人]伯里沙留斯,79
belor[人]波罗,见bolor
benaket[地]别纳客忒,238,338
benedict xii, pope[人]本尼狄克十二世,304,319,341-342,404
benedict de goës[人]鄂本笃,500
bengal[地]孟加拉,70,444
benveniste, émile[人]贝文尼斯特,10
berdibeg[人]别儿迪别,405
berke (barca)[人]别儿哥,264,265,274,305,332,363,365,366,369,394,397-400各处,420,615注
berkejar[人]别儿克贾,333,401
besasiri[人]贝撒希瑞,151
berry (france)[地]贝里(法国),178
beshbaligh (dzimsa; kiu-shih; kucheng; peiting)[地]别失八里(吉木萨,车师,古城,北庭),42,44,46,47,48,95,100,112,113,114,125,126,144,164,197,233,272,282,305,312,326,327,329,330,331,335,351,400,569注
bessarabia[地]比萨拉比亚,4,9,174
beth garmai[地]伯斯卡迈,368
beya[地]别亚,18
bezeklik[地]伯子克力克,52,96,98,124
bhamo[地]八莫海峡,290,308
bhanugupta[人]巴奴芨多,70
bhatnair[地]帕特奈尔,444
bichura[地]比丘拉,558注
bichurskoye[地]比楚尔斯科雅,551注
bihar[地]比哈尔,70;参见magadha
bihzad[人]毕赫札德,465
bilgä(as title)[专]必勒格,195
bilik(“sayings”)[专]必里克(箴言),221
bilqas[地]比勒加斯,362
binhdinh[地]平定,290,309
birar[族]比拉尔族,515
birecik[地]比雷吉克,361
birkeh-i gurian[地]比耳哈·古里安,423
bistam[地]比斯坦,390
bithynia[地]比萨尼亚,385,452
bitlis[地]比德里思,262
black irtysh[地]黑额尔齐斯河,也儿的石河,也儿的石河上游,82,190,255,312,338,424,425,479,510,512,523,525,537
black sea[地]黑海,8,73,173,177,185,268,276,374,392,405
black sheep[朝]黑羊王朝,见qara-qoyunlu
bleda[人]布勒达,75
blue mongols (kökä mongol)[专]蓝蒙古人,或青蒙古人,xxv,585注
blue turks (kök türk)[专]蓝突厥人,或青突厥人,86,585注;参见t'u-chüeh
bocolabras (shaman; sorcerer)[宗]男巫,172
bodi (bodi-khan)[人]博迪汗,510
bodunchar[人]孛端察尔,193
bögä(shaman)[宗]巫师,172,195
bogdo ala[地]博格达拉山,95
bogdo-khan[人]土谢图汗,见tushetu-khan
boghorchu[人]博儿术,见bo'orchu
boghul (slaves; vassals)[专]孛斡勒(奴隶、属臣),195,222
bögü[人]匐俱,110
bogurji[人]博儿术,见bo'orchu
bohemia[地]波希米亚,175
bohemund vi[人]波赫蒙德六世,360,361,362,363
boibeghus ba'atur[人]拜巴噶斯巴图尔,523
bokhan[人]波汗,85,173
boleslav iv[人]博列思老四世,266
boleslav v (the chaste)[人](贞洁者)博列思老五世,399
bolgar (town; bolgarskoye; bolgary; uspenskoye)[地]保加尔人的城市(今波尔加利,乌斯平斯科伊),264,393,401,594注
bolgars[族]保加尔人,见bulgars
bolgarskoye, bolgary[地]波尔加利城,见bolgar (town)
bolghai[人]孛鲁合,275,285,286
bolkhojinong[人]博勒呼济农,509
bolod (活跃于1285)[人]孛罗(丞相),304,378,381
bolod (约1407-12)[人]不剌汗,见pulad
bolod (place)[地]普拉德,见pulad
bolod temür[人]孛罗帖木儿,324
bolor (belor)[地]波罗,306
bon-posorcery[宗]本教,523
bonus[人]波鲁斯,174
bo'orchu (boghorchu; bogurji)[人]博儿术,200,206,210,223,589注
boraqchin[人]博剌克斤,397
boraq hajjib[人]霍吉勃博剌克,260,353
bordeaux[地]波尔多,375
bordei-herastrau[文]波德·希拉斯特安文化,6
boris[人]鲍里斯,177
borjigin[族]孛儿只斤部,193,199-200,207,217,505
bor nor[地]贝尔湖,捕鱼儿湖,192,198,203,210,502,510,529
borodino[地]博罗季诺,4
boroqul[人]博罗浑,206,210
borotala[地]博罗塔拉,102,554注
borovka, g. i.[人]波罗夫卡,14,16
börte[人]孛儿帖,200,201,218,219,220,394
börte-cino[人]孛儿帖公主,554注
bosporus (city)[地]博斯普鲁斯城,见panticapaeum
bosporus (strait)[地]博斯普鲁斯海峡,174,175
bosporus, cimmerian[地]博斯普鲁斯,见cimmerian bosporus
boucher, guillaume[人]布歇,纪尧姆,280,281
bronze age[专]铜器时代,4-5,6
brussa[地]布鲁萨,见bursa
buchin[人]布金,334
budaq[人]沙·布达克,481
buddha (buddha sakyamuni; sagamoni burcan)[宗]佛陀,308;relics, 298,308,533
buddhagupta[人]佛陀笈多,70,71
buddhism[宗]佛教(参见喇嘛教),xxiii,32,48,49,51,60,63,65,66,70,95,96,98,99,101,111,118,125,220,237,275,276,277,290,297-300,327,367,379,383,527,628注;和尚,602注;翻译文本49,59,96,97,124,299;道人,597注,602注;参见lamaism
buddhist art[文]佛教艺术,48-53,64,65,70,96-99,122,124
buerova mogila[人]布诺瓦,16
bug (river)[地]布格河,5,10,392
bughra-khan harun[人]博格拉汗哈仑,144,145,147
bughra sali tutuq[人]博格拉·萨利·吐吐克,568注
bugur[地]布吉尔,344
bujai[人]布贾,386
bukhara[地]布哈拉,不花剌(城),96,116,117,118,120,141,142,144,145,146,147,149,165,168,169,239,243,244,254,255,305,326,327,328,332,333,335,340,344,345,370,412,413,438,464,465,481,483-489,496,498,531,540
bukharia[地]布哈拉地区,486,526
bukovina[地]布科维纳,4
bulaji (puladshi)[人]播鲁只,344,422
bulan[人]布兰可汗,577注
bulat (pulad)[人]布拉特,532
bulgaria[朝]保加利亚国,178,268,402,403,449;great bulgaria,176
bulgarians (bulgars)[族]保加利亚人(保加尔人),399,402
bulgar language[文]保加尔语,577注
bulgars (bolgars)[族]保加尔人,保加利亚人,xxviii,174,175-176,177,185,186,247,264,392,393,441
buluk[地]布鲁克,549注
bumin (t'u-men)[人]布明(土门),81,82,86
bunchagan, lake[地]布察干湖,581注
buqa timur[人]不花帖木儿,355
burgas[地]布尔加斯,174,177
burgundians[族]勃艮第人,56,60,449
burgundy[地]勃艮第,178
burhan ad-din[人]布汉哀丁,391,449
burhan ad-din (great khoja)[人]包尔汉丁(大和卓),541-542
büri (活跃于1240)[人]不里,264,265,275,607注
büri (活跃于1270)[人]不里,334,338,607注
buri-bökö[人]不里孛阔,204
buri-tigin (tamgatch-khan)[人]贝里特勤,147,572注
burma (mien)[地]缅甸,290-291,308
burni[人]布尔尼,519-520
burqan qaldun[地]不儿罕合勒敦山(肯特山),见kentei
bursa (brussa)[地]布鲁萨,420,451
burut[族]喀喇吉尔吉斯,见kara-kirghiz
buscarel de gisolf[人]布斯卡尔,375,376
bushang[地]布格申,427
butkhanaha(pagan temples)[地]异教寺庙,359
bu'ura[地]布拉河(不兀剌川),201
buyang-ghulai[人]布颜格呼赖,629注
buyan-quli[人]巴颜合里,343
buyan shiban[人]布颜昔班,301
buyan temür[人]卜颜帖木儿,325
buyantu (ayurparibhadra)[人]普颜笃(爱育黎拔力八达),321,340
buyids[朝]布威朝,143,150-151,152,153,354-355
buyiruq[人]不亦鲁,205,208,215,584注
buyur, lake[地]捕鱼儿湖,206
buzar[人]布札儿,234,235
byskar[地]拜什卡尔,558注
bytom[地]比托姆,399
byzantine empire[朝]拜占庭帝国,57,62,82-85,153,172,173-175,177,179-180,182,184,186,385,399,401,402,452
byzantium[地]拜占庭,参看君士坦丁堡,见constantinople
cacianfu[地]河间府,见hokien
caesarea[地]凯撒里亚,154,273,349
caffa (feodisiya)[地]喀发(费奥多西亚),319,342,403,404,405,407,471,472,473
cahen, g.,[人]卡亨,402
cahun, léon[人]卡洪,224,247
cail (kayal)[地]卡亚尔,311
cailac[地]海押立,见qayaligh
cairo[地]开罗,364,387
caitan, çaiton[地]刺桐,(泉州),见chüanchow
cambaluc[地]汗八里,(北京),见peking
cambay, gulf of[地]坎贝湾,309
cambodia[地]柬埔寨(高棉),见khmer
campiciu[地]甘州,见kanchow (kansu)
campsay[地]杭州,见hangchow
campus mauriacus[地]莫里亚库斯驻地,76
camul[地]哈密,见hami
cansay[地]杭州,见hangchow
canton (sincalan)[地]广州(辛迦兰),287,290,305,308,309-310,315,323,324,518,605注
cappadocia[地]卡帕多细亚,8,9,154,155,157,370,391,449
carachoço[地]哈剌火州(吐鲁番),见turfan
caragian (kingdom)[朝]云南国,见yunnan
caragian (town)[地](云南;大理城)哈剌章,见tali
caraian[朝]云南(王国),见yunnan (kingdom)
caramoran[地]黄河,见yellow river
caria[地]卡里亚,452
carl, jean[人]j.卡尔,51
carnatic[地]卡纳蒂克,311
carnuntum,[地]卡农图姆,175
carolingians[族]加洛林王朝人(也参看查理曼),60,158,178;参见charlemagne
carpathian mountains[地]喀尔巴阡山脉,73,75,176,177
carpini[人]迦儿宾,见piano carpini
cascar[地]喀什城,见kashgar
casimir iv (of poland)[人](波兰的)卡西米四世,470
caspian sea[地]里海,8,93,185,245,400,508,521,523,525
catalonia[地]加太罗尼亚,74
cathay[地]契丹,306,309
catherine ii (of russia)[人](俄国的)叶卡捷琳娜二世,477
catholic church[宗]天主教教会,见christianity条下
cattaro[地]科托尔,见kotor
caucausus[地]高加索,6,8,9,11,176,181,240,246,263,366,376,392,397,419,433,442,522
cavalry[专]骑兵,见archers,mounted;horse
ceylon[地]锡兰国,298,308,311,315
chaban[地]佛誓,见vijaya
chadak[地]哈达克,488
chagan[人]察罕,223
chagan (zagan; andrew)[人]察甘,376
chagatai[人]察合台,见jagatai
chaghan[人]察罕,259
chaghan-ordo[朝]白帐汗国(查罕·斡耳朵),见white horde
chaghan tatar[族]察罕塔塔儿部,207-208
chaghan temür[人]察罕帖木儿,323,324
chagri-beg[人]查基尔拜格,150
chagri-khan jalal ad-din[人]恰格里汗·贾拉尔·阿德·丁,574注
chahar (people)[族]察哈儿人,509-514,517,519,530,538,629注
chahar (place)[地]察哈尔,xxii,xxv,25,164,285,288,507,516
chaka (jeku)[人]术客,402,403
chakravartin(as title)[宗]查克拉瓦蒂(佛教词汇中为“宇宙之君主”),298
chalcedon[地]卡尔西登,174
chalish[地]察力失(焉耆,喀拉沙尔),见kara shahr
chäm (jäm)[地]剑河,584注
champa (ciamba; cyamba)[朝]占婆,289-290,308,315
champagne (region)[地]香巴尼地区,178
chandrapida[人]真陀罗秘利,118-119
chandu[地]上都府,见shangtuho
changan (fengyuanfu; kingchaofu; qan-baliq; quegianfu; sera metropolis; sian)[地]长安(京兆府),xxix,34,38,41,56,57,58,59,61,63,66,81,83,89,90,92,100,120,126,127,232,307,599注,604注,605注
chang ch'uen[人]张骞,30,34
changchow[地]常州,287
ch'ang-ch'uen[人]长春真人,见kiou ch'ang-ch'uen
changchun[地]长春,516
chang hiao-sung[人]张孝嵩,117
ch'ang huei[人]常惠,37
chang kuei[人]张珪,299
changping[地]昌平,107
changsha[地]长沙,284,287
chang shih-ch'eng[人]张士诚,323,324
chang shih-ch'ung[人]张世忠,511
chang shih-kie[人]张世杰,287
chang shuen[人]张顺,287
changteh[地]彰德(参看邺城),65,130,137,232;参见ye
chang-ti[人]汉章帝,42,44
changyeh[地]张掖,35,41
chan kue[人]张贵,287
chao[朝]赵国,20
ch'ao (paper currency)[专]钞(纸币),297,310,377
chao, hou-[朝]后赵,见hou-chao
chao, ts'ien[朝]前赵,见ts'ien-chao
chaochow[地]潮州,287
chaochow[地]赵州,108
chao huei[人]兆惠,538,541
chao hung[人]赵珙,199
chao k'uang-yin[人]赵匡胤(宋太祖),见t'ai-tsu
chao meng-fu, school of[文]赵孟頫瞓学派,223
chao-modo[地]昭莫多,530
chao pao[人]赵彪,54
chao pao-ki (li ki-ts'ien)[人]赵保机(李继迁),132
chao p'o-nu[人]赵破奴,35
chao ssu-wen[人]赵思温,129
chao tö-ming[人]赵德明,133
chaoyang[人]朝阳,557注
chao yüan-hao[人]赵元昊,133
chäpär[人]察八儿,295,335,336,338,384
chapogir[族]恰波吉尔人,515
charchan[地]车尔城,见cherchen
charin[地]察里恩河,460
charkhlik[地]恰克里克城(参看罗不),见lop
charlemagne[人]查理曼,82,158,175
charpentier, jarl[人]查尔彭蒂尔,29,30
cha'ur-bäki[人]察兀儿别吉,209
chavannes, édouard[人]沙畹,42
che ch'an[人]支谶,49
che-che[人]致支,37,38,55,72
che-che yun-tu, mount[地]《元史》折折运都山,212
chekiang[地]浙江,137,287,308,323,324,518
che k'ien[人]支曜,49
chenab[地]杰纳布河,446
chenchow[地]镇巢,304,503,599注
cheng ki[人]郑吉,37
ch'eng t'ang[人]陈汤,38
chengting[地]正定,108,130,132,229
chengtu (sindufu)[地]兴都府,307,310,598注
chenkiang (cinghianfu)[地]镇江,137,139,302
chen-kin (chinkim)[人]真金,302,321
ch'en mu[人]陈睦,43,46
chen-tsung[人]宋真宗,132,133
ch'en yu-liang[人]陈友谅,323,324
cherchen (charchan; ciarcian)[地]车尔城,306
cheremis[族]切列米斯人,472
cherman[地]起儿漫,见kerman
chernigov[地]切尔尼戈夫,10,246,265
chernoziom[地]切尔诺柔姆,547注
chernyakhov[地]切尔尼亚霍夫,73
chersonesus,85;[地]刻松城,参见kherson
chertomlyk[地]切尔托姆雷克,7,10,546注
ch'eu ou[人]崔瑀,599注
chi[地]蓟(今天的北京),见peking
ch'i, pei-[朝]北齐,见pei-ch'i
chiangmai (xiengmai; pape)[地]清迈,291,600注
chia ssu-tao[人]贾似道,284,286
ch'i-chia-p'ing[文]齐家坪文化,3
chichow[地]池州,287
ch'ien han shu[书]《前汉书》,21,29,30-31
ch'ien-lung[人]乾隆,xxx,518,520,537,538-539,542
chihli, gulf of[地]直隶湾,14,230
chihtan[地]志丹(保安),见paoan
chih tao[人](傅安)之道,见fu an
chila'un[人]赤老温,200,206
chilgerbökö[人]赤勒格儿力士,201
chilperic[人]查尔帕里克,58
chimbai[人]赤不拜,200
ch'in[朝]秦朝,20,26-27
chin (12th-13th cent.)[朝]金国,见kin
chin, hou-[朝]后金,见hou-chin
ch'in, hou-[朝]后秦,见hou-ch'in
ch'in, hsi-[朝]西秦,见hsi-ch'in
chin, northern or western[朝]晋(北晋或称西晋),54,55
chin, southern or eastern[朝]晋(南晋或东晋),56-57
ch'in ts'ien-[朝]前秦,见ts'ien-ch'in
china, republic of[朝]中华民国,323,519,529
china sea[地]中国海,308
chinaz[地]契纳兹,412
chinggis-khan[人]成吉思汗,见jenghiz khan
chingintalas[地]欣斤塔剌思,603注
chingiz[地]青吉兹,215
chin huai-ti[人]晋怀帝,56
chinkiang[地]镇江,287
chinkim[人]真金,见chen-kin
chin min-ti[人]晋愍帝,56
chinqai[人]镇海,257,268,270,272,274,351
ch'in shih huang-ti[人]秦始皇,20,26,101
chintimur,[人]真帖木儿,351
chios[地]希俄斯岛,452
chirchik (parak)[地]奇尔奇克河(帕拉克河),244,463,496
chigirin[地]奇吉林,15
chita[地]基塔,25,37,551注
ch'iu-chiu-ch'ueh[人]邱就却,见kujula kadphises
chiu shih-ssu[人]瞿式耜,518
chkalov[地]奥伦堡,见orenburg
chmielnik[地]赫梅尔尼克,266
chochow[地]涿州,131,132,570注
chofang[地]朔方,34-35
chöl[族]沙陀,见sha-t'o
choligh-buqa[人]绰里吉不花,301
chopan (juban)[人]出班,385,387
chormaghan (chormaqan)[人]绰儿马罕,261-262,263,347-348,350,351,359
choros (olöt; tsoros)[族]绰罗斯部,503,520-521,523-528各处,531,537,538,539,540;参见oirat
chosroes i anoshirvan[人]库思老一世(阿奴细尔汪),82,83
chosroes ii parviz[人]库思老二世(帕维兹),51,85,174
chou, hou-[朝]后周,见hou-chou
chou, pei-[朝]北周,见pei-chou
chou ta-kuan[人]周达观,291
chowkowtien[地](北京)周口店,3
christianity[宗]基督教,165,179,180,186,220,263,281,282,300,312,313-314,319,341-342,348,356-358,360,361,363,377,379,401,402,404;主教,300;参见jacobites; nestorianism
chu[地]楚河,38,67,82,102,133,144,145,165,189,204,233,236,244,254,277,326,343,395,397,423,425,508
chüanchow (caitan; caiton; zayton)[地]泉州(刺桐),287,291,305,308,310,311,312,314,319,604注
chuchow (cugiu)[地]处州,308
chufut-kale[地]基尔基,见kirki
chuguchak[地]楚固恰克,xxiii,95,164,424,526
ch'u-lo[人]处罗,89
ch'u-mi[族],处蜜,100
ch'u-mu-kuen[族]处木昆,115
chumysh[地]楚麦什河,525
chung[人]忠,43,45
ch'ung-cheng[人]崇祯帝,517
ch'ung-fu-ssu(government department)[专]崇福司,300
chung-hei[人](金王)永济,140,227,230
chunghing[地]中兴府(参看宁夏),见ningsia
chungli (fengyang)[地]钟离(凤阳),65
chungshan (tingchow)[地]中山(今保定南部的定州),59,60
chung-tu[地]中都(北京),见peking
chuong-duong[地]升隆,290
chu sho-fu[人]竺朔佛,49
chuvash (people)[族]楚瓦什人,177,472,559注
chuvash (mountain)[地]楚瓦什山,489
chuvash language[文]楚瓦什语,577注,559注
ch'u wen[人]朱温,127
chu yüan-chang[人]朱元璋,见hung-wu
ch'u-yueh[族]处月部,见sha-t'o
cialis[地]察力失(喀拉沙尔),见kara shahr
ciamba[地]占城,见champa
ciangli[地]滋阳,见tsiyang
cianglu[地]长卢,见tsanglu
ciarcian[地]车尔城,见cherchen
cilicia (little armenia)[地]西里西亚(小亚美尼亚),8,9,263,264,269,271,281-282,305,312,347,360,361,362,363,370,371,379,382,384
cimmerian bosporus[地]辛梅里安人的博斯普鲁斯,xxvi,18,25,39
cimmerians[族]辛梅里安人,v,4-5,6,8,9,10,11,25,545注
cinghianfu[地]镇江,见chenkiang
circassia[地]塞卡西亚,376,442
circassians[族]契尔克斯人,246
clavijo[人]克拉维约,453
clement v, pope[人](教皇)克力门五世,314,384
clovis[人]克洛维,63
coal, mining of[专]煤矿,309
cocachin[人]阔阔真,见kökächin
coigangiu[地]淮安,见hwaian
coilum[地]奎隆,见quilon
colchis[地]科尔奇斯,8
confederates[族]卫拉特人,见oirat
confucianism[宗]儒教,64,299,300
confucius[人]孔子,64
constantine v[人]君士坦丁五世,177
constantine vii (porphyrogenitus)[人]君士坦丁七世,177,178,182,577注
constantine x (ducas)[人]君士坦丁十世,185
constantine diogenes[人]康士坦丁·台吉勒斯,182
constantine tych (of bulgaria)[人]君士坦丁泰奇,399
constantinople (byzantium)[地]君士坦丁堡(拜占庭),xxviii,xxix,56,57,174,176,182,184,276,319,374,399,449,452,453,533
cordier, henri[人]考狄尔,316
corlu[地]乔尔卢,184
costume[专]服饰,7,8,20,21,51,52,74,97-98,124,223
cotan[地]于阗(和田),见khotan
council of lyons[专]路易斯宗教委员会,370
courant, maurice[人]考朗特,510,515,526,531,532
coyat[人]科亚特,277
cracow[地]克拉科夫,266,399
crimea[地]克里米亚,13,15,39,73,85,180,182,247,276;热那亚和威尼斯银行家,247,312,374,403-407,442,471;汗国,470,471,472,473,475,477;可萨里亚,180,314,401,403
croatia[地]克罗地亚,267
croats[族]克罗地人,175
cromerus[书]《克罗麦鲁斯编年史》,399
crusades and crusaders[专]十字军,245,246,349,449,451,452;参见jerusalem
csanad[地]琼纳德,266
csongrad[地]琼格拉德,176
csuny[地]琼尼,176
ctesiphon[地]泰西封,68
cubuk[地]丘布克,451
cucuteni[地]库库特尼,4
cugiu[地]处州,见chuchow
cumanian language[文]库蛮语,280
cumans[族]库蛮人,钦察人,见kipchaks
currency: coins[专]钱币(怯伯币,纸钞),380,393,401;硬币,341;纸币,297,310,377
cyamba[朝]占婆,见champa
cyandu[地]上都府,见shangtuho
cyaxares[人]奇阿克撒列,9
cyprus[地]塞浦路斯,281
cyril, st.,[人]圣·西利尔,180
cyrus[人]居鲁士,9
dacia[地]达西亚,45,72,73
dagestan[地]达吉斯坦,179,182
daha[地]帕哈,见kediri
dahur[族]达呼尔族,515
dai-sechen[人]德薜禅,200,206
dalai khan[人]达赖汗,524
dalai lama (tale-lama; as title)[专]达赖喇嘛,514,581注
dalai nor (hulun nor)[地]达赉诺尔(呼伦池),54,210,582注
dalai taiji[人]达赖台吉,523
dalmatia[地]达尔马提亚群岛,267
damascus[地]大马士革,154,155,261,360,361,362,363,365,382,419,447-448
damghan[地]达姆甘,240,428,461
damietta[地]达米埃塔,245,373
damna[地]达蒙纳,41
dandanaqan[地]丹丹坎,147,150
dandan-uilik[地]丹丹-乌里克,52,96
daniel (of galicia)[地](西里西亚的)丹尼勒,265,395,399
danishmend (muslim doctors)[专]达失蛮(回教僧侣),602注
danishmend behadur[人]答尼失蛮·巴黑都儿,385,386
danishmendids[朝]丹尼什门德王朝,154
danishmendiya[人]答失蛮察,343
daniyal-khoja[人]丹尼雅尔和卓,528,541
danube[地]多瑙河,4,72,74,75,76,78,79,148,173-178,181,182,184,185,267,268,295,399
dao-tu ki[人]陶子奇,290
daquqa[地]达古格,245
daritai (daritai-noyan; daritai-ochigin)[人]答力台-斡赤斤,202,208,212,213
darius[人]大流士,9-10,23
darja[人]达尔扎,537
darqan (darqat; as title)[专]答儿罕(称号),222,586注-587注
darugachi (daruqachi; official)[专]达鲁花赤(地方官),243,259
daud[人]道特,149
daulet girei iii[人]道勒特·格来,477
david (活跃于1248)[人]大卫,349
david lasha[人]大卫·拉沙,269,272,350
david narin[人]大卫·纳林,269,272,350
dawaji (tawaji)[人]达瓦齐,537,538
dawud-khoja[人]达乌德火者,315,340,386
dayan[人]达延汗,509-510,539,540
dayan khan[人]达延汗,524
dayir usun[人]带儿兀孙,215
daylam[朝]戴拉木王朝,355
daxata[地]达克沙塔,41
dbus[地]乌斯藏,524
deccan[地]德干高原,69,311,444
delhi[地]德里,242,260,339,341,417,419,420,443,444,445,446
denev[地]德勒夫,10
dengizich (dinzigich)[人]顿吉兹奇(丁兹吉克),78-79
denha[人]腆合,304
denha, mar[人]马·德赫,见mar denha
derbent[地]打耳班,8,246,281,282,366,369,376,398,430,437,441
derestuisk[地]德瑞斯特斯克,25,37
dervish[人]德尔维希,475
desna[地]德斯纳河,11
dewatdar[专]副掌印官,357
dilshad agha[人]迪勒沙·阿哈,423
dimitrii donskoi[人]德米特里·顿斯科伊,405-406,407
dinzigich[人](顿吉兹奇)丁兹吉克,见dengizich
dio cassius[人]狄奥卡修斯,547注
diyarbakir (amid)[地]迪亚巴克尔,261,262,263,360,433,456,459,462
dizful[地]迪兹富勒,432
djaylak[地]迪杰拉克,见jaylak
djenkshi[人]靖克失汗,见jenkshi
dnieper[地]第聂伯河,4,10,73,177,178,181,182,246,392,402,471
dniester[地]德聂斯特河,72,73,268,392,407,436
doab[地]多阿布,69,443,444
dobrogea (dobruja)[地]多布罗加,78
dobun-mergen[人]朵奔蔑儿干,193
dolonnor[地]多伦诺尔,上都府,见shangtuho
don[地]顿河,72,73,80,172,178,180,181,312,392,402,404,406,441,442,471,472,522
donets[地]顿涅茨河,392,402
dongkur manjusri khutukhtu[人]惇果尔文殊师刊呼图克图,514
donskoi, dimitrii[人]德米特里·顿斯科伊,见dimitrii donskoi
doquz-khatun[人]脱古思可敦,356,357,358,361,367
dörben[族]朵儿边部,见dörböt
dörben oirat[族]杜尔本·卫拉特,见oirat
dörben qoriya (wang)[族]“四圈”旗,郡王部,511
dörböt (dörben; dörböd; turbet)[族]杜尔伯特,194,206,207,208,213,503,520,523,525,527,537,538;参见oirat
drangiana[地]德兰吉亚那,31
dristra (durostorum; silistra)[地]锡利斯特拉,xxiv,184
drosakhe[地](希腊地理学家们的)酒泉,41
dughlats (duqlats)[族]杜格拉特人,344,412,422,425,453,459,463,491-495,497,498,499
dukhtar-i-noshirvan[地]杜克塔-依-奴细尔汪,51
dülün-boldaq[地]跌里温盘陀山,199
dunapentele[地]杜纳彭特勒,176
duqaq timuryaligh[人]杜卡克·帖木耳雅里赫,148
duqlats[族]杜格拉特人,见dughlats
dürbäljïn(square script)[文]都尔巴金字(方块字),298
durbelji[族]杜尔伯斤,25,549注
dungan[族]东干人,538
dürlükin[族]都儿鲁斤部,194
durostorum[地]锡利斯特拉,见dristra
dust muhammad[人]笃思忒·马黑麻,461,463,493
duwa[人]都哇,294,295,303,334,335-336,338,339,384,403
duwa-timur[人]笃来帖木儿,341
dzasagtu-khan (khanate)[人]扎萨克图汗,512
dzasagtu-khan (person)[人]扎萨格图汗,见shara; subati
dzhambul[地]江布尔(塔拉斯城),见talas (town)
dzimsa[地]济木萨(别失八里)见beshbaligh
dzungar (jungar)[族]准噶尔人(也名卡尔梅克人),501,512,520,525-539各处,541,630注,参见kalmucks; oirat
dzungaria[地]准噶尔地区,82,89,102,114,479,521,524,536,537,538,542
eastern roman empire[朝]东罗马帝国,拜占庭帝国,见byzantine empire
"east iranian" language[文]东伊朗语,xxiii, 29,40,49,96
ebejesu[人]伊伯杰苏,191
ebi nor[地]艾比湖,102,331,344,491
ebuskun[人]也速伦,329
ecbatana[地]埃克巴坦那(哈马丹),见hamadan
edeco[人]埃德科,78
edessa[地]埃德沙,361
edward i (of england)[人](英格兰的)爱德华一世,370,371,375,376
edward ii (of england)[人](英格兰的)爱德华二世,384
egrigain[地]宁夏,见ningsia
egypt[朝]埃及王朝(参看马木路克朝),355,359,364,365,参见mamelukes (dynasty)
ekaterinburg[地]埃卡特林贝尔格,11,547注
ekaterinoslav[地]埃卡特林罗斯拉夫,16
ekaterinovka[地]埃卡特罗夫卡,548注
el[人]名,颉利,见hie-li
elbek[人]额勒伯克,503
elephant,use in battle[专]战象,290,308,339,340,445,447,451,572注
eleuthes[族]厄鲁特部,521
elias, ney[人]埃尼亚斯,423,497,500
elizavetovskaya[地]伊里扎威托夫斯卡亚,13,15,16
eljigidäi[人]野里知吉带,271,274
eljigidäi[人]燕只吉带,341,348,349-350,586注
ellac[人]埃拉卡,78
elqutur[人]燕儿火脱,582注
eltäbir (as title)[专]颉利发,565注
elterish[人]颉跌利施(骨咄禄),见qutlugh
elya[人]也里牙,304
emba[地]恩巴河,148,181,394,521
emnedzar[人]恩勒德扎尔,78
engels[地]恩格尔斯(波克罗夫斯克),见pokrovsk
enos[地]埃诺斯,184
ephesus[地]以弗所,452
ephtha (ye-ta)[族]莚哒,67
ephthalites (hayathelites; ye-tai; white huns; huna)[族]莚哒人(白匈奴人,厌带夷栗陀),65,67-72,80,82,172,173,193,217,417;参见avars “equius,”277
eran[地]伊兰,71
erbil[地]埃尔比勒,见arbela
ercis (arjish)[地]阿尔吉斯,262
erdeni[人]额尔德尼,见irdana
erdeni dzu[地]额尔德尼昭寺庙,528
eregli[地]埃雷利(参看赫拉克利庞蒂亚),见heraclea pontica
erginul, ergiuul[地]凉州(马可记法),见liangchow
eric (of friuli)[人](弗留利大公)伊里克,175
erinchin[人]额璘臣济农,517
erkegüd[族]额尔克固特部,630注
erke-khongor[人]额哲洪果尔,517
erkene-qun[地]额儿古涅昆,193
erke-qara[人]额尔客合剌,204,206,581注
erküt[专]也里可温(近代写法),见erqüt
ermak[人]叶尔马克,489,490
ermanarich[人]亥耳曼纳奇,73
ermenak[地]埃尔梅内克山区,385
ernac[人]埃尔纳克,78
erqüt (erküt)[专]也里可温的近代形式,602注
erzerum[地]额尔哲鲁木城,263,430,449,450
erzincan[地]埃尔津詹,261,263,281,382,430,449,450,462
esen (esen-taiji; ye-hsien taichi)[人]额森台吉,也先台吉,491,492,506,507,508,520
esen-buqa (esen-bugha)[人]也先不花,315,338-339,340,386
esen-buqa ii (esen-bugha)[人]也先不花二世,460-461,480,492-493
esen temür (yesen temür; essan-temur)[人]也先帖木儿,308
eskisehir[地]埃斯基谢希尔,385
essantemur[人]也先帖木儿,见esen temür
essekü[人]额色库,504
esztergom[地]埃斯泰尔戈姆城堡,见gran
eternal heaven[宗]长生天,腾格里,见tängri
etsin gol[地]额济纳河,36,212
etzina[地](马可记哈拉霍屯城)额济纳,见karakhoto
eukratides[人]幼克拉蒂斯,29
euphrates[地]幼发拉底河,295,361,365,371,385,446
euphrosyne[人]欧菲柔细纳,400
eurasia, sea of[地]欧亚海,xxi
eutychios[人]攸提开俄斯,84
fadl allah rashid ad-din tabib[人]拉施特(法德尔·阿拉赫·拉施特),见rashid ad-din
fakhr ad-din kert[人]法黑剌丁,380,385-386
fancheng[地]凡城,287
fang kuo-chen[人]方国珍,323,324
faraj[人]法赖吉,447
fars[地]法尔斯,151,158,169,260,261,353,354,359,366,382,390,426,431,433,456,457,459,461
fatimids[朝]法提玛王朝,154
fedor (of ryazan)[人](里亚赞的)费多尔,616注
fedulovo[地]费杜罗沃,16
fei-yang-ku[人]费扬古,530
fenek[地]费内克,176
fengsiang[地]凤翔,257
fengyang[地]凤阳(钟离)见chungli
fengyüanfu[地]奉元府(长安),见changan
feodosiya[地]喀发,见caffa
fergana (ta-yüan)[地]费尔干纳(大宛),xxii,8,28,29,36,40,43,48,116,117,142,144,234,344,423,426,438,463,464,482,486,488,492,494,496,497,498,554注
fettich, nandor[人]弗蒂奇·南朵尔(著有《战国》)67,176,“fighting states,”见“warring states”
finance[专]财政,见crimea, genoese and venetian bankers; currency; taxation
finno-ugrian languages[文]芬兰-乌戈尔语,xxv
finno-ugrians[族]芬兰-乌戈尔种人,10-11,14,15,73,177,178
firdausi[人]费尔多希,243
five hordes[族]五部落,56
flor des estoires d'orient[书]《海顿行纪》(参看海顿),见hayton
fokuru[地]富库鲁,8
four confederates[族]四同盟者,参看卫拉特,见oirat
four garrisons[地]四镇(焉耆、喀什、于阗和库车),见kara shahr; kashgar; khotan; kucha
“four tughri”[地]四塔沟里,551注,568注
francesco da podio[人]弗朗希斯科,319
francis (of alexandria)[人]弗朗希斯,342
franks[族]法兰克人,56,60,62,173,174,175,178,359-360,364,371,449;参见syria
friuli[地]弗留利,174
fu an (chih tao)[人]傅安(之道),353,459
fu chien[人]苻坚,59,300
fuchow (fugiu)[地]鄜州,232,287,305,308,311,518,603注
fukien[地]福建,287,304,307,308,323,324,518
fu-li(as title)[专]附离(称号),87
fundukistan[地]法杜克斯坦,51
funerary customs[专]葬礼,8,21,23,87,129,546注,591注
fungchow[地]丰州,见yülin
fung fung-shih[人]冯奉世,37
fur trading[专]皮毛贸易,403
fu-shö sin[人]伏阇信,101
fu-te[人]富德,542
fu-ting[人]福定,603注
gaikhatu[人]海合都,309,373,377,612注
galatia[地]加拉底亚,157
galdan[人]噶尔丹,525-531,540,541
galdan tsereng[人]葛尔丹策零,532,536-537,540,541
galicia (galich)[地]加利西亚(或加利奇),6,8,246,265,266,395
galicia, spanish[地](西班牙的)加利西亚,74
galilee[地]加利利,364
gandhara[地]犍陀罗,49,65,69,70,71
gandharan art[文]犍陀罗艺术,48-49,64,70
ganges[地]恒河,69,71,146,168,419
ganja[地]刚加,151,263
ganja-karabakh[地]甘扎-卡拉巴克赫,5,545注
gardizi[人]迦尔迪齐,177,185,549注
garni[地]哈儿尼,见karni
gaul[地]高卢,63,74,76
gaza[地]加沙,362,364
gazaria[地]可萨尼亚,见khazaria
genoa[地]热那亚,374,375
genoese:在希俄斯[族]热那亚人,452;在克里米亚,247,312,374,403-407,442,471;在特拉布松,374
george (1235-42)[人]阔儿吉思(乔治),见körgüz
george (死于1298年)[人]阔里吉思,见körgüz
george (son of 'isä)[人]阔里吉思,304
georgia (and georgians)[地]格鲁吉亚,谷儿只,5,186,245,246,260,263,272,347,350,358,360,364,371,430,433,434,450
georgios tzoulos[人]乔治·佐勒斯,181
gepidae[族]吉别达伊人,73,75,78,173
ger (tents)[专]廓尔(帐篷),196
gerard[人]格拉德,314
geray[朝]格来王朝,见girei
gerbillon, père[人]热比荣,631注
geresandza (geresandza ochigin)[人]格森札斡惕赤斤,510,511
germania[地]日耳曼尼亚,173,179
germanic tribes[族]日耳曼部落,55,56,57,60,72-77,82,173,174,175;民族大迁徙,16,54
gestes des chiprois[专](提尔的)圣殿骑士,见templar of tyre
getae[族]盖特人,548注
ghajawan[地]加贾湾,484
ghazan[人]合赞,309,373,376-383,396,613注
ghazaniyeh[地]加赞尼耶,384
ghaznavids,[朝]伽色尼王朝,xxvii, 143-147,149-150,159,167-168
ghazni[地]加兹尼城,143,144,159,167-168,170,241,242,382,387,431
ghiugiu[地]衢州,见küchow
ghiyath ad-din (活跃于1174年)[人]吉雅斯·阿德丁,168
ghiyath ad-din (活跃于1224年)[人]嘉泰丁,260
ghiyath ad-din (活跃于1270年)[人]八剌,见baraq
ghiyath ad-din kert (活跃1307年)[人]嘉泰丁,386,387,389
ghiyath ad-din ii pir 'ali[人]嘉泰丁二世皮儿·阿里,427
ghor[地]古尔山区,167,168,352,382,427
ghorids[朝]古尔王朝,167-168,236,339,352-353,574注
ghurek (ikhshedh ghurek)[人]伊克谢德·胡拉克,116,117,118
ghuta[地]姑塔,447
ghuzz[族]古兹(参看乌古思),见oghuz
gilgit (little pulu)[族]吉尔吉特(小勃律),118,119
gilotto[人]基罗托,342
giorgi iii lasha[人]吉奥吉尔三世拉沙,245,260
giorgi vi[人]乔治六世,434
giovanni da marignolli[人]约翰·马黎诺里,319,342,404
giovanni da montecorvino[人]约翰·孟德科维诺,302,313,314,317,318,319,605注
girei (geray)[朝]格来王朝,471,472,473,475,477
girei, hajji[人]哈吉·格来,见hajji girei
girines[地]吉里勒斯,267
gisolf, buscarel de[人]布斯卡尔,见buscarel de gisolf
gliadenovo[地]格里亚德罗夫,548注
gobi desert[地]戈壁滩,xxii,xxv,34,61,62,132,133,138,191,196,203,212,234,286,318,424,425,504,505,536;绿洲,参见tarim
godan[人]阔端,259,593注,595注
godard, madame[人]哥达德夫人,51
göduk ahmed-pasha[人]哥杜克阿赫麦德(帕夏),471
goës, benedict de[人]鄂本笃,见benedict de goës
gokcha (sevan),lake[地]哥克察克湖(塞凡湖),348,430
gold (people)[族]金人,515
golden horde (altan-ordo; altunordu)[朝]金帐,参看钦察汗国,395-407,419,420,436,440,441,452,469-471,479;参见batu; kipchak khanate
görgüz[人]阔里吉思,见körgüz
gorki[地]下诺夫哥罗德(高尔基),见nizhni novgorod
gorodcheskaya[地]哥罗切斯卡亚,558注
gorodets[地]戈罗杰茨,470
goshi[人]完颜希尹,见wan-yen wu-shih
“gothia”[地]哥特人之地,406
goths[族]哥特人(吉别达伊人,东哥特人,西哥特人),16,56,73;参见gepidae; ostrogoths; visigoths
gran (strigonium; esztergom)[地]格兰城堡,267
grand canal[地]大运河,309,310
great armenia[地]大亚美尼亚,263,430,433
great bulgaria[朝]大保加利亚国,176
great horde (ulu-jüz)[朝]大帐(参看吉尔吉斯-哈萨克人),480,488,499,526,532,625注,参见kirghiz-kazakhs
great moravia[朝]大摩尔维亚,175,178
great pulu[朝]大勃律,见baitistan
great wall (of china)[地]长城,xxiv,20,26,34,61,80,85,227,324,507,514,540
great yüeh-chih (ta yüeh-chih)[族]大月氏,29
greco-buddhist art[文]希腊-佛教艺术,48-49,50,52,96,99;参见gandharan art
greco-roman art[文]希腊-罗马艺术,16,18,39,48
greco-scythian art[文]希腊-斯基泰艺术,8,13,15,18
gregory x, pope[人](教皇)格列高利十世,307,308-309,370,371
gregory (of tours)[人](图尔的)格里戈利,174,575注
grenard, fernand[人]格纳德,190,194,223,245,482
griaznov, m. p.[人]格里亚兹诺夫(使团),18
grillo, antonio[人]安东尼奥·格利洛,404
guichard (of cremona)[人](克里莫纳的)吉查德,348
guilds[专]商会,309-310
guillaume da prato[人]纪尧姆·波拉特,319
guillaume de hévésy[人]纪尧姆·赫威塞,见hévésy, guillaume de
guillaume de munte[人]纪尧姆·蒙特,451
guinzai[地]杭州,见hangchow
guiwarguis, mar[人]马·基瓦古斯,见mar guiwarguis
gujarat[地]吉莱特,32,444,445
gün biliktü mergen[人]衮必里克墨尔根,510,511
gupta[朝]芨多王朝,69,70
gurbesu[人]古儿别速,212,214
gurgan[地]古尔甘,390,464
gurganj[地]玉龙杰赤(乌尔根奇),见urgench
gurjara[族]瞿析罗人,72
gur-khan (as title)[专]古儿罕,165,206,233
gur-khan (person)[人]菊儿罕,192,199,206,578注
gushi khan[人]顾实汗,523,524,526
gushu(banner; administrative division)[专]旗,517,530
guy (guillaume)de longjumeau[人]盖依,273,349
güyük[人]贵由,217,264,265,267-273,329,347,348,349,350,352,581注,595注,596注
gwalior[地]瓜廖尔,71,146
haband[地]哈本德,608注
hackin, j.[人]哈辛,41,50,51-52,96
hadda[地]哈达,52,99
hafiz (活跃于1329年)[人]哈菲兹,390
haidarmirza[人]海达尔·米儿咱,穆罕默德·海达尔二世,见muhammad haidar ii
hailar[人]海剌儿,255
hailung[地]海龙,519
hajji barlas[人]巴鲁剌思部哈吉,343,345,409,410
hajji girei[人]哈吉·格来,471
hajji muhammad[人]哈吉·穆罕默德,487
hajji-tarkhan[地]哈只·塔儿塞(阿斯特拉罕),见astrakhan
hakozaki (hakata)bay[地]博多(筥崎)湾,289
halachar[地]兴庆府,132
ha-li[人]阿力,见'ali (活跃于1473年)
hallong-osso[地]贺垅·欧沙,25
hallstatt culture[文]哈尔希塔特文化,6,10,11
hama[地]哈马城,362,442
hamadan (ecbatana)[地]哈马丹,40,155,158,167,240,245,246,355,359,426,433,456
hami (camul)[地]哈蜜(伊吾),xxii,42,55,64,83,85,89,95,166,305,312,400,453,494,495-496,497,499,507,528,531,536,537;参见yiwu
han (river)[地]汉水,138,227,258,282,287
han, early[朝]前汉(西汉),xxx,13,25,26,27,34-38
han, late (a. d. 25)[朝]东汉,xxiii,39,41-48,54
han, late (947)[朝]后汉,见hou-han
han, pei-[朝]北汉,见pei-han
hančar, franz[人]弗朗兹·汉卡,11
hanchung (nancheng)[地]汉中(南郑),58,258
hanefites[宗]哈纳菲派(伊斯兰教派别),400
hangchow (campsay; cansay; guinzai; khansa; khanzai; khingsai; khinsa; quinsai)[地]杭州,137,138,189,282,287,305,308,310,316,518,604注
hankow[地]汉口,259,284,302
hanoi[地]河内,284,290
hanyang[地]汉阳,286,323
han yen-huei[人]汉延惠,129
haran[地]哈兰,361
harbin[地]哈尔滨,128,136,137,138,519
hari pushpa[人]诃黎布失毕,见ho-li pu-shih-pi
harqasun[人]阿尔哈森,见arghasun
harun ar-rashid[人]哈仑拉施特,181,241
hasan 'ali[人]哈散阿里,462
hasan brosh[人]哈森·布鲁希,356,360
hasan buzurg (hasan the jelair)[人]大哈森·布朱儿(札剌儿部哈森),389,390
hasan küchük[人]小哈森·库楚克,389
hasan-tigin[人]哈森特勤,159
harsha[人](印度皇帝)戒日王,72
ha-shen[人]罕慎,495-496
hattin-sum[地]哈屯森,25
hayathelites[族]莚哒人,见ephthalites
hayton (hethum), flor des estoires d'orient[人]海顿,282,361,363,371,373,378
hazrat apak (afak)[人]哈司剌·阿巴克(白山派首领),501,527,528
hazrat makhdumi nura[人]哈司剌·马黑杜米·奴烈,500
heaven[宗]长生天,腾格里,见tängri
hecatompylos (shahrud)[地]赫卡托姆皮洛斯(和椟城),40
hei-ssu[人]黑厮,304
heliocles[人]赫利克勒斯,30
hellenistic art[文]希腊艺术xxvi,12,18,25,39,48
helmand[地]赫尔曼德河,428
henry iii (of castile)[人]亨利三世,453
henry i (of cyprus)[人]亨利一世,271
henry (of silesia)[人]亨利,266
heraclea pontica (eregli)[地]赫拉克利庞蒂亚(埃雷利),174
heraclius[人]希拉克略,174,179
herat[地]赫拉特,哈烈,也里,68,85,116,167,168,241,242,334,340,343,352,354,369,370,380,385,386,390,426,427,428,445,457,459,461,465,481-482,484,485,498
herodian[人]赫洛店,84
herodotus[人]希罗多德,8,9,10,21,23,392,545注-549注,552
herrmann, albert[人]赫尔曼·阿尔伯特,20,35,41,42,172,214
herzfeld, e.[人]赫兹菲德,50
hethum i[人]海屯一世,263,264,269,271,281-282,360,361,362,363
hethum ii[人]海屯二世,379,382
hethum (monk)[人]海顿和尚,见hayton
heu kiun-tsi[人]侯君集,98
heves[地]赫淮什,8
hévésy, guillaume de[人]纪尧姆·赫威塞,xxv,576注
hezarasp[地]赫扎拉斯普,159,488,521
hie-li (el)[人]颉利,90,92
hien[人]贤,43
hierapolis[地]海俄拉城,见menbij
hieu-ch'u[族]休屠部,35
himalayas[地]喜马拉雅,xxi
hinchow[地]忻州,107
hinduism[宗]印度教,315,417,443,445,446
hindu kush[地]兴都库什山,68,69,71,85,93,241,244,343,346
hirado-shima[地]平卢岛,289
hissar[地]喜萨尔,464,484
history of the conqueror of the world[书]《世界征服者史》,见juvaini
hiu k'ang-tsung[人]许亢宗,134
hizen[地]肥前省,289
hochow (hochwan)[地]合州(合川),284
hochung (puchow)[地]河中(浦州),137,233,257
hochwan[地]合川(合州),见hochow
hojo tokimune[人]北条时宗,289
hokien (cacianfu)[地]河间,130,132,137,229,230,308,604注
ho k'iu-ping[人]霍去病,35
ho ko-tu-lu[人]合骨咄禄,见alp qutlugh
ho-lien[族]赫连部,61
holin[地]和林,见karakorum
ho-li pu-shih-pi (hari pushpa)[人]诃黎布失毕,99-100,101
ho-lo-ma[人]合剌,138,139
ho-lu[人]贺鲁,102-103
holwan[地]霍尔湾,169,355
holy land[宗]圣地,373-376;参见crusades and crusaders; jerusalem
homs[地]霍姆斯,362,365,371,378,382,447
honan[地]河南,4,57,58,59,61,65,137,138,227,232,255,257,258,259,283,517
honoria[人]荷罗丽娅,76
honorius iv, pope[人](教皇)霍诺留斯四世,373,374
hopei[地]河北,xxvi,3,19,25,54,57,58,59,60,65,106,108,127,128,129,131,136,137,138,164,229,230,232,284,325,507,519
hormuz (ormuz)[地]霍尔木兹,忽里模子,305,309,312,313,315
horse[专]马手,xxvi,12,223,549注,554注,stirrup,8,176,546注;参见archers, mounted
ho-shang (buddhist monks)[宗]和尚,602注
ho-ti[人](东汉)和帝,42
hotien[地]于阗,和田,见khotan
hou-chao[朝]后赵,57-58
hou-chin[朝]后金,127,129-130
hou-ch'in[朝]后秦,59
hou-chou[朝]后周,130,131
hou-han[朝]后汉,130
hou han shu[书]《后汉书》,30,31,32
hou-liang (4th-5th cent.)[朝]后梁(4-5世纪),60
hou-liang (10th cent.)[朝]后梁(10世纪),126
hou-t'ang[朝]后唐,127
hou-yen[朝]后燕,59,60
howorth, h. h.[人]豪沃思,439,440
hoyin-irgen (forest hunters)[专]槐因·亦儿坚(林中人),195
hsailaihsien[地]怀来县(妫州),见kweichow
hsia[朝]夏朝,61
hsia, hsi-[朝]西夏,见hsi-hsia
hsiang-shan[人]香山,603注
hsiao-shih[人]肖氏,131
hsia yüeh-chih[族]小月氏,28-29
hsi-ch'in[朝]西秦,60
hsien[朝]速古泰国,见sukhotai
hsien-pi[族]鲜卑人,xxiv,xxviii,xxix,39,46,47,53-54,55,61,89,193,283,;参见mu-jung; t'u-yü-huen
hsien-sheng (taoist monks)[宗]先生(道教和尚),602注
hsien-yün[族] 狁(匈奴),见hsiung-nu
hsi-hsia[朝]西夏,26,132,133,189,212,226-227,247,330
hsi-hsia script[文]西夏文,133
hsiung-nu (hsien-yün; hsiun-yü),[族]匈奴人( 狁,荤粥),xxii,xxiv,xxviii,8,13,15,17-21,23-29,32,34-39,41-48,50,53-54,55,56,61,72,75,76,81,176,217,224,256,283,417,546注,553注-554注;参见hou-chao; hu (tribe); huns; ts'ien-chao
hsi-wei[朝]西魏,65,66,81
hsi-yen[朝]西燕,59
hsüan-ti[人]汉宣帝,38
hsüan-tsang[人]玄奘,70,85,93,94,95-96,98,99,100-101,116,315
hsüan-tsung[人]唐玄宗,111,112,114,117,118,120,128,565注
hsü chou-huei[人]徐寿辉,323
hsü ta[人]徐达,325,502
hu (queen)[人]胡太后,65
hu (tribe)[族]胡人,19-20;参见hsiung-nu
huai-jen[人]怀仁可汗,见qutlugh bilgä
huang ch'ao[人]黄巢,126
hu-ch'u-ch'uan[人]呼厨泉,56
hudud al-alam[书]《世界境域志》,148,177
huen-shih[族]浑邪部,35
hu-han-ch'eng[地]忽汗城,515
hu-han-ye[族]呼韩邪,37-38
hui-tsung[人]宋徽宗,134,136-137
hu-kie[族]呼揭,38
hulägu (hulaku)[人]旭烈兀,282,285,296,305,331,349,353-367,372,397-398,419,609注
hulägu, house of[族]旭烈兀家族,311,327,333,334,339,386,387,396
hulaku[人]旭烈兀,见hulägu
hulun nor[地]呼伦诺尔,见dalai nor
humayun[人]胡马云,484
humi[地]护密(瓦罕),见wakhan
huna[族]参看莚哒,见ephthalites; huns
hunan[地]湖南,284,287,323
hungarian language[文]匈牙利语言,177
hungarians[族]匈牙利人,马扎尔人,见magyars
hungary[地]匈牙利,xxiii,8,72,174,176,266-267,395,449
hungchow[地]洪州(南昌),见nanchang
hung-wu (chu yüan-chang)[人]洪武帝(朱元璋),323-324,325,453
huni (kunni)[族]昆尼部,171,172;参见uarkhonites
hunni[族]参看匈人,见huns
hunnic art[文]匈奴艺术,12,13-14,17,18,19,24-26,37,50,176
hunnugur (viguri)[族]昆奴格尔,172
huns (huna; hunni)[族]匈人,xxiii,xxvi,7-8,19,21,23-24,55,72-76,78-79,80,190,224;参见individual tribes
huns, white[族]白匈奴(莚哒人)见ephthalites
hunting[专]狩猎部落,195,224,226
hupeh[地]湖北,137,259,284,287,323
hu-pi-lie[人]忽必烈,见kublai
hurka (mutan)[地]忽尔卡河,515,516
husain (活跃于1280年)[人]哈散,601注
husain (活跃于1326年)[人]胡赛因,387
husain (mir husain;活跃于1360年)[人]迷里忽辛,346,409,411-416
husain-i baiqara[人]速檀·忽辛·拜哈拉,243,417,464-465,481
husain jelair[人]胡赛因·札剌儿,390,429
husain kert[人]穆兹哀丁·胡赛因,见mu'izz ad-din kert
husain sufi (活跃于1360年)[人]胡赛因·苏菲,421
husain sufi (活跃于1505年)[人]胡赛因·苏菲,481
hu san-sheng[人]胡三省,570注
hu-sha-hu[人]胡沙虎,197,230
huvishka[人]胡韦斯迦,32
hu-yen[族]呼衍,42,47,48
hwai[地]淮河,58,59,64,65,137,138,139,227,308
hwaian (coigangiu)[地]淮安,308
hwaining[地]会宁,138
hwangchow[地]黄州,137,259,287
hweichung[地]回中皇宫,34
hyacinthus[人]雅琴夫,210
iaci[地]押赤,见yunnan (town)
ianzu[地]扬州,见yangchow
ibak[人]伊巴克,471,489
ibaqa-bäki[人]亦必合别吉,212,583注
ibn al-athir[人]伊本·艾西尔,186,245,262,573注,590注
ibn 'arabshah[人]伊本·阿拉不沙,431,435,442,448,451,470,623注
ibn-batuta[人]伊本·白图泰,311
ibn-fadhan, risala[人]伊本·法德罕,181
ibn hajar asqalani[人]伊本·哈扎尔·阿斯卡拉尼,442
ibn-khaldun[人]伊本·哈尔顿,447-448
ibrahim (死于1156年)[人]易不拉欣,574注
ibrahim (活跃于1468年)[人]易不拉欣,473
ibrahim ibn-inal[人]易不拉欣·伊本·伊纳尔,150,151
ibrahim ong (wang)[人]亦不剌忻·王,508
iconium[地]伊康,153
idakou, idaku[专]亦都护(称号),见idiqu
idigutschai[人]亦都护集乃,122,563注
idiqu (idakou; idaku; yedigei)[人]亦敌忽,440,442,470,622注
idiqut (iduq-qut; as title)[专]亦都护,588注
iduq-qut[专]亦都护,见idiqut
igor (活跃于944年)[人]伊戈尔,182
ikhshedh ghurek[人]伊克谢德·胡拉克,见ghurek
iki-ögüz[族]埃基·乌古思人,277
ikirä[族]亦乞剌思部,194,207
iki-shima[地]壹岐岛,289
ilamish[地]伊拉米什草原,169
ilanjouc[地]吉兰乞克河,见jilanchik
ilbars[人]伊勒巴斯,487
ilbars ii[人]伊勒巴斯二世,488
ilbilgä[人]颉利毗伽可敦,103
ildegiz[人]伊尔第吉兹,158
ilduchi, thomas[人]托马斯·伊尔杜奇,384
ilek[地]伊列克河,394,478
ilek nasr[人]伊列克·纳斯尔(阿尔斯兰·伊列克·纳斯尔),见arslan ilek nasr
ilham[人]伊尔哈姆,473
ili (ailah)[地]伊犁河,xxiii,xxix,29,37,38,45,53,67,82,83,89,109,114,115,117,118,119,120,144,145,147,165,172,233,234,235,236,254,270,272,277,286,292,293,305,312,319,326,327,332,333,338,341,342,344,409-413,417,420,422,423,424,425,460,461,463,482,491,492,493,495,497,499,501,504,506,507,508,522,525,-529,531,532,537,538,542,626注
ilibaligh[地]亦里八力,453
il-khan (as title)[专]伊儿汗(称号),296
ilkhe-alyk[地]埃里克,25,549注
ilqa[人]亦剌合(参看桑昆),见sängün
iltutmish[人]伊勒特迷失,260
ilyas[人]伊牙思,452
ilyas-khoja[人]也里牙思火者,346,410,411-412,422
ilyas ong[人]也里牙思王,508
imeretia[地]埃麦利蒂亚,272,350
imil[地]额敏河,叶密立河,xxiii,38,82,114,164,255,269,270,272,273,277,286,291,293,295,312,332,333,349,424,523,525,526,531,532,538
inal (as title)[专]亦纳勒(称号),191
inalchiq (qadir-khan)[人]亦纳乞克(哈亦儿汗),238,589注
inanch-bilgä[人]亦难赤必勒格,190-191,192,204,205,213
india[地]印度,32,49,69,70,71-72,80,146,168,241,242,260,311,315,339,340,341,417,419,420,434,443-446,484,498,499
indian art[文]印度艺术,48,49,50,96;参见buddhist art
indian ocean[地]印度洋,311
indigirka[地]因迪吉尔卡河,xxv
indochina[地]印度支那,284,289-290
indo-european languages[文]印欧语,xxiii,28,40,96
indo-european oases[地]印欧绿洲(塔里木盆地),见tarim
indo-scythians[族]印度-塞人(贵霜人,月氏人),27,28,49;参见kushan; yüeh-chih
indravarman iv[人]因陀罗诺曼四世,290
indus[地]印度河,71,241,340,444
inju (revenue)[专]引主(税收),253
inkagir[族]伊卡基尔人,515
innocent iv, pope[人]教皇英诺森四世,217,270,348,349
ioguristan[地]畏兀儿斯坦,见uiguristan
ionia[地]伊洛尼亚,452
ionians (yavana)[地](希腊人称)大宛(费尔干纳),554注
ipsala[地]伊普萨拉,184
iranjin[人]伊剌金,383
irano-buddhist art[文]伊朗-佛教艺术,51-52,96,97-98
iraq 'ajami[地]伊剌克·阿只迷,150,151,158,159,160,167,236,240,260,261,351,353,354,372,381,389,420,429,453,457,458,459,461,462
iraq 'arabi[地]伊剌克阿拉比,151,158,169,245,315,433,434,456,458,461
irdana (erdeni)[人]额尔德尼,488
irene (wife of constantine v),[人]伊拉尼皇后,179
irgen (tribe)[专]亦儿坚(部落),579注
irgiz[地]伊尔吉兹河,149,394,478
iron age[专]铁器时代,6,11,17-18
iron gates[地]铁门,86,93,342,411
irrawaddy[地]伊洛瓦底江,290,291,308
irtysh[地]额尔齐斯,也儿的石河,61,109,119,148,185,215,244,254,268,292,478,489,490,504,523,524;参见black irtysh
isa[人]伊萨,452
'isä (jesus; ai-sie)[人]伊萨,304
isfarain[地]亦思法拉因,428,485
isfendiyar[人]伊斯芬迪亚,521
isfendiyar-oglu[族]伊斯芬迪亚家族,452
isfijab[地]伊斯法吉勃(赛拉姆城),见sairam
ishim-khan[人]伊斯姆汗,521,526
ishkalcha[地]伊斯卡察(阿曼科赫堡),见amankoh
ishkapai[人]伊斯卡帕,8
isho[人]伊索,见yi-sho
ishthakri[人]伊斯塔克里,182
iskander (活跃于1400年)[人]米儿咱·伊斯堪答儿,见mirza iskander
iskander (活跃于1429年)[人]昔干答儿,456,457,458,459
iskander (1560-83)[人]伊斯坎德尔,485,486
isker[朝]失必儿国,见sibir
islam[宗]伊斯兰教,114,115,118,120,121,142,145,180,220,235,243,244,281,297,300,312,328,330,344,359,360,361,379,383,396,397,405,416-417,443,445,446,453,522,527,628注;哈纳菲派,400;圣战,152,237,297,416,450,451-452;499;易司马仪派,353,354,367;shafi'ites, 400;法典,416;十叶派,142-143,150,151,390,483,484;逊尼派,142-143,145,150,152,390,483,484
islam girei ii[人]伊斯兰·格来,472
isma'il (活跃于1272年)[人]伊斯迈尔,287
isma'il (活跃于1510年)[人]伊斯迈尔,483
isma'il (活跃于1678年)[人]伊斯迈尔汗(萨菲朝沙赫),500,501,527,528
isma'il ii (活跃于1540年)[人]伊斯迈尔(波斯沙赫),485
isma'il ibn-ahmed[人]伊斯迈尔·伊本·阿赫默德,142
isma'ilis (assassins)[宗]易司马仪教派,353,354,367
ispahan[地]伊斯法罕,xxix,151,153,260,261,390,391,431,432,433,436,456,457,458,459,461,462
isra'il[人]伊斯莱尔,149
issedones[族]伊赛多涅斯人,10-11,547注
issedon scythica[地]伊塞顿·斯基卡,41
issedon serica[地]伊塞顿·塞里卡,41
issyk kul[地]伊塞克湖,xxiii,xxvi,83,87,93,95,102,114,115,119,120,133,145,148,149,159,164,165,189,233,236,254,272,273,312,326,340-344,422,425,460,491,494,499,532
istämi (shih-tie-mi; sinjibu; silzibul)[人]室点蜜,82,83,84,86
itil (river)[地]伊提尔河(伏尔加河),见volga
itil (town; al-baida; sarigh-shin; saqsin)[地]伊提尔城,180,577注
ïtügän[地]於都斤山,见ätügän
ivailo (lakhanas)[人]伊凡洛(拉汗纳斯),402
ivan i[人]伊凡一世,404
ivan iii (the great)[人]伊凡三世(大帝),395,470,471
ivan iv (the terrible)[人]伊凡四世(伊凡雷帝),475,489
ivane[人]伊万涅,261,263
izmir[地]士麦那,见smyrna
izmit (nicomedia)[地]伊兹米特(尼科美底亚),184
iznik[地]伊兹尼克(尼西亚),见nicaea
jacobites[宗]雅各派,357,361,368
jaffa[地]贾法,360
jagambu (jaqambu)[人]札阿绀孛,204,205,206,212,581注
jagan[人]札甘,541
jagatai (chagatai)[人]察合台,229,238,239,254-255,269,326,328,589注,592注,606注
jagatai, house of[族]察合台家族,271,273,274,292-296,303,305,306,315,319,326-336,338-346,358,366,382,384,386,397,401,403,409-411,413,417,419,421,424,453,460,461;参见mogholistan
jaghun (army captain)[专]札温(百夫长),222
jägün-ghar[专]左翼军,见jegün-ghar
jagiello[人]雅杰罗,441
jahangir[人]只罕杰儿,421,423,456
jahan shah[人]只罕沙,459,461-462
jahan soz[人]贾汗·索兹,167-168
jajirat (juirat)[族]札只剌惕,194,201,207,213,215
jalal ad-din manguberti (mängüberti)[人]札兰丁·曼古伯惕,xxvii,237,241-242,259-261,262,347,418,590注
jalan[人]扎兰,530
jalish[地]察力失(喀拉沙尔),见kara shahr
jäm[地]剑河,见chäm
jamahar (rattle)[专]象声词牟牟,377
jamal ad-din mahmud[人]贾马阿丁·马合木,598注
jamal qarshi[人]贾马尔·喀什,332,334
jaman aq-köl[地]贾曼阿克库尔,439
james (of florence)[人](佛罗伦萨的)詹姆斯,608注
james, mar[人]马·詹姆斯,见mar james
jami[人]札米,465
jami-ut-tavarikh[书]《史集》,见rashid ad-din
jammu[人]朱木拿大公,446
jamuqa[人]札木合,201,202,203,206-207,209,212-216,584注
jan[人]札尼伯,486
jan 'ali[人]杰·阿里,475
janggin[专]章京,530
janibeg (1340-57)[人]札尼别汗,389,400,405
janibeg (活跃于约1460年)[人]札你贝,479-480
janids[朝]札尼家族,见astrakhanids
janizaries[专]雅内萨里(近卫军),451
jaochow[地]饶州,324
jaqambu[人]札阿绀孛,见jagambu
japan[朝]日本,289
japan, sea of[地]日本海,516
jarliq[专]札里雅黑,见yarligh
jasa[专]扎撒,见yasaq
jasak (prince)[专]宗王,517
jasaq[专]扎撒,见yasaq
jasrat[人]贾斯腊特,444
jaunpur[朝]札温普儿王国,444
java[地]爪哇,291,311,315
jaxartes[地]锡尔河,见sy'r darya
jayagatu (jaya'atu)[专](蒙古语)天国在地上的代表或使者,585注
jayan-buqa[人]者燕不花,603注
jaylak (djaylak; alaka)[人]迪杰拉克,402
jazira, al[地]阿勒贾兹拉,361
jazyges[族]贾兹基人,72
jean de carcassonne[人]让·德·卡尔卡松,273,349
jean sans peur[人]琼·桑·普尔,449
jebe[人]者别(哲别),207,214,228,229,236,240,245-246,247,260,264,582注
jegün-ghar (jägün-ghar; je'un-ghar; jun-ghar; segon-ghar;left or east wing)[专]左翼军,223,509,520,629注
jehol (wu-liang-ha)[地]热河,xxii,25,54,83,108,112,127,136,138,164,285,507,538
jeje'er undur[地]杰杰儿·乌都儿,212,583注
jeku[人]术客,见chaka
jelairs[族]札剌儿部人,194,197,201,389-390,391,405,420,426,429,430
jelme[人]者勒蔑,207,214
jend,[地]真德(今波罗威斯附近),149,238
jenghiz khan (temujin; chinggiskhan)[人]成吉思汗(铁木真),xxiv,xxvi-xxvii,xxviii,20,78,169,170,186,193-194,195-196,199-244,247-252,259-260,301,320,328,394,414,417,419-420,516,539,580注,581注,586注,591注;之死,248;说明,199,249-250;法典,格言,221;军旗,210,216,217;死后土地分配,253-256
jenkshi (djenkshi)[人]靖克失汗,341
jerome (of florence)[人](佛罗伦萨的)捷罗姆,314
jerqabchiqai[地]杰哈齐海峡谷,583注
jerusalem[地]耶路撒冷城,302,303,360,361,368,369,374
jesusabran, mar,[人]马·耶酥沙布兰,见mar jesusabran
je'un-ghar[专]左翼军,见jegün-ghar
jihun[地]古浑河,370
jilanchik (ilanjouc)[地]吉兰乞克河,439
jinong (as title)[专]济农(称号),509
jnanagupta[人]阇那崛多,562注
jöchi[人]术赤,198,201,209,229,238,239,247,253-254,351,392,394,589注
jöchi, house of[族]术赤家族,272,273,339,393,394,398;参见kipchak khanate
john (of brienne)[人]约翰王,245-246
john ii (comnenus)[人]约翰二世,185
john vi (patriarch of baghdad)[人]约翰六世,191
john vii (palaeologus)[人]约翰七世,452
john xxii, pope[人](教皇)约翰二十二世,404
joinville, jean de[人]约因维尔,252
jordan (river)[地]约旦河,364
jordanes[人]约丹尼斯,xxix,73,74,76,78
joseph (活跃于948年)[人]约瑟,181
juan-juan (ju-juan; kermikhions)[族]柔然,xxiv,xxix,60-64,66,67,80,81-82,171,172,173,176,193,216,217,231,417,575注;参见avars
juban[人]出班,见chopan
ju-chen[族]女真人,见jurchid
judaism[宗]犹太教,180-181,379
juirat[族]札只剌惕部,见jajirat
ju-juan[族]参看柔然,见juan-juan
julien (of sidon)[人](西顿的)儒连,364
jumna[地]朱木那河,445
jung, pei-[族]北戎,见pei-jung
jungar[族]准噶尔,见dzungar
jungdu[地]中都,见peking
jun-ghar[专]左翼军,见jegün-ghar
jungshiyabo[族]永谢布,见kharachin
juning[地]汝宁(蔡州),见ts'aichow
jurchedäi (jurchedäi-noyan)[人]主儿扯歹,210,583注
jurchid (ju-chen; jurche; jurchen)[族]女真人,xxvi,xxviii,66,128,130,133,134,136-140,164,189,190,196,231,233,288,515-516;参见kin
jurchid script[文]女真文,516
jurjan[人]朱尔赞,428
jurkin (jurki)[族]主儿乞部(主儿金部),202,204,581注
justin ii[人]查士丁尼二世,83-84
justinian[人]查士丁尼,79,172,173
justinian ii[人]查士丁尼二世,177,179
juvaini ('ala ad-din juvaini),ta'rikh-i jahan-gusha (history of the conqueror of the world)[人]志费尼《世界征服者史》,168,190,236,239,266,267,326,329,367,396,397,574注,589注,609注
jüz[专]玉兹(帐)625注
juzjani, tabaqat-i-nasiri[人]朱兹贾尼(《宗教保卫者一览表》),199,396,588注,589注
kabadian (mikoyanabad)[地]米高扬纳巴德,342
kabaka[地]卡巴卡,626注
kaba-matan (mitan)[地]卡巴·马坦,411
kabars[族]卡巴尔人,178
kabil-shah[人]哈比勒·沙,见kabul-shah
käbtäül (käbtäwüt, käbtä'üt; army guards)[专]值夜班者,222
kabul[地]喀布尔,32,50,68,69,70,71,80,119,143,241,340,346,409,411,412,414,426,456,457,483,484
kabul-shah (kabil-shah)[人]哈比勒·沙,411,416
kadphises i[人]卡德菲斯一世,见kujula (kujolo)kadphises
kadphises ii[人]卡德菲斯二世,见vima kadphises,32
kaesong[地]开城,259
kaichow[地]开州(澶州),见shenchow
kaifeng (p'ien; taliang)[地]开封(汴),xxix,57,127,130,132,133,137,138,227,230,232,257,258,259,296,310,323,324
kai-kawus ii[人]凯卡兀思,272,350,354,359,399-400
kai-khosrau[人]凯库思老,263
kai-khosrau iii[人]凯库思老三世,370
kai kia-yun[人]盖嘉远,115
kailu[地]开鲁(应昌),见yingchang
kai-qobad ii[人]凯库巴德二世,382
k'ai yüan[人]海云,276
kakheth[地]卡希什,434
kakhetia[地]卡希底亚,356
kakrak[地]卡克拉克,50-51
kalgan[地]张家口,25,230,510,529,530
kali[地]卡里,18
kalka (kalmius)[地]迦勒迦(卡尔米乌斯)河,246,247,407,436
kalmucks[族]卡尔梅克人(卫拉特人),487,488,501,506,515,520-525,531;参见dzungar; oirat
kaluga[地]卡卢加,73
kama[地]卡马河,176,177,247,264,392,393,472
kamala[人]甘麻剌,294,600注
kamchatka[地]堪察加半岛,515
kamennaya baba[地]卡曼纳雅·巴巴河(额尔齐斯河上游),556注
kamil muhammad, al-[人]卡米勒·穆罕默德,360-361
kanchow (campiciu; kansan; kutsang; in kansu)[地]甘州(在甘肃境内),35,61,112,125,133,286,302,306,318,499
kanchow (kiangsi)[地]赣州(江西),见kienchow
kanda[地]坎塔(撒马尔罕),见samarkand
kandahar[地]坎大哈,31,32,69,143,340,429,456,457
kandikh[人]坎迪赫,172
k'ang-hsi[人]康熙,xxx,518,519,529-533,536
kanghwa[地]江华岛,259,289
k'ang-kiu[地]康居(索格底亚那),见sogdiana
kanishka[人]迦腻色迦,32
kanjur[书]《甘珠尔经》,514
kankhli[族]康里突厥人,165
kansan[地]甘肃,见kanchow (kansu)
kansu[地]甘肃,xxiii,3,4,27,28,32,35,37,44,47,48,53,54,59,60,66,112,118,125,128,133,189,226,247,251,283,286,294,302,303,312,321,369,496,499,505,510,527,538
kan ying[人]甘英,47
kaochang[朝]高昌(吐鲁番),见turfan
kao hing[人]高兴,291
kao-kiu[族]高车,61,81;参见töläch
kaoliang[地]高粱河,131
kao sien-chih[人]高仙芝,115,119,120
kao-ti[人]汉高帝(汉高祖),27
kao-tsung (650-683)[人]唐高宗,102,103,106,107
kao-tsung (12th cent.)[人]宋高宗,137,138
kapal[地]卡帕尔城,272,277
kapisa (ki-pin)[朝]迦毕试国(罽宾),69,119
karabakh[地]卡拉巴,见arran
karabalgasun[地]哈喇巴喇哈森,xxiv,114,121,122,124,128,256,568注
karahisar[地]卡拉希沙尔,452
karakhanids[朝]哈拉汗朝,133,144-149,152-153,159,164-166,168,169,235,237
kara-khitai[族]喀喇契丹,(黑契丹),xxix,159-160,164-169,186,189,204,215,233-236,326
kara-khoja[地]哈拉火州(哈剌火州),见turfan
karakhoto (yi-tsi-nai; etzina)[地]哈拉霍托(古名亦集乃城),133
kara-kirghiz (burut)[族]喀喇吉尔吉斯人,501,522,536
karakol[地]克拉科尔,18,110,491
karakorum (holin)[地]哈拉和林(和林),xxiv,20,34,83,114,191,214,256,259,269,272,276,280,281,282,285,286,288,292,294,312,321,326,336,338,350,502,507,510,511,528,537,540,592注
kara-kum[地]卡拉库姆沙漠,xxii,107
karaman (dynasty)[朝]卡拉曼朝,160,382,385,389,391,449,452
karaman (place)[地]卡拉曼(拉兰达),见laranda
kara muren[地]卡拉木仑河(黄河),见yellow river
kara sengir tughai[地]卡拉森吉尔角,481
kara shahr (agni; chalish; cialis; jalish; yenki)[地]喀拉沙尔(焉耆·察力失),xxii,xxiii,28,40,41,43,45,46,48,52,59,61,62,95,98-99,103,107,114-115,125,144,233,420,424,491,493,497,498,563注
karashahri language[文]焉耆语,28,40,96
kara-su[地]卡拉苏河,376
karasuk[文]卡拉苏克文化,5
kara-tal (qaratal)[地]哈拉塔尔,425,436,491,621注,625注
kara-tau[地]卡拉套山,393
kara-turgai (ataqaroghai; anacargou)[地]卡拉图尔盖河(阿塔合儿灰,阿纳哈儿浑),439
kara-yus (pisannaya gora)[地]卡拉攸斯(皮沙那亚戈拉谷地),556注
karbala[地]卡尔巴拉,433
karchin[族]喀喇沁部,见kharachin
karlgren[人]卡尔格林,24-25
karni (garni)[地]哈儿尼260
kars[地]卡尔斯,263,281,430
karshi (qarshi)[地]卡尔施城,341,342,345,412,438,457
kartlia[人]卡特利亚,272,350
karun[地]哈尼,240
kashan[地]卡尚城,305
kashgar (shufu; cascar)[地]喀什城(疏附),xxii,xxiii,xxv,28,29,40,41,43,44,45,50,52,95,96,100-101,103,107,114-115,133,145,147,164,165,235,303,306,312,327,344,422,425,426,460,461,463,485,491-495,498,500,501,527,528,532,540,541,542
kashgari (person)[人]喀什噶里,185
kashgaria (alti-shahr)[地]喀什噶尔,xxv,8,43,46,48,133,142,144-145,147,148,149,159,164,165,189,233,235,236,255,277,292,293,303,326,338,344,368,422,425,448,485,491,494,497,499,500,501,527,528,537,538,541,542
käshik (guard)[专]怯薜(护卫军),213,222
kashmir[地]克什米尔,71,118,119,446,498,499
kasimov[地]卡西莫夫城,472
kasinskoye[地]卡西斯科耶,16
kastamonu[地]卡斯塔莫努,449,452
katanda[地]卡坦塔,18,19
kath[地]柯提,421,487,521
kavadh[人]喀瓦德,68
kaveripatnam[地]加韦里伯德讷姆,311
kayal[地]卡亚尔,见cail
kayseri[地]开塞利,263,281,370,389,391,449,451
kazakhs[族]哈萨克人(吉尔吉斯-哈萨克人)见kirghiz-kazakhs
kazakhstan[地]哈萨克斯坦,5,393
kazan (person)[人]哈赞,342
kazan (place)[地]喀山,13,73,176,405,441,470,471,472,473,475
kazerun[地]卡泽伦,366
kazvin[地]可疾云(加兹温),142,240,245,312,372,458
kazyr[地]克孜尔河,558注
kebek[人]怯别,295,338,339-340,341,386
kebek ii[人]怯别二世,463,493
kebeki (coins)[专]怯别币,341
kediri (daha)[地]谏义里,291
kedrala[地]卡德拉拉,549注
ke'er-un irgen (steppe herdsmen)[专]草原游牧民,195
kelat[地]克拉特,428
kelermes[地]克勒尔姆斯,4,11-12,15
kemal atatürk, mustafa[人]穆斯塔法·克马尔·阿塔特克,164
keng k'uei[人]耿夔,46,47
keng kung[人]耿恭,44
keng ping[人]耿秉,42,46
kentei (burqan qaldun)[地]不儿罕合勒敦山(肯特山),189,199,200,219,248
kerayit[族]克烈部,xxiv,xxv,191-192,199,200,203-213,216,217,220,227,300,417,578注
kerch[地]刻赤(潘蒂卡派),15,52,85,173,405,549注,554注;参见panticapaeum
kergüd[族]乞儿古斯部,503
keriya (pem)[地]克里亚,306
kerman (cherman; kirman)[地]起儿漫,151,152,153,260,261,269,305,309,353,382,390,431,432,433,459,461,462
kermanshah[地]克尔曼沙赫,355
kermian[地]克米安,449,451,452
kermikhions[族]柔然,见juan-juan
kerts[族]克尔特人,339,343,352-353,380,385-386,390,426-428
kerulen[地]克鲁伦河,怯绿连河,xxii,xxiii,20,109,110,192,193,200,212,248,255,273,274,321,502,504,510,512,529,530,536,539,540
kesh (shahr-i sebz)[地]渴石(沙赫里夏勃兹),343,345,346,409-414
keszthely[地]凯斯特海伊,176
khagan (qân; qaan; as title)[专]合罕(称号),61,216,217,221,560注,585注
khaganos (sovereign)[专]可汗罗斯(称号),577注
khailar[地]海拉尔,3
khairkhana[地]海尔哈纳,51
khaishan[人]海山,294,299,321,338
“khaladjin-alt”[地]合兰真沙陀,210
“khala-goun-ola”[地]哈拉-果翁-俄拉,210
khalil[人]哈里勒,456,457
khalka (people)[族]喀尔喀人,66,509,510,512,513,514,521,523,525,628,529,530,531,536,537,538,629注
khalka (river)[地]合勒卡河,210,510
khamdo[地]喀木,523
khan (as title)[专]汗,可汗(称号),61,216,560注
khanbaligh (khan-baligh; qanbaliq)[地]汗八里(长安,北京),599注;参见changan; peking
khangai[地]杭爱山(参看於都斤山),20,102,189,214,294,321,335,479,512,537;参见otükän
khanka[地]汗卡要塞,488
khansa[地]参看杭州,见hangchow
khanzade[人]罕匝答,421
khanzai[地]杭州,见hangchow
kharachin (jungshiyabo; karchin)[族]喀喇沁(永谢布人),509,517,629注
khara kula[人]哈剌忽剌,523,526
khara usu, lake[地]哈拉乌兹湖,214
khavalynsk[文]哈瓦伦斯克文化群,6
khazaria (gazaria)[地]可萨里亚,180,314,401,403
khazar language[文]可萨文,557注
khazars[族]可萨人,哈扎尔人,xxiv,xxviii,176,178-182,396,577注
kherson[地]刻松城,73
khewra[地]库腊,71
khidr-shah[人]希德尔沙,452
khilat[地]起剌特,261,263
khilok[地]希洛克河,194,551注
khingan[地]兴安岭,xxii,xxvi,39,53,54,55,86,192,194,208,210,505,517
khingsai, khinsa[地]杭州,见hangchow
khionites[族]希奥尼特人,68
khitan (khitai; kitat)[族]契丹人,xxiv,xxviii,66,83,88,106,108,112,125,127-134,136,146,148,164-165,186,190,196,220,228,231,233,250,251-252,283,306,516;参见kara-khitai
khitan language[文]契丹语,193
khitan script[文]契丹文,133-134,570注
khiva[地]希瓦(花剌子模),见khwarizm
khizr khan[人]希兹尔汗,446
khizr-khoja[人]黑的儿火者,422,424,425
khmer (cambodia)[地]高棉,290,291
khocho[朝]高昌,见turfan
khodzhent[地]忽毡,117,165,166,238,332,338,345,410,411,419,423,438,482,497
khoi[地]忽伊,359
khoit[族]辉特部,520,525,527,537,538,539;参见dzungar
khojas[专]和卓,500-501,527-528,540,541,628注
khojo jan (little khojo)[人]霍占集,541-542
khokars[族]科卡尔,444
khondemir[人]宽德密尔,465
khongtaiji (prince imperial)[专]洪台吉(王子称号),630注
khorchin (qorchin)[族]科尔沁人,505,509,516-517,529,629注
khortitsa[地]霍蒂萨,246
khoshot[族]和硕特部,487,503,510,520,523-527,532,537,538,540;参见oirat
khosrau firuz ar-rahim[人]库思老·卑路支·拉希姆,150-151
khotan (cotan; hotien; yotkan)[地]于阗(和田,约特干),xxii,40,41,43,45,48,52,54,95,96,101,103,107,114-115,147,165,235,303,306,312,327,332,424,426,491,494,497,500,533,541
khshevan (as title)[专](粟特语称号)王,68
khudaidad[人]忽歹答,422,425,459-460
khulm[地]胡勒姆,412
khurasan[地]呼罗珊,68,87,116,142,143,144,146,147,149,150,153,155,159,160,166-167,236,240,260,261,305,309,334,340,345,351,352,353,368,369,372,373,376,381,386,387,390,410,413,415,417,427,428,456,459,461,463,464,481-485,492
khutuktai sechen khongtaiji[人]库图克图彻辰洪台吉,510-514
khu urluk[人]和鄂尔勒克,521-522,523
khuzistan[地]胡齐斯坦,169
khvalinsk[地]克瓦林斯克,5
khwarizm (khiva)[地]花剌子模(希瓦),xxviii,9,116,150,158,159,160,166-170,189,233,234,236-242,247,254,260,261,301,330,332,335,351,354,355,392,397,420-421,426,479,481,487-488,521
kialing[地]嘉陵江(四川),258,284
kian[地]长江,见yangtze
k'iang[族]羌人,28-29,47,48
kiangchow (kiukiang)[地]江州(九江),137,323
kiangsi[地]江西,137
kiangsu[地]江苏,58,138,287,302
kichow[地]冀州(大名),见taming
kidara (ki-to-lo)[人]基达拉(寄多罗),68,69
kidarites[朝]基达里王朝,68,69
kien[人]贤,43
kienchow (kanchow)[地]虔州(赣州),137
kienkang[地]建康(南京),见nanking
k'ien-k'u[族]坚昆人,38
kienning[地]南京,见nanking
kienshih[地]监氏城,30
kiev[地]基辅,乞瓦,10,73,181,182,224,246,265,270,271,395,436
kigi[地]基伊,462
ki-kou-kuan[地]岐沟关,132
kikow[地]歧沟,570注
kile[族]基列人,515
kimäks[族]基马克人,148,185
kin (alchun; chin)[族]金(参看完颜部),136-140,164,170,189,190,191,192-193,197,198,203,204,226-233,257-259,283,301,516;参见wan-yen
king (river)[地]泾河,90
kingchaofu[地]京兆府(长安),见changan
kingchow[地]荆州,122
kin-ling-fu[地]金陵府(南京),见nanking
kinshan[地]金山岛,67,139
kin-tsung[人]钦宗,136-137
k'iou ch'ang-ch'uen (k'iou ch'u-ki)[人]邱长春(邱处机),244,249,255,590注
kipchak khanate (golden horde; white horde)[朝]钦察汗国(金帐汗国,白帐),186,246,264,268-276,281,282,292,304-305,312,314,319,332,335,342,350,358,365-366,368,376,387,389,393-408,419,420,421,426,430,432,435-443,591注;参见golden horde; white horde
kipchaks (cumans; komanoi; kun; polovtsy; qoun; qumani)[族]钦察人,xxiv,xxviii,148,184,185-186,246,264,392,395,396
ki-pin[朝]罽宾(迦毕试国)见kapisa
kirakos (of ganja)[人](刚加的)基拉罗斯,282,342,356,357,360,363,367,396
kirghiz (people)[族]黠戛斯,乞儿吉思,吉尔吉斯人,xxiv,19,106,109,124,125,128,148,196,205,216,418,473,478,483,485,549注,625注,参见kara-kirghiz; kergüd
kirghiz (alexander; mountains)[地]吉尔吉斯山,xxiii,154,155,161,191,237,244
kirghiz-kazakhs (qazaqs)[族]吉尔吉斯-哈萨克人,148,478,480,481,485,488-489,495,499,500,508,521,522,526,531,532,538,625注
kirgis nor[地]吉儿吉思湖,512
kirin[地]吉林省,255,269
kirki (chufut-kale)[地]基尔基,402
kirman[地]起儿漫,见kerman
kishi-jüz[族]小帐,见little horde
kishiliq[人]乞失力,210
kishmain[人]乞失麦,330,606注
kiskörös[地]小克勒什,176
kitat[族]契丹,见khitan
kitbuqa[人]怯的不花,355,356,361-365
ki-to-lo[人]寄多罗(基达拉),见kidara
k'iu[族]麹氏,98
kiuchüan[地]酒泉,28
kiukiang[地]九江(江州),见kiangchow
k'iu-li[地]渠犁,37
kiu-ma[地]拒马河,132,570注
kiun-ch'en[人]军臣单于,34
k'iu pai-ya[人]麹伯雅,89,98
kiu-pi-shö[族]车鼻施,119
kiu-shih[地]车师(别失八里,吐鲁番),见beshbaligh; turfan
k'iu-tsu[地]龟兹,见kucha
k'iu wen-t'ai[人]麹文泰,98
kiu-yen[地]居延,36
kiu-yung-kuan (nankow)pass[地]居庸关(南口),106,507
kiyat[族]乞颜氏族,193,194,198,201
kizil[地]克孜尔,50,51-52,96,97-98,101
kizil irmak[地]克孜尔·伊尔马克,350
kizilkaya (qyzyl-qaya)[地]克孜勒卡亚,549注
knights of rhodes[专]罗德的骑士们,451
koban[地]科本,5,11
kobdo[地]科布多,61,92,113,190,205,214,479,508,510,512,513,520,521,525,526,527,536,537,538,540
köbegün (princes)[专]王子,221
koblevo[地]科布勒沃,6
kobluk[人]古卜鲁克,见kuilek
kochkar[地]库什卡尔,423,561注
köchkünji[人]速云赤,484,485
ködä'ä-aral (kötö'ü-aral)[地]阔帖兀阿兰,274
kögmän[地]曲漫山,见tannu-ola
koh-i-baba[地]霍伊巴巴,465
koirijak[人]科利贾克,469,622注
kökächin (cocachin)[人]阔阔真,308,309
kokand[地]浩罕,482,486,488-489,496
kök-böri[专]灰狼,544注
kökchü (täb-tängri)[人]阔阔出,195,217-218,219,585注,591注
köke-khoto[地]库库河屯,见kuku hoto
kökö däbtär (“blue books”;registers)[专]青册,220
koko nor[地]青海湖,47,65,89,118,509,513,523,524,525,526,532,540
kökö temür[人]扩廓帖木儿,324-325
köksegu (kökse'u)sabraq[人]可苦速,205
kökshün orkhon[地]鄂尔浑河的科克沁,112
kollam[地]奎隆,见quilon
ko-lo[人]葛勒,默延啜,见mo-yen-cho
kölö, lake[地]曲烈湖,206
kolomna[地]科罗姆纳,265
kolyma[地]科雷马河,xxv
komanoi[族]钦察人,见kipchaks
kona shahr[地]科纳·沙尔,493
konchaka[人]科恩恰哈,617注
kondurcha[地]昆都尔察河,440
kondurchinsk[地]孔杜尔恰斯克,440
könig, f. w.[人]f·w·库利格,11
konya (lycaonia)[地]科尼亚(利考尼亚)xxix,155,157,261,263,272,281,382,385,387,389,452,573注
korea[朝]朝鲜,高丽,128,133,259,289,515,599注
körgüz (约死于1244年)[人]阔儿吉思,269
körgüz (george; 1235-42)[人]阔儿吉思(乔治),351-352
körgüz (görgüz; george; d. 1298)[人]阔里吉思,294,301-302,306,314,318,335
koshang[地]科尚(看托克托),见toqto
kosho-tsaidam[地]和硕·柴达木,85-86,87,92-93,101,103,106,108-109,110,112-113,192,566注,578注
ko shu-han[人]哥舒翰,118
kosogol, lake[地]库苏泊,124,479,503
kosovo[地]科索沃,449
kostromskaya[地]科斯特罗马斯卡雅,12,13,15
ko-tjong[人]王焢,259,288,599注
kotor (cattaro)[地]科托尔,267
kötö'ü-aral[地]阔帖兀阿兰,见ködä'ä-aral
köyitän[人]阔亦田,207,582注
közädagh[地]柯塞山,263
kozel[地]科泽尔,546注
kozlov, p. k.[人]科兹洛夫,25,39,133
krasnoyarsk[地]克拉斯诺亚尔斯克,5,14
krikor (gregory)[人]克利科尔,358
krum[人]克鲁姆,177
kuang[地]两广,324
kuangku[地]广固,557注
kuang-tö[地]广德,43
kuang wu-ti[人]光武帝,39
kubak-sari[地]和布克赛尔,526
kuban[地]库班,4,10,11,12,15,16,72,73,74,176,180,182,392,442,472,503,522
kublai (hu-pi-lie; qubilai; qubilay; qublay)[人]忽必烈,xxiii,xxviii,xxx,59,63,214,272,274,275,282-300,304,305,307,308-309,311,320,321,331,332,333,336,363,371-373,374,396,397,401,419,456,502,512,514,598注
kublai, house of[族]忽必烈家族(看元朝),见yüan
kucha (k'iu-tsu; kuche; kuchi)[地]库车,xxii,xxiii,28,40,41,43-49,52,54,59,62,95-100,103,107,114-115,117,119,125,144,164,173,189,212,233,312,326,329,340,344,426,460,491,492,497,498,506,542,555注,556注
kuchean language ("tokharian" a and b)[语]库车语(吐火罗语a和b),xxiii,28,40,49,96,97,124,125,562注
kucheng[地]古城(看别失八里),见beshbaligh
küchlüg[人]屈出律,190,215,233,234,235-236,330,584注
küchow (ghiugiu)[地]衢州,308
kuchu[人]阔出,259,268
kuchuk muhammad[人]库楚克·马哈麻汗,470,472
kuchum[人]库程汗,489,490
kudang[人]库登汗,510
kuei-shuang[族]贵霜人,见kushans
kuibyshev[地]古比雪夫(萨马拉),见samara
kuilek (kobluk)[人]古卜鲁克,403
kujula (kujulo)kadphises (kadphises i; ch'iu-chiu-ch'ueh)[人]卡德菲斯一世(邱就却),32,45-46,561注
kuku hoto (köke-khoto)[地]库库河屯(呼和浩特,归化城绥远城),35,136,510,514,529;参见kweihwacheng; suiyuan (town)
kül-bulat[人]库尔布鲁特,609注
kuldja[地]固尔扎,234,235,282,292,312,319,326,424,528,531,533,538,539,540,541
kule[地]库莱,184,
ku-li (as title)[专]谷蠡王(称号),20
kulikovo[地]库里科沃,405-406,407
ku-ki p'ei-lo[人]骨力裴罗,见qutlugh bilgä
kul oba[地]库尔·奥巴,7,13,15
kul-tegin[人]阙特勤,85-86,108-112,116
kuma[地]库马,392
kumaragupta[人]鸠摩罗芨多,69
kumarajiva[人]鸠摩罗什,49-50,59
kumiss (qumiz)[专]忽迷思(马奶酒),219,276,568注,587注
kumo[地]阿克苏城(姑墨),见aksu (town and province)
kumtura[地]库姆吐拉,52,96,97,98
kun[族]看钦察人,见kipchaks
kün-buqa[人]孔不花,259,301,302,303,599注
künchow (yüchow)[地]钧州(今禹州),258
kundelung ubasha[人]昆都仑乌巴什,487-488,523
kundjuk[人]宽阇,见kunjuk
kunduz[地]昆都士,82-83,85,93,116,117,119,143,342,346,409,411,412,414
kunduzcha[地]孔杜尔恰,440
kungas (kungkas)[人]孔加士,68
kungchang (lungsi)[地]关中(陇西),283
kungei[地]昆格山,500
kunges[地]空格斯,424,491
kungkas[人]孔加士,见kungas
kung-ti[人]恭帝(宋),286
kungyueh[地]弓月城,564注
kunjuk (kundjuk)[人]宽阇,338
kunlun[地]昆仑山,533
kunni[族]昆尼,见huni
kün tängridä ulugh bulmysh kütshlug bilgä ch'ung-tö[人]登啰羽録没蜜施句主毗伽可汗,122
kuo hiao-k'o[人]郭孝恪,95,99,100
k'uo-li-ki-ssu (george; name)[人]阔里吉思(乔治),301
k'uo-li-ki-ssu (george; person)[人](镇海之子)乔治,593注
kuo-shih (as title)[专]国师(称号),298
kupehkow[地]古北口,129
kura[地]库拉河,261,347,369,398,399,430,437,462
kurdistan[地]库尔德斯坦,263,361,430,433
kurds[族]库尔德人,379,383
kurdzhips[地]库尔德泽普斯,16
kuriyen (circles)[专]古列延,196
kusala[人]和世焺,321
kushans (kuei-shuang)[族]贵霜人,32,45-46,68-69
kusmehan[地]库什麦罕,68
kustanai[地]库斯坦赖,439
kutahya[地]屈塔希亚,451,452
kutaisi[地]库塔伊思,263
kutan[人]忽滩,246,264
ku-to-lu pei-kia k'iu[人]骨咄禄毗伽阙可汗,见qutlugh bilgä
kutrigurs[族]库特利格尔人,79,80,172,174,176
kutsang[地]姑藏(甘州),见kanchow (kansu)
ku-tu (as title)[专]骨都侯(称号),21
kuvrat[人]库弗拉特,175,176
kwachow[地]瓜州,35
kwangping[地]广平,325
kwangsi[地]广西,284,287,518
kwangtung[地]广东,287
kwantao[地]馆陶,325
kwei[人]桂王,518
kweichow (hsailaihsien)[地]妫州(怀来县),106
kweihwacheng[地]归化城,25,106,301,306,510,530,参见kuku hoto; toqto
kweilin[地]桂林,284,287,518
kweiteh[地]归德,258
kweitung[地]水洞沟,3
kyakhta[地]恰克图,25
kyozwa[人]莏苴,291
kyushu[地]九州,289
kyzyl-kum[地]克齐尔库姆沙漠,xxii
kyzyl-su,[地]克孜尔河,41
kzyl-orda[地]克孜勒奥尔达(看波罗威斯克),见perovsk
ladakh[地]拉达克山,497,499
ladislas (活跃于1287年)[人]拉迪斯拉斯,401
lahore[地]拉合尔,168,339,443
laikhor-khan[人]赉瑚尔汗,512
lajazzo (latakiap; layas; ayas)[地]剌牙思,305,312,313,370
lakhanas[人]伊凡洛(拉汗纳斯),见ivailo
lakiashih (aru-rarja)[地]拉加寺地区,525
lalegir[族]拉列基尔人,515
lamaism[宗]喇嘛教,220,298,299,319,323,383,513-515,523,564注,628注;红教,513,523;黄教,513,514,523,524,526,532,533,536,540
lamut[族]拉穆特人,515
lanchi[地](浙江)兰溪,308
lanchow (yüan-ch'uan)[地]兰州(苑川),35,60,107
langson[地]谅山,290
lao-shang[人]老上单于,21,27,28
lao-tse[人]老子,见taoism
laranda (karaman)[地]拉兰达(今卡拉曼),391,452
lasha, david[人]大卫·拉沙,见david lasha
lasha, giorgi iii[人]吉奥吉尔三世拉沙,见giorgi iii lasha
latakia[地]剌牙思,见lajazzo
latsang khan[人]拉藏汗,524,532-533
laurence (of ancona)[人]劳伦斯,342
law codes[专]法典,见shari'a; yasaq
layas[地]剌牙思,见lajazzo
lazica[地]拉齐卡,84
le coq, a. a. von[人]勒柯,96,97,122
legdan (lingdan)[人]林丹汗,510,514,517
legnica[地]里格尼兹,见liegnitz
lelvar[文]勒尔瓦尔文化,5,545注
lena (river)[地]勒拿河,xxv,515
leo, st. (leo the great)[人]圣利奥,76
leo iii (of cilicia)[人](西里西亚的)利奥三世,371
leo iv (the khazar; byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)利奥四世,179
leo vi (byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)利奥六世,178,180
levedia[地]列维底亚,177,178,182
levedian culture[专]列维底亚文化,67,549注
levunion, mount[地]列瓦尼恩山,184
lezghians (lezginy)[族]列兹基人,246
lhasa[地]拉萨(布达拉宫),523,526-527,532,533,540;potala,524,533
li an-ch'uan[人]李安全,226,227
liang[朝]梁,59,64
liang, hou-[朝]后梁,见hou-liang
liangchow (erginul; ergiuul)[地]凉州,35,54,112,306
liang k'in[人]梁慬,47
liang shu[书]《梁书》,68
liao (dynasty)[朝]辽代(契丹),见khitan
liao (river)[地]辽河,39,54,61,83,127,128,164,196,228,293
liaosi[地]辽西,53-54,57,88,108,112,230
liaotung[地]辽东,39,53,57,58,128,250,507,510
liaoyang[地]辽阳,131,136,138,139,227,228,229,516
li chih-ch'ang[人]李志常,249,275-276,590注
liegnitz (legnica)[地]里格尼兹,266
li ki-lung[人]李继隆,132-133
li ki-ts'ien[人]李继迁(赵保机),见chao pao-ki
li k'o-yung[人]李克用,126-127
li kuang-li[人]李广利,36
li ling[人]李陵,36
linchow[地]灵州,568注
lingchow (lingwu)[地]灵州(灵武),108,126,132,226,247,568注
lingdan[人]林丹汗,见legdan
lingkiu[地]灵丘,107,108,
lingwu[地]灵武(灵州),见lingchow
linhwang[地]临潢,130,136
lintao[地]临洮,517注
li-pien-a-ta[人]列边阿塔,见rabban-ata
li po, the man of the marches[人]李白《行行且游猎篇》,102
li-p'o-chuen[人]栗婆准,99
li shih-min[人]李世民(唐太宗),见t'ai-tsung
li shih-tsi[人]李世筈,92
lithuania[地]立陶宛,399,407,436,443,469
lithuanians[族]立陶宛人,471
li tsin-chung[人]李尽忠,108
li tsing[人]李靖,92
li-tsung[人]宋理宗,259
li ts'un-hsü[人]李存助,127,128
little horde (kishi-jüz)[族]小帐(吉尔吉斯-哈萨克),478,480,485,521,522,625注;参见kirghiz-kazakhs
little pulu[朝]小勃律,见gilgit
little yüeh-chih (hsia yüeh-chih)[族]小月氏,28-29
li tzu-ch'eng[人]李自成,517,518
liu chih-yüan[人]刘知远,130
liu fu-t'ung[人]刘福通,323
liu ts'ung[人]刘聪,xxviii,56,57
liu wei[人]刘伟,453
liu yüan[人]刘渊,56
li yi[人]李祎,118
lobdzang[人]罗卜藏,512
lob nor[地]罗布泊,xxii,35,37,40,41,42,52,96,303,306,312,344,424;参见shanshan; yiwu
blo-bzang (nag-dbang blo-bzang)[人]阿旺·罗卜藏,523-524,532
loehr, max[人]马克思·劳尔,4
loire[地]卢瓦尔河,74
lo-lo[族]罗罗人,283-284
lombards[族]伦巴德人,60,173,174
longjumeau[人]安德烈·德·隆朱米,见andré de longjumeau; guy (guillaume)de longjumeau
loni[地]洛尼,444
lop (charkhlik)[地]罗不,306
lore[地]罗耳,260
lorraine[地]洛林,178
louis ix (st. louis)[人]路易斯九世,圣·路易斯,273,276,277,281,349
louis the child[人]孩童路易斯,178
loulan[朝]楼兰,35,37,40,41,42
loyang[地]洛阳,xxix,41,48,49,56,57,58,59,61,63,65,120,121,122,126,127,259,558注
lu[人]鲁王,518
lucalongo, petrus da[人]彼得鲁斯,见petrus da lucalongo
lüders, heinrich[人]吕德斯,29
lugar[地]卢卡尔河,590注
lugovskoye[地]卢戈伊什科耶,558注
lu-ho (luke; name)[人]鲁合,301
lukchun[地]鲁克沁,42,47
luke (son of 'isä)[人]鲁合,304
lu kuang[人]吕光,50,59,60
luleburgaz (arcadiopolis)[地]卢累布尔加兹,76,184
lung[地]龙庭,34
lungcheng[地]龙城,557注
lungmen[地]龙门,64,65
lungsi[地]陇西,见kungchang
lungtö,[地]隆德,248
lur[族]罗耳人,432
luristan[地]卢里斯坦,11,169,355,430,432
lü shih-chung[人]刘时中,284
lutsang[地]鲁仓,525
lü wen-huang[人]吕文涣,287
lwanping[地]滦平,24,25
lycaonia[地]利考尼亚(科尼亚),见konya
lycia[地]吕基亚,452
lyons[地]里昂,270
macedonia[地]马其顿,449
madali[人]马达里(穆罕默德·阿里),见muhammad 'ali
madyes[人]马代斯,9
maes titianos[人]马厄斯·梯梯安洛斯,40,48,313
magadha[朝]摩揭陀,71
magdalenian culture[文]马格德林文化,3,13
maghas (mankas; monkas)[地]蔑怯思,265
maghreb[地]马格里布,355
magnesia ad sipylum (manisa)[地]马格尼西亚,453
magyars[族]马扎尔人,xxviii,174,177-179,181,182
mahamu[人]马合木,503,504,628注
ma-hei-ma[人]马黑麻,见muhammad (活跃于1560年)
mahmud (of ghazni;死于1030年)[人](加兹尼的)马赫穆德,144,145-146,149,150
mahmud (1487-93)[人]马合木,481
mahmud (1487-1508)[人]马哈木,463,482,496-497
mahmud (1494-95)[人]马合谋,464
mahmudabad[地]马哈茂达巴德,462
mahmud-beg[人]马合谋伯格,382,385
mahmudek[人]马赫穆提克,472
mahmud ibn muhammad[人]马赫默德·伊本·穆罕默德,158
mahmud khan[人]马合谋汗,416
mahmud shah ii[人]马茂德·沙二世,444,445
mahmud yalavach[人]马合谋·牙剌洼赤,250-251,272,328,352
“mahone”[专]马霍恩贸易公司,452
maikop[地]迈科普,545注
maiyafariqin[朝]蔑牙法里勒异密国,360
maikhan (tent)[专]迈克罕,196
maikop[地]迈科普,4,16
maitreya khutukhtu[人]迈达里·胡土克图,514
majapahit[朝]满者伯夷国,291
majd ad-din baghdadi[人]马扎德丁·巴格达第,589注
makikha[人]马基哈,356,357
makhmet-kul (muhammad-quli)[人]马赫麦特·库耳,489
makhtum khanim[人]马黑秃木·哈尼木,506,508
ma k'ing-siang[人]马金襄,593注
malabar[地]无离拔,315
malaya[地]马来亚,311
malayu[地]马拉尤,600注
malazgirt (manzikert)[地]曼吉克特,152,184
malfuzat-i timuri[书]《帖木儿名言录》,444-445
malik (as title)[专]马立克(称号,意为王),352
malikshah[人]马立克沙赫,147,152-153,154,155,158
mal-kal tungus[族]靺鞨通古斯人,515
mallu iqbal[人]马鲁·伊黑巴勒,444,445
malta (nr. irkutsk)[地]马尔塔,3
ma lung[人]马隆,54
malvan[地]马尔瓦(印度),32
malwa[地]马尔瓦(印度),69,70,71,146
malyi-terek[地]马尔义特列克,558注
mamai (mamaq; 1361-80)[人]马麦,405-406,407,436
mamai (活跃于1523年)[人]马迈(诺盖汗),473
mamelukes[专]马木路克人(奴隶),153,155,245,263
mamelukes (dynasty)[朝]马木路克王朝,364-365,366,368,370,371,373-376,mamelukes (dynasty)(cont.)382,384-385,387,398,400,403,404,405,433,434,446-448
manas (river)[地]玛纳斯河,100,342,344,422,491
manchouli[地]满洲里,3
manchu (dynasty)[朝]清朝,63,66,510,515-520,528-533,536-542
manchu (people)[族]满族人,515,516
manchukuo[朝]满洲国,515
manchuria[地]满洲,80,85,128,134,136,137,211,227,228,229,293,294,515,516,517,519,529,538
mandaghol[人]满都古勒,509
mandasur[族]曼达索尔家族,71
mandughai[人]满都海赛音,509
manegir[族]玛尼基尔人,515
mangala[人]忙哥剌,307,605注
mangit[族]曼吉特部(诺盖部),见nogai (tribe)
mangu timur (mongka temür)[人]忙哥帖木儿,292,333,366,371,401,606注
mangyshlak peninsula[地]曼吉什拉特半岛,521,522
maniak[人]曼尼亚克,184
maniakh[人]马尼亚克,83
manichaean art[文]摩尼教艺术,122,124
manichaeanism[宗]摩尼教,121,122,124-125,197,304,319
manisa[地]马格尼西亚,见magnesia ad sipylum
mankas[地]蔑怯思,见maghas
manqud[人]忙古惕,194,210
mansur (死于1393年)[人]曼苏尔,431,432-433
mansur (mansur-khan; 1503-43)[人]满速儿汗,497,499
mansur i ibn-nuh[人]曼苏尔一世(伊本·努赫),143
mansurov[人]曼苏罗夫,475
manzi[朝]蛮子国,309,311
manzikert[地]曼吉克特,见malazgirt
mao-tun[人]昌顿单于,27,28
mao'undur[地]卯温都儿,210
mar abraham[人]马·雅巴拉哈,369
maragheh[地]蔑剌合,245,262,359,367,368,377,379,382;望楼,384;蔑剌合,373,379,383
marawsik-ila[地]马拉什克亦拉,326
mar denha[人]马·德赫,367,368,369
mardin[地]马尔丁,433
mar guiwarguis[人]马·基瓦古斯,303
marguz (marcus)buyiruq[人]马儿忽思不亦鲁,191
marhasia (christian bishops)[专]马儿哈昔,300
maria (sister of andronicus ii)[人](拜占庭皇帝安德努尼卡斯二世的妹妹)马利亚,385
marignolli, giovanni da[人]约翰·马黎诺里,见giovanni da marignolli
marinus (of tyre)[人](提尔的)马里努斯,40
maritsa[地]马里查山谷,184
mariupol[地]马里乌波尔,246,407,436
mar james[人]马·詹姆斯,369
marj as-soffar[地]马尔杰·索法尔,382
mar jesusabran[人]马·耶稣沙布兰,369
mark (活跃于1248年)[人]马克,349
markanda[地]马尔干达,撒麻耳干,见samarkand
märkit[族]蔑儿乞部,192,195,201,204,205,207,208,213,215,216,234,578注,584注
mar koka[地]马科卡,368
markus[人]麻古思,见mar yahballaha iii
marquart josef[人]马迦特,68,171,180,182
mar särgis (ma sie-li-ki-ssu)[人]马薜里吉思,302
mar sehyon[地]马塞坊,368
mar shalita[地]蔑剌合,见maragheh条下
martinovka[地]马提诺威卡,575注
martonocha[地]马尔托罗查,10
maruta,st.[人]圣·马鲁塔,361
mary (daughter of michael palaeologus)[人](迈克尔·佩利奥洛格斯的女儿)马丽公主,368
mar yahballaha iii (markus)[人]马·雅巴拉哈三世(麻古思),301,302-303,336,368-369,372,373,377,379,383
mashhad[地]麦士德(图斯),见tus
ma sie-li-ki-ssu[人]马薜里吉思,见mar särgis
maspero, georges[人]马斯佩罗,19-20
massagetae[族]马萨革泰人,9,547注
mas'ud (1030-40)[人]马苏德,146,149
mas'ud (1133-52)[人]马苏德,158
mas'ud (活跃于1495年)[人]麻素提,464
mas'ud ii[人]马苏德二世,382,387
mas'udi[人]马苏第,181
mas'ud yalavach (mas'ud-beg)[人]麻速忽·牙剌洼赤(麻速忽伯格),269,328,331-335,352
ma'sum shah murad[人]马桑·沙·穆拉德,486-487
ma-ta-ku[人]麻达葛,139-140,227
matarka[地]马他喀贸易据点,180
mathura[地]孔雀城(摩突罗),32,146
matla' es-sa'dein[书]《两幸福之会合》,见'abd ar-razzaq samarqandi
maurice (byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)毛里斯,562注
mazanderan[地]马赞德兰,351,353,354,390,428,432,464
mazdaism[宗]马资达教,7,84,101,219
mecca[地]麦加,244,373,414,430
medes[族]米底人,7
media[地]麦地那,9,11,31
megujin se'ultu[人]蔑古真·薜兀勒图,204
mehmed ii[人]穆赫默德二世,471
meimundiz[地]麦门底司堡,354
melankhlenes[族]米兰克尼勒斯人,10,11
melgunov[地]麦勒古罗夫,10
melitopol[地]美利托波尔,15,546注
menander[人]弥南,173
menbij (hierapolis)[地]门比杰,40,361
meng kung[人]孟珙,282
mengli girei (geray)[人]明里·格来,470,471,472
meng t'ien[人]蒙恬,26-27
mentese[地]门泰斯,449,451,452
merhart, j.[人]麦哈特,16-17,25,37
merovingians[朝]墨洛温王朝(人),60
merv[地]莫夫(马里),xxi,40,67,68,80,85,116,117,144,147,150,159,160,164,167,191,240,242,243,312,334,369,483,487
meshed[地]麦什德(图斯),见tus
meshed-i-sar (babulsar)[地]麦什德·萨尔,432
mesia[地]麦西亚,78
mesopotamian art[文]美索不达米亚艺术,4,11-12
metz[地]梅斯,76
michael palaeologus[人]迈克尔·佩利奥洛格斯,368,399,400
middle horde (orta-jüz)[朝]中帐,478,480,522,532,625注,参见kirghiz-kazakhs
mien[朝]缅甸,见burma
mihaeni[地]米赫埃尼,8
mika'il[人]米凯尔,149
mikhailovka[地]米海洛夫卡,6,8
mikirakula[人]摩醯逻矩罗,71,248
mikoyanabad[地]米高扬纳巴德,见kabadian
milan[地]米兰,56,76
mindor[地]闵多儿,260
mindszent[地]明曾特,176
ming[朝]明朝,319,323,324,325,424,453,456,459,488,494,496,498-499,502-507,510-511,512,516,517,518,540
ming-an[人]明安,588注
mingchow[地]明州(宁波),见ningpo
mingghan (army captain)[专]敏罕(千夫长),222
ming-lak[地]明拉克,626注
ming-shih[书]《明史》,494,495,496,499,503-507,510
ming-ti[人]明帝,42,43
minorsky, v. f.[人]米诺尔斯基,146,172,180,185
min shan[地]鸣沙山,108
minteke[地]明铁盖达坂,41
miraj[地]米拉杰,445
minusinsk[地]米努辛斯克,xxiii,xxv,24,28,66-67,124,216,549注,556注,558注,艺术4,5,6,14,15,17-19,66,176
mir 'ali shir newa'i[人]察儿·阿里·失儿·纳瓦依,465
miran[地]米兰,41,49
miranshah[人]米兰沙,427,430,433,434,437,456,458
mir bayezid[人]迷里拜牙即,410
mirdasid dynasty[朝]米尔达西朝,152
mir husain[人]迷里忽辛,见husain (活跃于1360年)
mirkhond[人]米尔空,67,245,464,465
mirza 'abdallah[人]米儿咱阿布达拉赫,见'abdallah ibn-qazghan
mirza iskander[人]米儿咱·伊斯堪答儿,426
mitan[地]卡巴·马坦,见kaba-matan
mithridates ii[人]密特里达提二世,31
mitrovica[地]米特洛维察(锡尔米蒙),见sirmium
mizuki[地]麦诸基,289
mobarek-shah[人]木八剌沙,332,334
mo-ch'o (mo-cho; bak-chor; qapagan-khagan)[人]默啜,107-108,109,110,116,127-128,565注
moesia[地]麦西亚,174,177
mogholistan[地]蒙兀儿斯坦,342-346,419,420,422,424,425,426,438,459,460-461,463,480,482,490-501,506,507
mogholtai[人]蒙古台,332
mohi[地]莫希,266
mo-ho[族]靺鞨578注
mojak, moje[专]慕阇(称号),见mu-shö
mo-ki-lien[人]默棘连,110-111,112,113,565注
moldavia[地]摩尔达维亚,4,6,181,268
mologa[地]莫洛加河,265
mongka[人]蒙哥,264-65,267,272-276,280-284,288,298,300,320,329,330,349-350,352,353,354,357,363,394,395,397,512,596注,598注,606注
mongka temür[人]忙哥帖木儿,见mangu timur
mong-ku[族]萌古,197
mongol language[文]蒙古语,xxv,228,277,544注,579注-580注
mongol script[文]蒙古文,252,298-299;uiguro-mongol,516,521
mong-wu (mong-wa)[族]蒙兀,579注
monkas[地]蔑怯思,见maghas
mon-khmer[族]纯高棉种人,290
montecorvino, giovanni da[人]约翰·孟德科维诺,见giovanni da montecorvino
morava[地]摩拉瓦河,76
moravia[地]摩拉维亚(大摩拉维亚),266,395;great moravia,175,178
mordvian culture, so-called[文]摩尔达维亚文化,11
mordvinians[族]摩尔多维亚人,472
morosova[地]摩罗索瓦,549注
moscow[地]莫斯科,265,404,405,407,436,470,472,473
mostaert, father a.[人]老莫斯特尔特,530-531
mosul[地]摩苏尔,158,263-264,347,349,355,366,391
mo-yen-cho (bayan-chor; ko-lo; moyun-chor)[人]默延啜(葛勒),120,121,565注,567注
mozhaisk[地]莫扎伊斯克,407,436
mstislav (the bold)[人]勇士密赤思腊,246
mubariz ad-din muhammad[人]穆巴里克·丁·穆罕默德,390-391
mugan[地]木干草原,245,261,262,263,271,281,347,357,359,456,594注
muhammad (prophet)[人](先知)穆罕默德,500
muhammad (1105-18)[人]穆罕默德,158
muhammad ii (活跃于1403年)[人]穆罕默德二世,452
muhammad (ma-hei-ma;活跃于1560年)[人]马黑麻,499
muhammad (活跃于1603年)[人]麻法默德,500
muhammad hajji[人]哈吉·穆罕默德,见hajji muhammad
muhammad (of ghor)[人]希哈布·阿德丁·摩诃末,见shihab ad-din muhammad
muhammad (of khwarizm)[人]摩诃末(阿拉·阿德丁·摩诃末),见'ala ad-din muhammad
muhammad 'ali (madali)[人]穆罕默德·阿里(马达里),488-489
muhammad amin[人]穆罕默德·阿明,473
muhammad bughra-khan[人]博格拉汗,穆罕默德,147
muhammad girei[人]穆罕默德·格来,473
muhammad haidar i[人]穆罕默德·海达尔一世,463,494
muhammad haidar ii (haidarmirza)[人]穆罕默德·海达尔二世,497,498,499,627注;《拉失德史》344,416,423,424,425,480,481,482,491-495,497,499,500,504,506,507,508
muhammad ibn-tughlugh[人]穆罕默德·本·图格卢,341,443
muhammad-khan[人]马黑麻汗,425,619注
muhammad-quli[人]马赫麦德·库耳,见makhmet-kul
muhammad sam[人]穆罕默德·沙姆,386
muhammad shaybani[人]穆罕默德·昔班尼,464,465,481,482,483,486,487,497-498,615注
muhammad timur[人]穆罕默德·帖木儿,483
muhammad 'umar[人]穆罕默德·奥玛尔,488
muhammad yusuf[人]马黑麻·亦速甫,500
mu-han[人]木杆可汗,82
mu-ho[人]莫何,88
mu'in ad-din suleiman[人]穆因哀丁·苏来曼,370
mu'izz ad-din husain kert[人]穆兹丁·胡赛因,343,390,426
mu-jung[族]慕容氏(前燕、后燕国),57,58,61,577注;参见hou-yen; ts'ien-yen
mu-jung ch'uei[人]慕容垂,59
mu-jung tsiun[人]慕容鯭,58
mukachevo[地]穆卡切沃,见munkacs
mukden[地]沈阳,516,519
mukri[族](拜占庭作家记)蔑儿乞人,578注
muktapida[人]木多笔,118-119
multan[地]木尔坦,242,340,443,444,446
mumash[人]谟麻失汗,508
mu'min,al-[人]阿布德·穆明,见'abd al-mu'min
munda languages[文]穆恩答语,576注
mundzuk (mundiukh)[人]蒙杜克,75
munglik[人]蒙力克,217,218,585注
munkacs (mukachevo)[地]穆卡切沃,266
munte, guillaume de[人]纪尧姆·蒙特,见guillaume de munte
muqali (muquli)[人]木华黎,202,203,206,223,232-233,247,588注
mures[文]穆里斯文化,6
murgab (place)[地]穆耳加布,386
murgab (river)[地]穆耳加布河,340,461,465
murtuk[地]穆尔吐克,52,96,98,124
mus[地]穆什,391,430,431,459,462
musa[地]穆萨,149
muscovy[地]莫斯科维,395,407,436,438,441,452,470,471,473,475,489,522,540
mu-shö (mojak, moje; as title)[专]慕阇,121
musta'sim, al-[人]穆斯台耳绥姆,354,355-356
mu'tamid[人]穆塔米德,142
mutan[地]忽尔卡河,见hurka
mütügen[人]木阿秃干,241,271,329,334
muzaffarids[朝]穆扎法尔朝,343,390-391,426,431,432,433
muzaffar-i kashi[人]穆札菲·喀什,431
muzart[人]穆扎尔特,xxiii,555注
mylapore[地]马八儿,313,315,319
mysia[地]麦西亚,453
nablus[地]纳布卢斯,362
nadir-shah[人]纳迪尔沙,486,488
nagchu[地]那曲,533
nag-dbang blo-bzang,见blo-bzang
nagy czeks[地]纳吉·者克斯,267
naiman[族]乃蛮部,xxiv,xxv,126,190-191,204-208,212-217,233,234,235-236,301
naissus (nis)[地]尼什,76
nakhichevan[地]纳希切万,281,348,378,430,434,458
nakhsheb (nasef)[地]那黑沙不,341
naksh-i jahan[人]纳黑失只罕,425,619注
na-li[人]那利,100
namghin[地]安庆(或开封)(马可记),310
na-mo[人]那摩,275,276,298
nam tso[地]纳木错(腾格里湖),见tengri nor
nanchang (hungchow)[地]南昌(洪州)122,137
nancheng[地]南郑(汉中),见hanchung
nanchow[朝]云南国,见yunnan
nangin[地]南京,310
nan-kia[专]南家(金人称宋朝),593注
nangkiyas (nang-kiyas; nikasa)[人]宁甲速,593注
nanking (kienkang; kienning; kinling-fu; quelinfu)[地]南京(建康,金陵府),57,62,64,68,132,137,287,308,316,323,325
nankow (kiu-yung-kuan)pass[地]南关(居庸关),106,507
nanshan[地]南山,28,35
nanyang[地]南阳,258
nan-yen[朝]南燕,557注
naples[地]那不勒斯,319,374
narasihapati[人]那罗梯诃波帝,290
narasimhagupta[人]纳罗新哈·笈罗,70,71
narin, david[人]大卫·纳林,见david narin
naryn[地]纳林河,423
nasawi[人]奈撒微(《札兰丁传》的作者),241,589注
nasef[地]纳黑沙布,见nakhsheb
nasir, an-(1180-1225)[人](哈里发)纳昔儿,237-238
nasir an-(活跃于1320年)[人]纳绥尔(埃及马木路克王朝苏丹),404
nasir ad-din[人]纳速剌丁,601注
nasir ad-din 'ubaidallah[人]纳昔儿·丁·乌拜达拉赫,495
nasir yusuf, an-[人]纳绥尔·玉素甫,360,361-362,362-363
nasr ibn-ahmed[人]纳斯尔·伊本·阿赫默德,141-142
nasr ii ibn-ahmed[人]纳斯尔二世(伊本·阿赫默德),142
nauruz[人]捏兀鲁思,352,376-380
nauruz ahmed[人]老奴思·阿合木,508
naya[人]那雅,215,223
nayan (活跃于1287)[人]乃颜,293
nayan[人]伯颜,见bayan (1301-09)
nazar[人]那札儿(吉尔吉斯汗),499
negda[族]涅格达人,515
nehavend[地]尼哈温,116,432
nejm sani[人]纳吉姆·沙尼,484
nemesvolgy[地]内麦斯沃尔吉,176
neolithic period[专]新石器时期,3
nepryadva[地]涅普里亚德瓦河,406
nesef[地]内塞弗,457
nessa[地]奈撒,241,243
nestorian art[文]聂思托里安教艺术,26,124
nestorianism[宗]聂思托里安教(景教),125,142,189,190,191,197,220,237,263,270,271,277,280,300-304,306,315,327,341,342,368,369,383,396,397,597注;教士,300,602注;也里可温,300,602注
neustadt[地]诺伊施塔特,267
nevsky, alexander[人]亚历山大·涅维斯基,见alexander nevsky
ngan-tö[人]安得,42,44
nghean[地]义安,290
nicaea (iznik)[地]尼西亚(伊兹尼克),153,350,385,451
nicephorus i[人]黎塞弗留斯一世,177
nicholas iv, pope[人](教皇)尼古拉四世,313,336,373,375,376
nicholas, friar[人](修士)尼古拉,319
nicolo di pagana[人]尼可洛·迪帕加纳,404
nicomedia[地]尼科美底亚(伊兹米特),见izmit
nicopolis[地]尼科堡,449,452
nicosia[地]尼科西亚,349
nien-mo-ho[人]粘没喝,136,137
nikolayev[地]尼科拉耶夫,4,5
nikolayevka[地]尼古拉耶夫卡,73
nikov p.[人]李柯夫,402
nikpai oghul[人]捏古伯,334,607注
nilqa[人]亦剌合(桑昆),见sängün
nine oghuz[族]九姓乌古思,见toquz oghuz
nine tatar[族]九姓鞑靼,见toquz tatar
ningan[地]宁干(宁古塔),见ninguta
ningkiang[地]宁江州,136,137
ningkwo[地]宁国,287
ningpo (mingchow)[地]宁波(明州),137
ningsia (chunghing; egrigaia)[地]宁夏(中兴府),108,126,132,226,247-248,299,302,303,306,504,510,511
ninguta (ningan)[地]宁古塔(宁干),515,516
ningwu[地]宁武,133
ningyüan,[地]宁远,567注
nin-kia-su[人]宁甲速,257,258,593注
nirun[族]尼鲁温部,193,194
nis[地]尼什,见naissus
nishapur[地]尼沙普尔,146,149,150,160,240,241,305,334,369,380,390,427,485
nisibin (nusaybin)[地]尼西比斯(努赛宾),262,361,368
niya (niyang)[地]尼雅,41,49
nizam al-mulk[人]尼查姆·乌尔·莫尔克,152,153,154
nizhni novgorod (gorki)[地]下诺夫哥罗德(今高尔基),5,470
noeldeke, t.[人]诺尔德克,67
nogai (mangit; tribe)[族]诺盖部,470,486-487,490,521,522
nogai (noghai; person)[人]诺盖,366,369,398-403,405
nogai (region)[地]诺盖地区,472,473,475
noin ula[地]诺恩乌拉,12,18,25,26,39
nöku (nökud; warriors; free men)[专]那可儿(武士,自由人),195,222
“nomad horsemen”[专]游牧骑士风格,66-67,176
nomokhan (nomoqan)[人]那木罕,292,401
nomtarni[人]那蒙塔尼,629注
nonni[地]嫩江,39,208,505,509,529
north vietnam[朝]安南,北越,见annam
novgorod[地]诺夫哥罗德,265
novo alexandrovka[地]新亚历山德罗夫卡,546注
novocherkask[地]新切尔卡斯克,16
novogrigorievsk[地]诺沃格里格鲁夫斯克,5
nowairi[人]诺瓦里,401,403
noyan (as title)[专]那颜(称号),194,222,586注
noyandara[人]那颜达拉,511,629注
nuh ii ibn-mansur[人]努赫二世,曼苏尔,143,144
nuh i ibn-nasr[人]努赫一世(纳昔),143
nur 'ali[人]奴儿·阿里汗,522
nur daulet[人]努儿道剌特,471
nurhachi (nurkhatsi; nu-ul-ha-ch'e)[人]努尔哈赤,516-517
nusaybin[地]努赛宾(尼西比斯,见nisibin)
nu-shih-pi[族]努失毕部,95,102,103,109
nutuq (grazing lands)[专]努士克(牧场),195,221-222
nu-ul-ha-ch'e[人]努尔哈赤,见nurhachi
ob[地]鄂毕河,148,185,490,525
oboq (clan)[专]斡孛黑(氏族),193
ochigin (otchigin; as title)[专]斡赤斤(称号),255
oder (odra)[地]奥德河,266
odessa[地]敖德沙,13
odoli[地]鄂多理,516
odorico da pordenone[人]鄂多立克,216,306,312-320各处
odra[地]奥德河,见oder
oelun-eke[人]月伦额格,199,217,218,256,585注
ogädäi, ögedei[人]窝阔台,见ogödäi
oghlaqan[人]鄂克拉罕,629注
oghul[人]沙·斡兀立,见shah-oghul
oghul qaimish[人]斡兀立·海迷失,272-274,330,349,596注
oghuz (ghuzz; torks; ouzoi; uzes)[族]乌古思(古兹,乌泽人,奥佐伊人),xxix,148,149,151-155各处,157,160,164,167,181,182,185-186,237,240,393,565注-566注;九姓乌古思,106,110,126,145,565注,566注
oghuz-name[书]《乌古思名》,544注,565注-566注
oglakty[地]俄格拉克提村,16,19,549注
ogödäi (ogädäi; ögedei)[人]窝阔台,210,229,232,238,239,251,254-259,261,262,263,264,267,268,273,282,300,328,330,347,351,352,353,516,592注,593注
ogödäi, house of[族]窝阔台家族,273,274,280,286,291,292,294,295,296,329,330,338,394,401,403
ogor[族]乌戈尔种,171
d'ohsson[人]多桑,210,215,272,330,338
oirat (confederates; four confederates or dörben oirat oirad; oyirad)[族]卫拉特,斡亦剌惕,192,195,207,213,215,479,491,492,493,499,503-510各处,512,513,520-521,522,525,539;参见choros; dörböt; dzungar; kalmucks; khoshot; torghut
oirotin[地]奥罗丁,18
oiskaya[地]奥伊什卡亚,558注
oka[地]奥卡河,11,470,472,473
ökächi[人]鬼力赤,见ugechi
okhotsk, sea of[地]鄂霍次克海,515
okin-barqaq[人]斡勒巴儿合黑,198,202,228
oktar[人]鄂克塔,75
olbia[地]奥尔比亚城,73
olcha[族]奥尔恰人,515
oljäi temür (punyasri; pen-ya-shöli)[人]本雅失里,504,505,629注
oljaitu (nicholas)[人]完者都,315,340,368,372,383-386,396
olkhui[地]奥尔克浑河,583注
olomouc (olmütz)[地]奥洛摩茨,266
olöt[族]绰罗斯部,见choros
olugh-beg[人]兀鲁伯,243,417,457,459,460,461,492
omar khayyam[人]奥玛尔·卡雅姆,161
omurtag[人]奥慕尔塔克,177
onegesis[人]奥尼吉斯,78
ongirat[族]弘吉剌惕部,见qongirat
ongkin[地]翁金河,34,35,36,191,286,512,536
öngüt[族]汪古部,xxv,26,213,220,227,228,250,300-302,306,318,400,571注
onoghundur (onogur)[族]乌基杜尔人(乌基尔人),176,177-178
onon[地]鄂嫩河(斡难河),193,194,199,200,201,206,216,219,248,255,273,282,504,539
oppeln[地]奥珀伦,399
oqaylids[朝]鄂克里德朝,154
oradea[地]奥拉迪亚,266
orda[人]斡儿答,264,393,394,397,406,615注
ordos (people)[族]鄂尔多斯人,509-514各处,517,530-531,629注
ordos (region)[地]鄂尔多斯(鄂尔多斯艺术),xxii,19,20,27,35,55,88,89,93,126,132,133,189,226,247,510;艺术,13,17,18,19,24-26,50,176
ordu (tented palace)[专]斡耳朵(帐廷),255
ordubaligh (ordu-baligh)[地]斡耳朵八里(哈拉和林),256,599注;参见karabalgasun; karakorum
orenburg (chkalov)[地]奥伦堡,15,394,439,478
orestes[人]奥里斯特斯,78
orghana[人]兀鲁忽乃,275,286,329,330,331-332
orkhan[人]奥尔汗,385
orkhon[地]鄂尔浑,xxii,xxiii,20,34,35,38,46,55,61,80,82,83,87,103,106,111,114,125,128,190,196,197,252,256,269,292,312,417,419,504,512,529,539
orléans[地]奥尔良,76
ormazd (ahura-mazda)[宗]阿马兹达神(阿胡拉·马兹达神),84,219
ormuz[地]霍尔木兹(忽里模子),见hormuz
oro bögilä[人]阿罗·波吉乃,198
oroch[族]奥罗奇人,515
orochon[族]奥罗楚恩人,515
orgötü[地]奥古土,565注,567注
orsk[地]奥尔斯克,439
orta-jüz[族](中帐),见middle horde
osman[人]奥斯曼一世,见'uthman i
ossetians[族]奥塞梯人,74,442
ostrogoths[族]东哥特人,73,75,78
ostyak[地]奥斯佳克,489
ostyak language[文]奥斯特雅克语,576注
otar[地]奥塔尔,423
otchigin[专]斡赤斤,见ochigin
otemish[人]奥特米什,475
otrar[地]讹答剌,235,238,239,270,305,312,332,393,397,400,406,435,436,438,443,453,456
otto i (of germania)[人]奥托一世(日耳曼王),179
ottomans[族]奥斯曼人,xxviii,xxix,157,160,164,179,240-241,385,389,391,396,420,446,448-453,471,472,475,477,485
ötükän[地]於都斤山,106,112,561注,564注,565注;参见khangai
otuz tatar (thirty tatar)[族]三十姓鞑靼,106,192,565注
ouarkhonitai[族]瓦尔和昆尼(假阿瓦尔人),见uarkhonites
oudh[朝]乌德,444
ouzoi[族]奥佐伊人(乌古思),见oghuz
oxus[地]阿克苏斯河(阿姆河),见amu darya
oyidarma[人]斡亦答马,629注
oyirad[族]斡亦剌惕部,见oirat
özbeg (1210-25)[人]月即别,245,260
özbeg (1312-40)[人]月即别,319,400,404
özbegs[族]乌兹别克人,见uzbeks
ozmish[人]乌苏米施汗,113
pachow[地]霸州,133
pachymeres, georgius[人]帕切米尔,399,402
padsha-khatun[人]帕夏可敦,366
padua[地]帕多瓦,319
pagan[朝]蒲甘,291,308
pagana, nicolo di[人]尼可洛·帕格拉,见nicolo di pagana
pahipuszta[地]帕希普兹塔,176
paighu[人]拜格护,149
paiteng[地]白登山,27
paiza (golden tablet)[专]金匾,369
paleolithic period[专]旧石器时代,3
palestine[朝]巴勒斯坦,363,364
pamirs (pamier)[地]帕米尔,xxii,41,96,101,118,119,169,236,306,422
pan ch'ao[人]班超,31,42-47,542
panipat[地]巴尼伯德,445
p'an mei[人]潘美,131
pannonia[地]班诺尼亚,72,76,78,173,174,175
panshan[地](甘肃的)半山,4
pan-ti[人]班第,538,541
panticapaeum (bosporus; kerch)[地]潘蒂卡派(博斯普鲁斯,刻赤),52,85,173,554注
pan yung[人]班勇,47
paoan (chihtan)[地]保安,61,229,232
paochow[地]保州(保定),见paoting
pao-lu-ssu (paul; name)[人]保鲁斯,301
paoning[地]宝宁,258,284
paoting (paochow)[地]保定,108,132,133,230,511
pape[地]清迈,见chiangmai
paphlagonia[地]帕夫拉戈尼亚,452
paquette[人]帕库特,280
parak[地]帕拉克河(奇尔奇克河),见chirchik
paris[地]巴黎,374-375
parthians[族]帕提亚人,31,32,47,49
pascal (the spaniard)[地]巴斯喀尔,342
pasianoi[族]帕夏洛伊人,30
patzanakitai[族]佩切涅格人,见pet-chenegs
paul (of cilicia)[人](西里西亚人)保罗,84
pavia[地]帕维亚,76,178
pa-ya-tsi[人]拜牙即,499
pazyryk[地]帕兹雷克,xxiii,xxv,18,19,544注,549注
pegolotti[人]佩戈洛蒂,pratica della mercatura,311
pegu[朝]白古国,290
pehlewan[人]帕列文,158
p'ei[族]裴氏,115
pei-ch'i[朝]北齐,66,82
pei-chou[朝]北周,66,83
pei-han (ts'ien-chao; dynasty)[朝]北汉(前赵),56
pei-han (kingdom)[朝]北汉王国,130,131
pei-jung[族]北戎,19-20
p'ei kiu[人]裴矩,89
pei-liang (tsu-k'iu)[朝]北凉(沮渠),61-62,64
pei-shih[书]《北史》,70
peiting[地]北庭(别失八里)见beshbaligh
pei-yen[朝]北燕,61,557注;参见jehol
pekh (mayor of the palace)[专]帕克(宫廷侍长),577注
peking (cambaluc; chi; chung-tu; jungdu; khanbaligh; tatu; yen; yenching; yenchow; yüchow)[地]北京(汗八里,中都,大都),xxvii,xxix,xxx,34,58,127,129,130,131,133,134,136,138,139,146,148,164,165,189,196,224,227,229,230,232,253,257,288,295,302,303,305,307,308,312,313,316-317,318,319,324,325,340,479,502,507,510,511,514,516,518,530,538,539,587注,588注,599注
pelliot, paul[人]伯希和,xxv,24,53,80-81,96,97,107,173,193,197-198,221,257,271,272,298,301,303,304,305,307,318,347,348,349
pem[地]克里亚,见keriya
pengcheng (sinhsien)[地]彭城,64
pen-ya-shö-li[人]本雅失里,见oljäi temür
pepin[人]丕平,175
peregrino[人]帕莱格尼努,314
perm[地]帕姆森林,15,548注
perovsk (kzl-orda)[地]波罗威斯克(今克孜勒奥尔达),149,238
peroz[人]卑路支,68
persepolis[地]帕赛波里斯,7
persian art[文]波斯艺术,122,124,311,367,457,467
persian language[文]波斯语,157,243,604注
pervane (chancellor)[专]丞相,370
perwan[地]八鲁湾,241,242,590注
peschanaia[地]雅米谢威斯克,见yamishevsk
peshawar[地]白沙瓦,69
pest[地]佩斯,266,267
peta[人]拜塔,见baidar
petchenegs (bachanak; patzanakitai)[族]佩彻涅格人,xxiv,xxviii,178,181,182,184-185,186
peter, brother[人]彼得,342
peter (of crempa)[人]彼得(克雷蒙巴的),399
peter (of florence)[人]彼得(佛罗伦萨的),314
peter (metropolitan of moscow)[人]彼得(莫斯科主教),617注
peter the great[人]彼得一世,475,522;珍宝,13,16,548注
pétis de la croix[人]佩替·德·拉·克鲁阿,439
petreny[地]彼特里尼,4
petronas[人]帕特罗纳斯,180
petrovsk[地]彼得罗夫斯克,577注
petrus da lucalongo[人]彼得鲁斯,313,314
phags-pa[人]八思巴,298-299,513
phanagoria[地]法纳戈里亚,180
philippopolis (plovdiv)[地]菲利普波利斯,76
philip the fair[人]金发菲利普,374,375-376,384
phocaea[地]福西亚,452
phraates ii[人]弗拉亚特斯二世,31
phrygia[地]弗里吉亚,8,155,157,385,452,453
pi[人]比,39
pianfu[地]平阳府(平阳)见pingyang
pianobor[专]皮亚诺波尔文化,73
piano carpini[人]普兰·迦儿宾,7,216,221,224-225,257,270,271,272,348,395,396
piatigorsk[地]皮亚蒂戈尔斯克,5
p'ien[地]汴(开封),见kaifeng
pinchow[地]豳州,90
pingcheng (tai)[地]平城(代郡),27,57,60,63,65
pingchüan[地]平川,128
pingliang[地]平凉,248,257
pinglu[地]平卢,128
pingtinghsiang[地]平定乡(善阐),见shanshan
pingyang (pianfu)[地]平阳,56,57,229,232,257,307
pir budaq[人]皮儿·布达克,461
pir muhammad ibn-jahangir[人]皮儿·马黑麻·伊本·只罕杰儿,456,457
pir muhammad ibn- 'umar-shaikh[人]皮儿·马黑麻,444,456,457
pisannaya gora[地]卡拉苏河,见kara-yus
pishpek[地](谢米列契耶)皮什比克,见semirechye
plovdiv[地]菲利普波利斯(普罗夫迪夫),见philippopolis
podgortsa[地]波德戈尔扎,6
podio, francesco da[人]弗朗希斯科,见francesco da podio
pohai[朝]渤海国,128,515
pohuan[地]拨换城(阿克苏),见aksu (town and province)
pokrovsk (engels)[地]波克罗夫斯克,5
p'o-juan[人]婆闰,102
poland[地]波兰,孛烈儿,266,395,399
“po-lo”[族]薄罗人,69
polo,maffeo[人]马弗·孛罗,304-309,313
polo, marco[人]马可,波罗,216,252,290,293,296,297,298,302,305-313,320,371
polo, niccolo[人]尼古拉·孛罗,304-309,313
p'o-lo-men[人]婆罗门,81
polovtsy[族]波洛伏齐人(钦察人),见kipchaks
poltava[地]波尔塔瓦,407,436
polybius[人]波里比阿(史家),15
pompeius trogus[人]彭沛乌斯·托古斯30,31
pontis[地]彭蒂斯,8,9,18,182,449
pordenone, odorico da[人]鄂多立克,见odorico da pordenone
port arthur[地]旅顺港,128
po shuen[人]帛纯,50,59
postal service[专]帝国邮政,318
potemkin[人]波特金,477
poyang, lake[地]鄱阳湖,137,323,324
po-yao-ho[人]波姚河,227,301
po-yen[人]伯颜(将领),见bayan (活跃于1276年)
pozdneev[人]波兹尼夫,526
prabhakara[人]波罗羯罗,72
prabhakaramitra[人]波罗颇迦罗密多罗,94
prato, guillaume da[人]纪尧姆·波拉特,见guillaume da prato
“prester john”[专]约翰长老,191,306,318
priscus[人]普里斯卡斯,78
priscus (活跃于600年)[人]普利斯卡斯(拜占庭将军),174
prokhorovka[地]普罗霍罗夫卡,15
protoshilovo[地]普罗托什洛沃,558注
provence[地]普罗旺斯,178
prut[地]普鲁特河,392
pseudoavars[族]假阿瓦尔人,171,172
ptolemy[人]托勒密,xxiii,28,40,41,306
puchow[地]浦州(河中),见hochung
p'u hung[人]苻洪,58
pulad (活跃于1718年)[人]布拉特,见bulat
pulad (bolod; 活跃于1407-12年)[人]不剌汗,470
pulad (bolod; place)[地]普拉德,331
puladshi[人]播鲁只,见bulaji
pul-i sengi (stone bridge)[地]普勒伊森格,411
pulu, great[朝]大勃律,见baitistan
pulu, little[朝]小勃律,见gilgit
punjab[人]旁遮普,32,49,69,71-72,80,146,167,168,315,339,443,444,445,446
puntsuk-monchak[人]明楚克汗,521-522,525
punyasri[人]本雅失里,见oljäi temür
puragupta[人]普罗·笈多,70
pu-su-wan[人]耶律诗(普速完),见ye-lü shih
puszta[专]“无树平原”,267
pusztatoti[地]普兹塔托蒂,176
puyanghsien[地]濮阳县(澶州),见shenchow
qaan[专]合罕,罕,见khagan
qabul (qabul-khan; qabul-khagan)[人]合不勒汗,138,197,202
qachi'un[人]哈赤温,199,218,255
qada'an[人]哈丹,264,266,267,274,293,294,593注,599注
qadagin[族]哈答斤部,见qatakin
qadaq[人]合答黑,270,274
qadirkhan[地]兴安岭,见khingan
qadir-khan (person)[人]哈亦儿汗(亦剌乞克),见inalchiq
qadir-khan jibra'il[人]喀迪尔汗·贾布拉伊尔,159
qadir-khan yusuf[人]喀迪尔汗·玉素甫,146,147
qadisiya[地]卡迪西亚,116
qaidu[人]海都,63,194,197,200,264,266,274,286,291-296,303-304,305,308,321,332-336,338,376,401,403,512,606注-607注
qa'im, al-[人]阿尔·哈伊木,151
qaisar (as title)[专]凯撒,450
qal'a-i-sefid[地]喀拉伊舍弗德,432
qalaqaljit-elet (“qalaqaldjit-elet”)[地]合兰真沙陀,210,211
qalawun[人]嘉拉温苏丹,371
qam (shaman)[专]昆木(萨满),195
qamar ad-din[人]哈马儿丁,344,422,423,424,425
qân[专]罕,合罕,见khagan
qan-baliq[地]汗八里,见khanbaligh
qanqli[族]康里,237,247
qapagan-khagan[人]默啜(突厥碑文上记),见mo-ch'o
qara-buqa[人]哈拉不花,599注
qarachu (commoners)[专]哈拉抽(平民),195,222,531
qara-hulägu[人]哈剌旭烈兀,271,274,329
qarai[人]克烈,479-480
qarakuchum[人]哈拉库楚姆,470
qara-muhammad turmush[人]哈拉·马合木·吐穆斯,431
qara-qoyunlu (black sheep)[朝]喀喇-科雍鲁(黑羊王朝),160,391,430-431,433,434,435,449,458,459,461-462
qarataghlik[朝]黑山派,501,527-528,541
qaratal[地]卡拉套山,见kara-tal
qara'un qabchal[地]喀拉昆·巴查尔,578注
qara'utai tergen (wheeled wagons)[专]哈剌兀台·帖儿坚(轮车),196
qara-yusuf[人]哈拉·玉素甫,391,433,434,435,449,458,459
qariya (administrative division)[专](行政机构)营,530
qarluq[族]葛逻禄人,95,109,110,113,114,119-120,145,165,233,234,238,565注
qarshi[地]卡尔施城,见karshi
qasaq-tergen (wheeled wagons)[专]合撒黑·帖儿坚,196
qasar[人]哈撒儿,199,200,206,214,217-218,229-230,255,256,580注,586注
qasim (of astrakhan; 死于1469年)[人]卡西姆,472
qasim (of kazan; 活跃于1466年)[人]卡西姆(金帐汗库楚克·马哈麻之子),472
qasim (约1509-18)[人]哈斯木,480,508,626注
qatakin (qadagin; qatagin)[族]哈答斤部,194,206,207,208,213
qatwan[地]卡特文,160,165,333
qawurd[人]喀乌德,152,153
qayaligh (cailac)[地]海押立,234,238,272,277
qazaqs[族]哈萨克人,见kirghiz-kazakhs
qazghan[人]迦慈罕,342-343,409,426,427
qilich arslan iv[人]乞立赤·阿尔斯兰四世,269,272,350,354,359
qilich tamgatch-khan mas'ud[人]乞尼克·桃花石汗·马苏德,574注
qiniqs[族]乞尼黑部,148
qirq-yer[地]奇尔克耶城(巴赫切萨拉伊),见bakhchisarai,471
qobaq[地]霍博,273,349
qöl (center of army)[专]中军,中翼军,223
qongirat (ongirat; qongarat; qongrad)[族]弘吉剌惕部,194,200,206,207,210
qongrad[族]弘吉剌惕部,见qongirat
qorchi[人]火儿赤,202
qorchin (tribe)[族]科尔沁部,见khorchin
qorchin (bodyguard of quiver bearers)[专]豁儿赤(箭筒士),582注
qorla (qorola)[族]火鲁剌思,194,207
qorqonaq jubur[地]合儿郭纳黑·朱布儿,201,202
qorisü-bäki[人]火力速八赤,212,214
qoshun, qosighun (banners; administrative divisions)[族]库西昆(旗),530
qoun[族]看钦察人,见kipchaks
qubilai, qubilay, qublay[人]忽必烈,见kublai
qucha[人]忽察,273,274
quchar[人]火察儿,203,208,212
qudatqu bilig (yusuf khass hajjib)[人](霍吉勃)玉素甫·喀什(《福乐智慧》的作者),148
qudu'udar[人]忽都塔儿,582注
quegianfu[地]京兆府(长安),见changan
quelinfu[地]金陵府(南京),见nanking
quian[地](马可记)长江,见yangtze
quilon (coilum; kollam)[地]奎隆,309,311,312,319
quinsai[地](马可记)杭州,见hangchow
qulan[人]忽阑,215
qulan-bashi[地]忽兰巴什,244
qulbar[人]忽儿巴儿,582注
qum[地]库木,245,590注
qumani[族]库蛮(钦察人),见kipchaks
qumiz[专]忽迷思,见kumiss
qungrad[族]昆吉剌部,421
qurban telesut[人]库尔班·特勒苏特,578注
quriltat (assembly)[专]库里勒台(部落大会),213,216,217,221,256,259,269-270,273,274,282,284,285,328,333,338,353,358,584注-585注
quriqan[人]骨利干,106,564注,578注
qurjaquz (cyriacus)[人]忽儿察忽思,192
qutadmish[人]忽塔德迷失,302
qutaiba[人]库泰拔,116-117
qutb ad-din[人]忽特哀丁,353
qutb ad-din habash 'amid[人]哈巴什·阿密德,328,329
qutlugh (elterish)[人]骨咄禄,103,106,107
qutlugh bilgä (ku-li p'ei-lo; ku-to-lu pei-kia k'iu; huai-jen)[人]骨咄禄毗伽阙可汗,113-114
qutlugh-buqa[人]忽特鲁格不花,406
qutlugh-khan (dynasty)[朝]忽特鲁汗朝,260
qutlugh-khoja[人]忽都鲁·火者,339,382
qutlugh-shah (dynasty)[朝]忽特鲁沙王朝,353,366
qutlugh-shah (person)[人]忽特鲁沙,382
qutlumish[人]库吐尔米希,见qutulmish
qutui-khatun[人]忽推可敦,371,372
qutula[人]忽图剌,198,201,202,208
qutulmish (qutlumish)[人]库吐尔米希,150,152
qutuqa-bäki[人]忽都花别吉,213
qutuqtu (as title)[专]呼图克图(崇敬的,神圣的),297-298
qutuz[人]忽都思,364,365
quyildar (quyildar-sechen)[人]忽亦勒答儿,210
quyash[地]虎牙思,326
qyzyl arslan[人]凯佐尔·阿尔斯兰,155,158
qyzyl-bash, lake (ulyungur nor)[地]克孜尔巴什湖,205
qyzyl-qaya[地]克孜勒卡亚,见kizilkaya
raab[地]拉布河,175
rabban-ärkägün (christian priests and monks)[人]列班—也里可温僧,300
rabban-ata (simeon; li-pien-a-ta)[人]列班·阿塔,263,270,347-348,594注
rabban sauma[人]列班·扫马,301,302-303,313,336,368,369,372,374-375,377,612注
raden vijaya[人]拉登·韦查耶(土罕必阇耶),291
radkan[地]拉德坎,390
rahiba[地]拉希巴,385
rai (rhagae)[地]剌夷,雷伊,40,142,143,150,151,155,167,240,245,261,312,453,457,461,462,590注
“rajputs”[族]拉其普特部,72
rajyavarhana[人]罗伽伐弹那,72
rashid ad-din (fadl allah rashid ad-din tabib)[人]拉施特哀丁(《史集》的作者),381,384,387;jami-ut-tavarikh,193,198,205,215,219,231,248,250,264,266,271,321,333,354,355,357,364-365,365-366,378,381-382,383,393,397,403,404,478,589注
ratibor[地]拉蒂博尔,266
rawak[地]剌窝,48
ray dul chand[人]拉伊·杜尔·查德,444
reindeer[专]驯鹿,18
rémusat, a.[人]雷慕沙,251
rhagae[地]剌夷,雷伊,见rai
rheims[地]兰斯,178
rhine[地]莱茵河,76,78
rhodes[地]罗德斯岛,477
richard of burgundy[人](勃艮地的)李嘉德,342
rinchenpal[人]懿璘质班,321
rogerii carmen miserabile[书]《可怜的诺基里·卡曼》,267
roman (of ryazan)[人]罗曼,265
roman empire[朝]罗马帝国,47,55,56,57,60,74-76,78-79
roman empire, eastern[朝]东罗马帝国(拜占庭帝国),见byzantine empire
romanus diogenes[人]狄根尼斯·罗曼努斯,152,184
romanus lecapenus[人]罗曼努斯·尼卡彭努斯,181
rome[地]罗马,57,305,374,375
ross, denison[人]罗斯·丹尼斯,423
rostovtzeff[人]罗斯托夫兹夫,15,16
roxolani[族]罗克索兰人,72
ruas (rugas; rugila)[人]卢噶斯,75
rubruck, william of[人]卢布鲁克,7,94,190,197,216,226,274,276-277,280-281,315,392-397,400,512,579注,585注,596注,597注
ruffo, marco[人]马可·拉菲,470
rugas, rugila[人]卢噶斯,见ruas
rui[人]沙哈鲁,51
rukh, shah[人]沙哈鲁,243,417,432-433,456-460,492
rukh, shah (活跃于1710年)[人]沙·鲁克,488
rukn ad-din khoja[人](起儿漫的)鲁肯哀丁火者,353
rukn ad-din kurshah[人]鲁肯丁库沙,354
rukn ad-din mahmud[人]鲁肯·阿德丁-马赫默德,159,165,574注
rumania[地]罗马尼亚,395,446
rus[朝]罗斯,265
russia[朝]罗斯,俄罗斯,181,182,224,247,260-261,265,270,271,395,396,404,405-406,407,419,420,433-434,436,469-473,475,477,486-490,522,532,538,540
rustam (person)[人]罗思檀,456,457,458
rustam (place)[地]拉斯塔姆,428
rum[地]罗姆,153,450,614注
rusudan[人]鲁速丹,260,263,350
ryazan[朝]里亚赞,265,395,470
sa'adi[人]撒迪,161
sabaria[地]沙巴里亚,175
sabir (sabiri)[族]沙比尔人,172
sabran[地]扫兰,406,435,438
sächä-bäki[人]撒察别乞,202,203,204
saciu[地]沙州(敦煌,马可所记),见tunhwang
sa'd[人]赛德,359
sa'd ad-daula[人]撒菲·倒剌,372-373,377
sa'd ibn-zengi[人]撒德·伊本·赞吉,260
sadovets[人]沙多威兹,575注
sadr-jihan (minister)[专]沙狄尔·吉汗(大臣),377
safa girei[人]沙法·格来,475
safarids[朝]萨法尔王朝,142
safavids[朝]萨菲王朝,462,482,483,484
sagamoni burcan[宗](佛陀)释迦穆尼,见buddha
sahib girei[人]沙希布·格来,473
sa'id (sa'id-khan)[人]赛德汗,497,498,499,500
saif ad-din[人]赛福丁,330
sahib-divan (as title)[专]沙黑勃迪万(理财大臣),351
sain-khan (as title)[专]赛恩汗(意为好汗),254,395
sain-khan (person)[人]撒因汗,赛因汗,见batu
sain noyan[地]赛音诺颜,53,107,191,512
saint-denis, abbey of[地]圣丹尼勒(教堂),374
st. michael of tarel (nr. nisibin)[地]圣米切勒修道院,368
st. thomé[地]圣托马斯,315
sairam (isfijab)[地]赛拉木(伊斯法吉勃),235,423,460,463,482,492,495,496,532
sairam nor[地]赛里木湖,331
sajo[地]撒岳河(《元史》作漷宁河),226,266
saka (sakai; shaka; sse)[族]萨迦,塞人(萨迦伊),xxiii,7,8,16,28-32,36,40,100,545注-546注;参见scythians
saka language[文]塞语,萨迦语,xxiii,29
sakaraulai (saka rawaka; saraucae)[族]萨迦劳赖人,30,31
sakastana[地]萨迦斯坦纳,31
sakmara (semmur)[地]萨克马拉河,439
saladin[人]萨拉丁,360,362
salbak-turkan[人]萨尔贝克突干,236
salendi[人]萨伦迪,330
salghurids[朝]萨尔古尔王朝,169,260,353,354,366
sali-sarai[地]萨里·萨莱,342,412,413
salji'ut (saljigut)[族]散只兀惕部,194,206,207,208,213
saljük[人]塞尔柱克,见seljuk (ruler)
salmony, alfred[人]阿尔弗雷德·沙尔莫尼,26
salonika[地]萨洛尼卡,449
salt range[地]盐山,71,444
samagir[族]萨马吉尔人,515
saman[族]萨曼家庭,141
samandar[地]萨曼塔尔,181,577注
samanids[朝]萨曼王朝,141-144,149
samara (kuibyshev)[地]萨马拉(古比雪夫),5,440
samaria[地]萨马里亚,362
samarkand (kanda; markanda)[地]撒马尔罕,撒麻耳干(坎塔,马尔干达),xxv,xxix,30,96,116,117,118,120,141,142,146,147,153,159,160,165,168,169-170,234,237,239,243,244,253,254,255,312,326,327,328,331,332,333,335,338,340,344,345,353,369,411,412,413,421,423,425-429,432,433,435,439,445,448,453,457,459,460,461,463,464,465,481,483,484,485,492,494,496,498
samnan[地]西模娘,240,428,461
samuqa ba'atur[人]三木合巴儿秃,232,588注
samur[地]萨穆尔山,441
sanang sechen[人]萨囊彻辰,297-298,503,504,505,506,511,515,630注
sanatroikes[人]沙拉特洛伊克斯(辛剌特拉克斯),见sinatrukes
sandilkh[人]桑第克,79
sandomierz[地]桑多梅日城,266,399
sanga (sang-ko)[人]桑哥,297,601注
sangari isaac[人]伊沙克·圣格里,180-181
sängim[地]圣吉木,96,98
sang-ko[人]桑哥,见sanga
sangs-rgyas rgya-msho[人]桑结嘉措,524,532
sängün (ilqa; nilqa)[人]桑昆(亦剌合,圣公),205,206,209,210,211,212,582注
saniz-mirza[人]米儿咱·桑尼司,494
sanjar[人]桑伽,xxix,159-160,161,165,166,237,240,241,418,573注-574注
sanskrit[文]梵文,49,59,96,97,101,124
sapurgan[人]沙拉特洛伊克斯(辛剌特拉克斯),见sheburgan
saqsin[地]沙利格·欣(沙克新)伊提尔城,见itil
saracens[族]萨拉逊人,374
saraga[地](托勒密记)洛阳,41
sarai[地]萨莱,281,304,312,393,400,402,403,407,420,436,437,441,442,470,471
sarakhs[地]萨拉赫斯,167,427
saratov[地]萨拉托夫,5,10,522
saraucae[族]萨迦劳赖伊,见sakaraulai
sarban[人]撒里蛮,292
sarbedarians[族]赛尔巴朵尔人,343,390,426,427,428
särbi[族]鲜卑族名来源,557注
särgis[人]萨吉斯,349
särgis (sergius), st.[人]吉·薜儿吉斯,191
särgis, mar[人]马薜里吉斯,见mar särgis
sari[地]萨里,429,432
sarigh-shin[地]沙利格·欣城(伊提尔城)见itil
sarikol[地]萨里豁勒河,236
sari-uigur[族]萨里回鹘,125
sarkel (bela vezha; belaya vezha)[地]沙克尔(白城),180,181,577注
sarkis (serge)[人]萨尔吉斯,358
sarmatians[族]萨尔马特人,xxiii,7,10,13,15-17,19,25,28,40,52,72,73,78,548注;参见alans; saka; scythians
sarosios[人]萨罗秀斯,172
sar-otar (tar-ussar; zahidan)[地]沙尔-奥塔尔(塔尔乌沙,扎希丹),620注
sartaq[人]撒里答,277,396-397,592注,615注
sartes (sarta'ut; sartaghol)[族]萨尔特人,589注
saruhan[地]萨鲁汉,449,451,452
sary-su[地]萨雷河,148,149,393,403,406,435,439,478,479,480,485,508
sas-kya[人]萨斯迦,298,595注
sassanids[朝]萨珊王朝,xxx,50-51,52,67-68,82-84,85,96,116,141,142
satilmish-beg[人]萨替尔密什·伯克,335
satoq bughra-khan[人]博格拉汗萨图克,145
sauma, rabban[人]列班·扫马,见rabban sauma
“sauromatians”[族]撒乌罗玛泰伊人,548注
sava[地]萨瓦河,174,175
savignano, andalo da[人]安德鲁·沙维格纳诺,见andalo da savignano
sayan[地]萨彦岭,xxv
sayyid 'abd-allah-khan[人]赛义德·阿拉汗,488
sayyid ahmed[人]赛义德·阿合木,624注
sayyid ajall (shams ad-din 'umar)[人]赛夷阿扎儿,赛哀丁乌马儿,297,601注
sayyid 'ali[人]赛义德·阿里,461,492,493,624注,626注
sayyid muhammad-mirza[人]赛义德·马黑麻·米儿咱,499
sayyid muhammad rahim-khan[人]赛义德·穆罕默德·拉希姆汗,488
sayyids[朝]赛义德王朝,432
schefold, k.[人]舍夫德,13
schipenitz[地]斯奇彭尼兹,4
scythia[地]斯基泰人之地,276,392
scythian art[文]斯基泰艺术,7,11-15,18
scythians (ashkuz; skythai)[族]斯基泰人,xxiii,xxvi,4-12,15-16,17,19,21,23,28,29,40,72,546注;参见saka; sarmatians
sebeos[人]亚美尼亚史学家,561注
sebüktigin[人]赛布克特勤,143,144
sebzewar (shindand)[地]撒卜兹瓦儿,343,345-346,390,410,426,428,485
sechen (as title)[专]薛禅(称号),194-195
sechen (person)[人]薛禅汗,510
sechen-khan (khanate)[人]车臣汗(车臣汗国),512
sechen-khan (死于1676年)[人]车臣汗(僧格之弟,准噶尔部人),526,527
sechen-khan (死于1691年)[人]车臣汗(喀尔喀部),529
secret history(of the mongols; manghol un niuca tobca'an)[书]《秘史》(蒙古人的),190,197,198,201-205,209,210,212-216,218,247,250,415,544注,601注
segon-ghar, 见jegün-ghar[专]左翼军
seima[地]色玛,5
seistan[地]锡斯坦,31,32,411,415,428,429
selenga[地]色楞格河,113,191,192,193,194,205,479,512
selenginsk[地]色楞金斯克,558注
seleucia[地]塞硫西亚,357,368,369
seleucids[朝]塞硫古王朝,31,157
selitrennoe[地]谢利特连诺耶,400
seljuk (saljük; ruler)[人]塞尔柱克,148-149
seljuks[族]塞尔柱克人,xxviii,147-155,157-161,164,165,166-167,184,185,189,236,240,245,261,263,272,281,305,312,347,350,354,355,370,377,382,385,572注
seljuk-shan[专]塞尔柱克沙赫,366
semipalatinsk[地]谢米巴拉金斯克,254,392,478,523
semirechye (pishpek)[地]谢米列契耶,80,114,236,272,341,424,566注,607注
semmur[地]萨克马拉河(《武功记》中记法),见sakmara
sempad[人]森帕德,269,271
sempad bagratuni[人]森帕德(巴格拉德尼),561注
sengge[人]僧格,526
sens[地]桑斯,178
seoul[地]汉城,259,289
sera metropolis[地](托勒密记)长安,41
serbia[朝]塞尔维亚,449
serbs[专]塞尔维亚人,451
seret[地]谢列特河,177
“serica”[地]塞里斯,xxiii; 参见issedon serica
serindia[地]西域,xxi
setsen(as title)[专]薛禅或薛层(称号),194-195
setserlik-mandal[地]车泽尔里克曼达勒,53
sevan, lake[地]塞凡湖(哥克察克湖),见gokcha, lake
sevata (of kachen)[人](卡城的)塞瓦塔,360
seven brothers tumuli[专]七兄弟墓,15
seyhan[人]塞伊汉,361
sha[地]沙河,132
sha-ch'a chung-yi[人]沙吒忠义,108
shachow[地]沙州(敦煌),见tunhwang
shad (as title)[专]设(官名),87
shad al-mulk[人]夏德·穆尔克,457
shadi-beg[人]沙狄汗,443,469-470
shafi'ites[宗]沙菲派,400
shahi[朝]沙赫王朝,119
shahin girei[人]沙希因·格来,477
shah-khan[人]沙·汗,499
shah namah[书]《帝王史记》,97,159
shah-oghul[人]沙·斡兀立,338
shahrbaraz[人]沙赫巴拉兹,174
shahr-i sebz[地]沙赫里夏勃兹,见kesh
shahrud[地]和椟城(赫卡托姆皮洛斯),见hecatompylos
shajare-i turk[书]《突厥世系》阿布哈齐著,见abu'l ghazi bahadur
shaka[族]萨迦人,塞人,见saka
shama-i jahan (sham-i jahan)[人]沙迷查干,425
shamakha[地]沙马哈,246
shamanism[宗]萨满教,23,84,86,172,190,195,197,208,215,220,513
shams ad-din ii (活跃于1279)[人]沙姆斯哀丁二世,370
shams ad-din ii (活跃于1329)[人]沙姆斯哀丁二世,390
shams ad-din juvaini[人]沙哀丁·志费尼,367
shams ad-din muhammad kert[人]沙姆斯哀丁·穆罕默德,334,352-353,354,369-370
shams ad-din 'umar[人]赛丁乌马儿(赛夷阿扎尔),见sayyid ajall
shams al-mulk nasr[人]沙姆·乌尔·莫尔克·纳赛尔,147,152-153
shan[专]掸邦,291
shang[朝]商朝,5
shangkiu[地]上谷,35
shang-shung-la[地]桑雄拉关隘,533
shangtuho (chandu; cyandu; dolonnor; tolun nor)[地]上都府,多伦诺尔,3,285,288,298,307,324,325,510,529
shanhaikwan[地]山海关,127,517
shan-man(shaman)[宗]萨满,195
shanshan (pingtinghsiang; yunnanfu)[地]善阐(平定乡;云南府),鄯善(罗布泊),42-43,46,47,49,54,59,62,95,96,284;参见lob nor
shansi[地]山西,19,20,25,27,34,35,47,54,56-60,63,65,90,106,107,127,129,130,131,133,137,138,164,213,227,228,232,233,301,303,307,324,325,507,510,517,519,529
shantung[地]山东,57,58,59,64,65,137,138,229,232,308,316
shaohing[地]绍兴,122
sha-po-lo[人]沙钵略,88
shanyü(town)[地]单于都护府(绥远城),见suiyuan (town)
shan-yü(ch'eng-li ku-t'u shan-yü; as title)[专]单于(撑犁孤涂单于),20,23
shara (dzasagtu-khan)[人]扎萨克图汗,528,529
shara muren[地]沙拉木伦河(辽河),54,127,128,130,136,325,502
shari'a (law code)[专]沙里亚法,416
sharif ad-din[人]歇甫里丁,410,414,434,451
sharkhiyan[地]沙尔希延,146
shash[地]柘析,见tashkent
sha-t'o (chöl; ch'u-yueh)[族]沙陀人(处月),100,126-127,569注
shaukam[专]少监,233
shayban (活跃于1240年)[人]昔班,264,266,267,393-394,478
shaybani[人]昔班尼,见muhammad shaybani
shaybanids[朝]昔班王朝,xxviii,394,460,471,478-490,508,614注-615注
sheburgan (sapurgan)[地]沙普甘,305,343
she-hu (yabghu)[专]合候(称号),30
shenchow; kaichow; puyanghsien; shen-yüan[地]澶州(满族地名开州,今濮阳县),132,133,570注
shensi[地]陕西,20,25,34,53,54,57,58,59,61,66,132,136,138,232,257,283,284,285,307,518
shen-wen (simeon; name)[人]西蒙,301
shenyang (mukden)[地]沈阳,516
shenyüan[地]澶渊(澶州),见shenchow
she-wei[族]室韦,578注
shibe[地]希柏,18
shigi-qutuqu[人]失吉忽秃忽,220,231,241,242,587注-588注,593注
shihab ad-din muhammad (muhammad of ghor)[人]希哈布·阿德丁·摩诃末,168
shih chung-kuei[人]石重贵,130
shih hu[人]石虎,58
shih king-t'ang[人]石敬瑭,127,129-130
shih-kuei[人]射匮,89,93
shih lei[人]石勒,57-58
shih-li-mang-kia-lo (sri mangala)[人]失里忙伽罗,119
shih-pi[人]始毕,89,90
shih pi[人]史弼,291
shih-pu-ch'eng[地]石堡城,118
shih-tie-mi[人]室点密,见istämi
shi'ites[宗]十叶派(伊斯兰教派),142-143,150,151,390,483,484;参见islam
shiktur (shinktur)[人]势都儿,293
shilka[地]石勒喀河,515
shimonoseki strait[地](日本)下关,289
shindand[地]撒卜兹瓦尔,见sebzewar
shinktur[人]势都儿,见shiktur
shirämön[人]失烈门,268,273,274
shiratori, kurakichi[人]白鸟库吉,24
shiraz[地]泄剌只,设拉子,151,260,343,353,390,391,419,431,432,433,436,445,456,458,462,492,495
shirki[人]昔里吉,292
shir muhammad[人]失儿·马黑麻,459
shirvan[地]失儿湾,246,398,437,441
shisdai[人]希斯达伊,181
shö-luen[人]社仑可汗,61
shoping (yuyü)[地]朔平(右玉),57,107,136
shtetkovo[地]斯特科夫,4
shuen-chih[人]顺治,518
shuen-ti[人]汉顺帝,48
shu-an (john)[人]术安,314
shuentö[地]顺德,见siangkuo
shufu[地]疏附(喀什),见kashgar
shuja[人]沙舒贾,391,431
shului (sechen-khan)[人]硕垒(车臣汗),512
shului ubasha khongtaiji (altynkhan)[人]硕垒乌巴什洪台吉,512,520,521,525
shushtar[地]苏什塔尔,432
sialkot[地]锡尔科特,71
sian[地]西安(长安),见changan
siangkuo (shuentö)[地]顺德,57,132
siangyang[地]襄阳,138,259,282,287,307
siao-t'ang-shan[地]小汤山,554注
siara-osso-gol[地]萨拉乌苏河,3
sibir (isker)[朝]失必儿国,489,490,521
sidon[地]西顿,364
sidonius apollinaris[人]西多尼斯·阿波林纳黑斯,75
sieg, e.,[人]西格,40
siegling, w.,[人]西格林,40
sienyang[地]咸阳,35
sie-p'o a-na-che[人]薛婆阿那支,99
sie wan-pei[人]薛万备,101
sigebert[人]希格贝特,173,174
sigismund (of hungary)[人](匈牙利的)西斯基蒙德,449
signakhi[地]塞格纳克城,238,393,406,407,435,436,438,460,479,480
sikander-shah[人]伊斯坎达尔沙,446
silesia[地]昔烈西亚,266,395
siling[地]涞源县,570注
silistra[地]锡利斯特拉,见dristra
silk road[地]丝绸之路,xxii-xxiii,35,37,39-41,45,48-52,95-98,306,312
silk trade[专]丝绸贸易,310,311-312
silzibul[人]室点密(叶护),见istämi
simeon[人]西蒙,见rabban-ata
simeon (of bulgaria)[人](保加利亚大公)西蒙,178
sinatrukes (sanatroikes)[人]辛剌特拉克斯(沙拉特洛伊克斯),31
sincalan[地]辛加兰(广东),见canton
sindufu[地]成都,见chengtu
singidunum[地](贝尔格莱德)辛吉杜蒙,见belgrade
singiumatu[地]新州马头(山东),见tsining (shantung)
sinhsien[地]彭城,见pengcheng
sining[地]西宁,118,302,568注
sinjibu[人]叶护(室点密)见istämi
sinkiang[地]新疆,126
sinlo[地]新乐,132
sipo[族]锡伯族人,538
sira-ordo (golden residence)[专]昔剌斡儿朵,269,270,271
sirsuti[地]锡尔苏蒂,444
sirmium (mitrovica)[地]锡尔米蒙(米特罗维察),173
sis[地]西斯,370
sisian (sitiens)[地]锡西安,608注
sita (siti; syas)[地]锡塔河,265
sitiens[地]锡西安,见sisian
siuan-ti[人]汉宣帝,37
siuni[地]锡尤尼,608注
siun-ki, mount[地]浚稽山,36
sivas[地]锡瓦斯,154,263,305,391,449,450
siverskaya[地]锡韦尔斯卡亚,16
siwalik[地]西瓦利克山,445
six dynasties[专]六朝,26,76
skandagupta[人]塞建陀罗笈多,69,70
skull, use as drinking cup[专]作饮酒器用的头盖骨,21,27,28,176,483
slave trade[专]奴隶贸易,403
slavs[族]斯拉夫人,175,177,178;参见antes; croats; slovenes; wends
slovenes[族]斯洛文尼亚人,173
smolensk[地]斯摩棱斯克,246
smyrna (izmir)[地]士麦那(伊兹米尔),184,419,451,452
sobo nor[地]索波湖,552注
soche[地]莎车(叶儿羌),见yarkand
sod-nams rgya-mts'o[人]锁南坚错,513-514
so-fei su-tan[人]琐菲速檀,见sufi-sultan
sögätü(so-tu)[人]速客秃(唆都),287,290
sogdiana (k'ang-kui; transoxiana)[地]索格底亚那(康居,河中粟特),xxii, xxv, 30,31,38,44,45,67,80,82,83,116,117,118,119,124,141;参见transoxiana
sogdian language[文]索格底亚那语,粟特语,96,113,124
sogok nor[地]索戈克湖,552注
sok[地]索克河,440
so-ko[人]沙葛可汗,109
sokpa[地]索克巴,525
solang[族]肃良合人,192
soldaia[地]苏达克城,见sudak
solhat (solgat)[地]索勒哈特,402
solokha[地]索罗克哈,10,15
solon[族]高丽人,192,208,515,538
somnath[地]索姆纳特,146
sonqor[人]失克秃儿,361
sorcery[宗]看萨满教,见shamanism
sorghaqtani (soyurghaqtani)[人]唆鲁禾帖尼(莎儿合黑塔尼),212,255,272,273,275,280,358,596注
sorqan-shira[人]锁尔罕失剌,200,582注
sosnovaya maza[地]索斯诺瓦雅·马札,6
so-tu[人]唆都(速客秃),见sögätü
south vietnam[朝]南越,见champa
soyot[族](兀良哈人)索约特人,见uriangqai
soyurghaqtani[人]莎儿合黑塔尼(唆鲁禾帖尼),见sorghaqtani
soyurghatmish[人]锁咬儿哈的迷失,416
spalato[地]斯普利特,见split
spice trade[专]香料贸易,310,311,312-313,315
split (spalato)[地]斯普利特,267
sri mangala[人]失里忙伽罗,见shih-li-mang-kia-lo
sse[族]塞人,见saka
ssu-ma[专]司马,54
ssu-ma ch-ien[人]司马迁,20,30,36
stalingrad[地]斯大林格勒(察里津),见tsaritsyn
staromishastovskaya[地]斯特拉米沙斯托夫卡雅,4-5
stavropol[地]斯塔夫罗波尔,16
stein, sir mark aurel[人]奥瑞尔·斯坦因,29,48-49,52,53,96,97,306
stephen (vaik), st.,[人]圣·斯提芬(瓦伊克),179
stephen (of serbia)[人]斯提芬,451
stone bridge[地]石桥,见pul-i sengi
strabo[人]斯特拉波,8,28,30,155,157,573注
strigonium[地]斯特里戈里姆堡,见gran
stroganov[地]斯特罗甘诺夫,489
süanhwa (süan-tö)[地]宣化,24,25,108,229,507,510,511
subati (dzasagtu-khan)[人]素巴第(札萨克图汗),512
sublime porte[专]土耳其政府,见ottomans
sübötäi[人]速不台,207,214,216,226,240,245-246,247,258,260,264,266-267,395,582注,584注
suchow (succiu; sugiu)[地]肃州,35,107,133,302,306,308,310,312,499
sudak (soldaia)[地]苏达克城,247,276,398,400,406,591注
suddhipala[人]硕德八剌,321
suevi[地]苏尔维,74
su-fa[人]苏伐(姓),见swarna
su-fa pu-shih (suvarna pushpa)[人]苏伐勃犅,99
su-fa tie (swarnatep; suvarna deva)[人]苏伐叠,99
sufi-sultan (so-fei su-tan)[人]琐非速檀,499
sugiu[地]苏州,见suchow
sugunjaq (sunjaq)[人]孔札黑,355,361
sui[朝]隋朝,66,85,88,89,90
suiyuan (province)[地]绥远,213,301,303,318
suiyuan (shanyü; town),[地]绥远,25,106;参见kuku hoto
sukhotai (hsien)[朝]速古泰国,291,600注
sulak[地]苏拉克,180,549注,556注
sulamish[人]苏拉米什,382
sulde (guardian genius)[专]保护神,217
suldu[族]速儿都思,194,200
suleiman ibn qutulmish[人]苏里曼·伊本·库吐米施,153,154
sultan 'ali of meshed[人](麦什德的)速勒坦·阿里,465
sultaniyeh[地]苏丹尼耶,305,368,385,387,429,458,462
sultan-shah (死于1193年)[人]苏丹·沙赫,167
su-lu[人]苏禄,114-115,118
sumatra[地]苏门答腊,309
sumun (squadrons)[专]苏木(骑兵中队),530
sung[朝]宋朝,63,131-132,133,134,136-138,139,189,258,259,282-284,286-288,296,297,304,305,516,518,593注
sungari[地]松花江,136,515,516,517
sung yün[人]宋云,65,67,69,70,71
sunjaq[人]孔札黑,见sugunjaq
sunnites[宗]逊尼派,142-143,145,150,152,390,483,484;参见islam
sunzumatu[地]索家马头(新州马头)即山东济宁,见tsining (shantung)
suqnaq-tigin[人]苏格纳黑特勤,236,238
suri afghans[朝]苏里阿富汗,167
su ting-fang[人]苏定方,102-103
sutlej[地]萨特莱杰河,444
su-tsung[人]肃宗,120-121
suvarna[族]苏伐家族,见swarna
suvarna deva[人]苏伐叠,见su-fa tie
suvarna pushpa[人]苏伐勃犅,见su-fa pu-shih
suyunitch[人]苏英尼奇,335
suzdal[地]苏兹达尔城,265,395,407
suzdalia[朝]苏兹达里亚公国,265
svetoslav (bulgar)[人]斯维托斯拉夫,402,403
sviatopolk[地]斯威阿托颇尔克,175,178
sviatoslav (of kiev)[人]斯维托斯拉夫,181
svishtov[地]斯维什托夫,76
swarna (suvarna; su-fa; family)[族]苏伐家族,99
swarnatep[人]苏伐叠,见su-fa tie
syas[地]锡塔河,见sita
syr darya (jaxartes)[地]锡尔河,xxix,29,30,67,142,149,169,235,238,244,247,305,312,393,397,406,407,412,421,435,436,438,460,464,479,488,493,532
syria[地]叙利亚,40,152,154,155,261,282,300,312,349,355,359-365,370,371,373,374,375,376,382,398,419,447-448,450;参见mamelukes (dynasty)
syr tardush[族]薛延陀,92,93,565注
szechwan[地]四川,132,258,259,282,283,284,285,307,518,533
szentes[地]森特什,176
szakald[地]扎卡尔德,267
szilagyi-somlio[地]舍拉吉-索姆利欧,8,176
tabaqat-i-nasiri[书]朱兹贾尼著《宗教保卫者一览表》,见juzjani
tabari[人]塔巴里,83,117
tabaristan[地]塔巴里斯坦,142
tabgatch[族]拓跋,见toba
tabriz (tauris)[地]大不里士,桃里寺(元),xxvii,xxix,151,169,224,245,260,261,262,281,305,309,312,313,315,348,359,368,377,379,381,389,390,391,405,419,426,430,437,445,453,456,458
täb-tängri[人]帖卜腾格里(阔阔出),见kökchü
tadzhiks[族]塔吉克人,161,237,277,327,344,381,426
taganrog[地]塔甘罗格,16
tagarskoye[地]塔格尔斯科耶,17
taherten[人]塔黑屯,430,449,450
tahir-khan[人]塔希尔汗,508
tahmasp[人]塔马斯普,484-485
ta-hsia[地]大夏(巴克特里亚),见bactria
tai[地]代郡(看平城),见pingcheng
taianfu[地]太原,见taiyüan
taibugha[人]台不花别吉,见taibuqa
taibuqa (taibugha; baibuqa; tayang)[人]台不花,205,212,213,214,215,216
taichow[地]代州,108
taichu[人]泰出,204
taiji (as title)[专]太子(称号),582注
taijigot, taiji'ut[族]泰赤乌惕部,见tayichi'ut
taiping[地]太平,137,287
taishi (as title)[专]太子(称号),即王子,195
t'ai-tsi (as title)[专]太子(称号),即王子,195
t'ai-tsu (chao k'uang-yin)[人]太祖(赵匡胤),131
t'ai-tsung (sung emp.)[人]太宗(宋朝),131
t'ai-tsung (li shih-min; t'ang emp.)[人]唐太宗,李世民,90,92,93,94,95,98,99,100,101,102,111,134
t'ai-wang, t'ai-yang (as title)[专]大王,太阳(称号),205
taiyiji (nobles)[专]台吉(贵族),530
taiyüan (taianfu; tsining; tsinyang)[地]太原(冀宁,晋阳),27,56,59,60,107,122,126,130,131,136,229,232,307,324,325
takash (活跃于1084年)[人]塔卡什,153
takash (活跃于1172-94)[人]塔喀什,167
taka-shima[地]鹰岛,289
taklamakan[地]塔克拉玛干大沙漠,xxii
talamba[地]德伦巴,445
talas (river)[地]怛逻斯河,38,67,82,83,87,120,142,145,233,234,236,244,254,273,326,327,340,342,343,386,395,422,425
talas (aulie-ata; dzhambul; tankip; yangi; town)[地]怛逻斯,(奥李阿塔,养吉,江布尔),67,84,93,120,141,142,147,169,277,303,312,338,423,461,492
talekan[地]塔里寒,68
tale-lama[地]大理国(看云南),见dalai lama
tali (kingdom)[地]大理城,见yunnan
tali (caragian; town)[地]大理,284,307
taliang[地]大梁,见kaifeng
taliku[人]塔里忽,338
tallgren, a. m.[人]塔尔格伦,4,5,6,10-11,14,17
ta-lo-pien[人]大逻便,88
talysh[文]塔里锡文化,5,545注
tamagha[专]塔马合,见tamgha
taman peninsula[地]塔曼半岛,10,180,181,182,
tambov[地]坦波夫,471
tamerlane (timurlenk)[人]帖木儿,248,300,325,328,345,346,390,391,400,406,408-453,456,479;特点,414-415,434;cruelty,428,430,431,442,444-445,450
tamgatch-khan[人]贝里特勤,见buri-tigin
tamgha (tamagha; seal)[专]塔马合(印),220,586注
tamghaj[专]拓跋,见toba
taming (kichow)[地]大名,132,137,229,232,588注
tämir[地]塔米尔河,294,528
tana (azov)[地]塔那(亚速夫海附近),15,16,312,313,404,405,441,442,475
tanduc[地]托克托,见toqto
tang[人]唐王,518
t'ang[朝]唐朝,xxx,66-67,88,90,98,99,101-103,106-109,111-115,117-122,124-125,126-128,302
t'ang, hou-[朝]后唐,见hou-t'ang
t'ang hiu-ying[人]唐休璟,118
tang-hu[专]当户(称号),21
tängri (khagan)[人]登利可汗,113
tängri (heaven), cult of[宗]腾格里(天国),20,23,84,86,106,179,217,219-220,228,244,266,270-271,354,561注,585注
tängri bilgä[人]腾里野合俱录毗伽,122
tängridä bulmysh alp qutlugh ulugh bilgä[人]爱腾里逻羽録没蜜施合胡禄,122
tängridä bulmysh külüg bilgä[人]爱登里逻汨没蜜施俱録毗伽可汗,122
tängrida qut bulmysh il ytmish bilgä qaghan[专]可汗名下赞誉之词,意为从天国获得的至高无上的权力,567注
tängri-yin kuchundur[专]凭借长生天的力量,380
t'ang shu[书]《唐书》,90,93-94,101,106
tangut[族]唐兀惕(西夏),125,132,133,294,299,302,303,306,321,369,400;参见hsi-hsia
tanki[地]看怛逻斯城,见talas (town)
tannu-ola (kögmän)[地]唐努乌拉,109,216,549注
tannu-tuva[地]唐努图瓦,544注
tan-shih-huai[人]檀石淮,53
taoism[宗]道教(先生),63,111,220,244,275,276,297,298,299,300;hsien-sheng (monks),602注
tao-jen[宗]道人,见t'o-yin
ta-pu-yen[人]塔不烟,166
tara[地]塔拉,523
taranchi[族]塔兰奇人,538
tarbagatai[地]塔尔巴哈台,xxiii,xxvi,89,92,95,114,119,164,215,255,273,280,286,291,295,333,349,424,479,512,520,523,525,526,527,530,531,538
tardu (ta-t'ou)[人]达头,84-85,88,89,173,562注
tardu-shad[人]达度设,93
targhutai kiriltuq[人]塔儿忽台乞邻勒,200,206,580注,582注
ta'rikh-i jahan-gusha[书]志费尼《世界征服者史》,见juvaini
ta'rikh-i rashidi[书]《拉失德史》,见muhammad haidar ii
tarim[地]塔里木,xxii,xxiii,28,37-54,59,92,93,95-101,103,107,114-115,118,119,303,306,542;参见各绿洲条
tarkhan (tarkhat; as title)[专]答儿罕,达干(称号),222,582注,586注-597注
tarmashirin[人]塔儿麻失里,见'ala ad-din (tar-mashirin)
tarn, w. w.[人]塔恩,30,31
tarqu[地](其他史料中的)萨曼塔尔,577注
tarsa(christian designation)[专]迭屑(基督教徒),300
tarsus[地]塔尔苏斯,370
tartar[族]塔塔儿人,见tatar
tar-ussar[地]塔尔乌沙,见sar-otar
tash arighi[人]塔什·阿里希,411
tashkent (shash)[地]塔什干(柘析),29,89,96,103,116,117,119,142,235,238,244,312,338,345,411,413,415,418,419,423,425,438,439,457,463,480,481,482,484,485,488,489,492,494,495,496,508,531,532,533,540
tash kurghan[地]塔什库尔干,41,306
tashtyk[专]塔锡蒂克文化,19
tatar[族]塔塔儿(三十姓鞑靼,九姓鞑靼),139,191-192,193,198-199,203-204,206,207-208,213,227;称作蒙古人是不对的,472,585注;参见otuz tatar; toquz tatar
t'a-t'a-t'ung-a[人]塔塔统阿,190,216,220,232,250,584注
tating[地]大宁,136,138,227
ta-t'ou[人]达头,见tardu
ta-ts'in[地]大秦(罗马帝国,见roman empire)
tatta, lake[地]塔塔湖盆地,157
tatu[地]大都(北京),见peking
tatung (yünchow)[地]大同,xxiv,20,27,57,58,60,63,126,129,131,133,136,138,227,229,324,507,510,511
taugast[族]桃花石(拓跋),见toba
tauris[地]桃里士(大不里士),见tabriz
tawaji[人]达瓦齐,见dawaji
tawakkul[人]泰外库勒汗,508,531
taxation[专]税收(制度),251,253,256-257,275,300,351,352,586注,602注
tayang (as title)[专]大王,太阳,蒙古语塔阳,190,205
tayang (person)[人]塔阳(台不花),见taibuqa
tayanku (tayanku-taraz)[人]塔延古·塔拉兹,168-169,234
tayichi'ut (taijigot; taiji'ut)[族]泰赤乌惕部,194,195,200,206,207
tay kiet[地]特基特湾,290
ta-yüan[地]大宛(费尔干纳),见fergana
ta yüeh-chih[族]大月氏,29
tbilisi[地]第比利斯(梯弗里斯),见tiflis
tbilisskaya[地]第比利斯卡亚,73
tebes[地]特伯斯,485
tegin (tekin; as title)[专]特勤(称号),71,87
teilhard de chardin, pierre[人]查尔丁,3
tekes[地]特克斯河,93,491
tekin[专]特勤,见tegin
tekke[地]泰凯,452
tekrit[地]提克里特,见tikrit
tekuder (ahmed)[人]帖古迭儿,367,371-372
teletz[人]泰勒兹汗,177
temeyen-ke'er[地]特木因—基也尔,213
temir[地]铁米尔,336
templar of tyre, gestes des chiprois[专]提尔的圣殿骑士《奇普洛瓦故事集》,361,363
temuge (temuge ochigin)[人]铁木哥(铁木哥·斡赤斤),199,213,218,230,255,269,271
temujin[人]铁木真(成吉思汗),见jenghiz khan
temür (temür oljaitu)[人]铁穆耳(铁穆耳完泽笃),xxx,290,291,294,295,299,302,313-314,320,321,335,336,338,380,384,403
temür-buqa[人]帖木儿不花,325
temutai[人]铁木台,259
tengkow[地]定州,108
teng-li meu-yu[人]登里牟羽,121
tengri hills[地]腾格里山,340
tengri nor (nam tso)[地]腾格里湖(纳木错),524,533
teplukhov[人]特普鲁科夫,19
terek[地]捷列克河,5,72,74,180,366,387,392,398,441,472,503
tereshcenko[人]特里斯圣科,442
termez[地]帖尔木兹,159,342,414
terter, george[人]乔治·特尔特,402
tervel[人]泰弗尔,177
tes[地]特斯,18
tesh (ti-shö)[人]蒂赊,567注
teu hien[人]窦宪,46
teu ku[人]窦固,42
teutonic knights[专]条顿骑士团,266
thagouri[族]塔沟里人,28
thagouron[地]塔沟拉城,28
thai[族]傣族(罗罗人),291;参见lo-lo
thaleqan[地]塔里寒城,241
thana[地]塔纳,312,315
thanesar (thaneswar)[地]塔内瑟尔,72,146,599注
thanhoa[地]清化,290
theodora (wife of justinian ii)[人](查士丁尼二世之妻)塞俄多拉皇后,179
theodore (khangan)[人]塞俄多尔,175
theodoric (visigoth)[人]狄奥多里克,58,76
theognostes[人]塞俄罗斯特斯,401
theophilus, (byzantine emperor)[人](拜占庭皇帝)狄奥菲勒斯,180
theophylactus simocattes[人]塞俄菲拉克特斯·西摩卡塔,84,171,172,560注,561注,575注
thessalonica[地]塞萨洛尼基,185
thiän-tak[地]天德(托克托),见toqto
thinae[地](托勒密记)洛阳,41
thirty tatar[族]三十姓鞑靼,见otuz tatar
thogara[地](希腊史家记的张掖)塔沟拉城,28,41
thogay[人]托盖,304
thomas (of florence)[人]佛罗伦萨的托马斯,314
thomsen, v. l. p.[人]汤姆森,86
thoroana[地]塞洛亚那,41
thozan[地]东胜(托克托),见toqto
thrace[地]色雷斯,6,8,9,76,157,174,182,184,399,449
thraco-phrygians[族]色雷斯—弗里吉亚种人,4,10
three kingdoms[朝]三国,54,55
three quriqan[族]三个骨利干部(联盟),578注
thunderbolt goddess[专](一种游戏)劈雷女神,134
thuringia[地]图林,173
tiberius ii[人]提比留斯二世,84
tibet (t'u-fan)[族]吐蕃[地]西藏,103,107,114,115,118,119,126,189,284,319,367,522-524,532-533,536;参见k'iang; lamaism; tangut
tibetan script[文]藏文,298
t'ie-mai-kai[地]帖麦该川,213
t'ien[文]汉语“天”,指天神之意,219
t'ien-ho (denha; name)[人]腆合,301
t'ien shan[地]天山,xxi,xxiii,28,40,84,96,423,424,495,497,501
t'ien-tö[地]天德(托克托),见toqto
tiflis (tbilisi)[地]梯弗里斯,179,245,246,260,263,348,399,434
tigris[地]底格里斯河,355,357,433
tigris[地]伏尔加河(马可记伏尔加河),见volga
tikrit (tekrit)[地]提克里特,433
ti-ku-nai[人]迭古乃,138,139
timur[人]帖木儿(帖木兰),见tamerlane
timur (活跃于1415年)[人]帖木儿,470
timurid art[专]帖木儿朝艺术,457,465
timurids[朝]帖木儿王朝,xxviii,158,243,342,416,418,456-465,479,480,481,483,484,485,492
timurlenk[人]跛子帖木儿,见tamerlane
timur-malik[人]帖木儿灭里,238,406-407,435
timur qutlugh[人]帖木儿·忽特鲁格,440,442,443,469,622注,624注
timur-shah[人]帖木儿·沙,487
timurtash[人]帖木儿塔什,387,389,447,614注
tingchow[地]定州(中山),见chungshan
tingiu[地]德化,见tö-hua
ti-ping[人]宋帝昺,288
tirnovo[地]特尔诺沃,403
ti-shö[人]蒂赊,见tesh
tisza[地]蒂萨河,72,174,266
titus[宗]提多,49
toba (tabgatch; tamghaj; taugast)[族]拓跋人,xxviii,xxix,57,58,60-66,81,283,288,300,558注,560注,561注;参见wei
toba hung[人]拓跋弘,64-65
toba hung ii[人]拓跋宏,65
toba k'iao[人]拓跋恪,65
toba kuei[人]拓跋珪,60
toba siun[人]拓跋濬,64
toba ssu[人]拓跋嗣,61
toba tao[人]拓跋焘,61,62-64
tobol[地]托博尔,439,478,489,521
tobolsk[地]托博尔斯克,479,489,490
töchow[地]德州,132
tödöyän-girte[人]托多颜·昔惕,200
togachar[人]脱格察儿,599注
togachi[人]秃合赤,340
toghan temür (1333-70)[人]妥懽帖睦尔,319,321,323,324,325,502
toghon (toghan; 活跃于1285年)[人]脱欢(忽必烈之子),290
toghon (toghon temür; toghan; 活跃于1434年)[人]脱欢(马合木之子),491,505-506,629注
toghrul-beg[人]吐格利尔拜格,见togrul-beg
togh temür[人]图帖睦尔,321
toghul timur[人]吐格帖木儿,390
togortak[地]托加尔塔克,184
togrul (wang-khan)[人]脱斡邻勒(王罕),192,199,200-201,203-212,216,578注
togrul iii[人]吐格利尔,158-159,167
togrul-beg (toghrul-beg)[人]吐格利尔拜格,147,149-150,151-152,158,159
tö-hua (tingiu)[地]德化,604注-605注
tokat[地]托卡特,263,449
tokhari[族]吐火罗人,27-28,31;参见tukhara
tokharian languages[文]吐火罗语,见kuchean language
tokharistan[地]吐火罗斯坦,116,117,118,119,143,参见bactria
tokharoi[人](希腊人的)吐火罗人,28,30,31
tokhta-qiya[人]脱黑脱乞牙,406,435
tokien[地]乾城,46
tokmak[地]托克玛克93,94,96,114,115,423,491
tö-kuang[人]德光,129,130
töläch (tölös)[族]铁勒,60,81,89,92,93,100,565注;参见kao-kiu; uigurs
tolbiacum[地]托尔比阿克,63
tölös[族]铁勒族,见töläch
tolui[人]拖雷,212,229,239-243,255,258,593注
tolui, house of[人]拖雷家族,272,273,274,292,295,329,380,394
tolun nor[地]多伦诺尔(上都府),见shangtuho
tomsk[人]托木斯克,490
tonkin[地]东京平原,289,290
tonyuquq (toñuqouq)[人]暾欲谷,106,110,111,112
t'o-po[人]他钵,88,562注
toqtai (toqta; toqtoa)[人]脱脱,384,402,403,404
toqtamish[人]脱脱迷失,393,406-408,430,435-443,469,479,615注
toqtemür[人]脱脱木儿,292
toqto (koshang; tanduc; thiän-tak; thozan; t'ien-tö; toshang; tung-sheng)[地]托克托(科尚,东胜,天德),213,301,303,306,307,318,570注;参见kweihwacheng
toqtoa[人]脱脱,见toqtai
toqto'a (toqto'a-bäki)[人]脱脱别乞,201,205,208,213,215,582注
toqtoa-buqa[人]脱脱不花,507
toquz oghuz (nine oghuz)[族]九姓乌古思,106,110,126,145,565注,566注
toquchar[人]脱合察,241,584注
toquz tatar (nine tatar)[族]九姓鞑靼,110,192
toquz temür[人]脱古思帖木儿,502-503
törägänä[人]脱列哥那,268-269,271,330,352,595注,615注
toramana[人]多拉马那,71
torbitashi[人]托比塔石,583注
torghaq (guard)[专]卫队,哨兵,520
torghut (törghüt)[族]土尔扈特人,488,503,510,520-522,523,525,538-539,540;参见oirat
torii[人]托利,53
torks[族]托克人(乌古思),见oghuz
toru haneda[人]托鲁·汉勒达,30
toshang[地]东胜(托克托),见toqto
tötsing (tsingfeng)[地]德清军(清丰县),132
tovinsk[族]图瓦族,538
t'o-yin (tao-jen; tuinan; buddhist monks)[宗]道人,597注,602注
trade[专]贸易(指丝绸贸易),309-313,403;参见silk road
trajan[人]图拉真,45,72
tran nhon-ton[人]陈仁宗,290
transbaikalia[地]外贝加尔地区,13,25,37,208
transcaucasia[地]外高加索地区,179,376,437
transoxiana[地]河中地区,141-147,149,152-153,159,160,165,168,169,172,189,233,236,238,239,242,255,269,292,293,305,326,333,334,335,336,338,340,342,343,344,345,352,369,370,376,387,390,406,408-419,421,422,423,425,426,428,432,435,438,440,453,456,457,460,463,464,465,479,481-488,492-496,500,508;参见sogdiana
transylvania[地]特兰西瓦利亚,173,178
tran thaitong[人]陈日煚,284
travancore[地]特拉万可,309,311
treaty of belgrade[专]贝尔格莱德条约,475
treaty of karlowitz[专]卡尔洛维茨条约,475
treaty of kuchuk kainarji[专]库楚克-凯纳尔吉条约,475,477
treaty of the prut[专]普鲁特条约,475
trebizond (city)[地]特拉布松,309,312,313,314,374,453
trebizond (empire) [王朝]特拉布松国,312,449,591注
trifonova[地]特里波利耶,18
tripitaka[书]《三藏》,49
tripoli (county)[地]特里波利郡,360
tripolye[地]特里波利耶,4
troitsk[地]特洛伊茨克,558注
troitskosavsk[地]特洛伊茨科沙夫斯克,25,37
troyes[地]特鲁瓦,76
tsaghan-gol[地]柴汗沟,549注
tsagun dorji (tushetu-khan)[人]察珲多尔济(土谢图汗),528,529
ts'aichow (juning)[地]蔡州,258
tsaidam[地]柴达木,212,523,524,525,526,533
tsang (gtsang)[地]乌斯藏,298,523,524
tsanglu (cianglu)[地]长芦,308
ts'ao pei[人]曹丕,54
ts'ao pin[人]曹彬,131
ts'ao ts'ao[人]曹操,54
tsarev[地]察列甫,400,442
tsaritsyn (stalingrad; volgograd)[地]察里津(斯大林格勒),247,522
tsereng dondub[人]大策凌敦多卜,524,531,532,533,536,540
tsewang dorji namgyal[人]策妄·多尔济·那木札尔,537
tsewang rabdan[人]策妄阿拉布坦,531,532,533,536,540,541
tsewang shab[人]策妄扎布,529
ts'ien-chao (pei-han)[朝]前赵(北汉),56
ts'ien-ch'in[朝]前秦,58
ts'ien-yen[朝]前燕,58,59
tsifeng[地]赤峰,136
tsinan[地]济南,137,229,232
tsingchow (yitu)[地]青州(益都),557注,571注
tsingfeng[地]清丰(德清军),见tötsing
tsingshui[地]清水河,248
tsining (shansi)[地]冀宁(山西)(太原),见taiyüan
tsining (singiumatu; sunzumatu; in shantung)[地]济宁(山东),308,316
tsinyang[地](晋阳)看太原,见taiyüan
tsiyang (ciangli)[地]滋阳,308
tsi-yung[人]祭彤,39
tsong-kha-pa[人]宗喀巴,513,514
tsoros[族]看绰罗斯部,见choros
tsotba ba'atur[人]卓特巴巴图尔,526,527
tsuglan (diets or leagues)[专]扎格兰,530
tsu-k'iu[人]沮渠(北凉),见pei-liang
tsushima[地]对马岛,289
tuan hing-chih[人]段兴智,284
tuan kung[人]段颎,48
t'u-chüeh (blue turks; kök türk)[族]突厥人,xxii,xxiii,xxiv,8,23,79-90各处,92-95,99,100,103,106-114,116-117,120,126,127-128,171,172,173-174,176,196,216,217,224,231,256,326,417,546注,585注;参见nu-shih-pi; tu-lu (tribes)
t'u-ch'i[专]屠耆王,20
tuda mangu[人]脱脱蒙哥,401-402
tudun (as title)[专]吐屯,87,175
t'u-fan[族]吐蕃(看藏族),见tibet
tughan[人]托甘汗,133,146
tugha timur[人]秃花·帖木儿,428
tughlugh (活跃于1274年)[人]秃忽鲁哥,308
tughlugh (活跃于1305年)[人]吐格鲁格,339,340
tughlugh timur[人]秃忽鲁帖木儿,344-345,346,409-410,411,422
tughri[地]四塔沟里,见“four tughri”
tugshada[人]吐格沙达,116,117
tuinan[宗]参看道人,见t'o-yin
tukhara[族]吐火罗人,28,40,68,69;参见tokhari
tu-k'i-che[人]突骑支,99
tula[地]土拉河(土兀剌河),35,106,110,191,200,212,247,255,502,504,512,529,530,536
tula-buqa[人]秃剌不花,401,402
tu-lan[人]都兰,88,89
t'u-li[人]突利,88,89,92
tulik[人]吐利克,344
tultu[地]吐尔吐,551注
tu-lu (person)[人]咄陆,95
tu-lu (tribes)[族]咄陆部,95,102,103,109,114
tulugma (heading-off movement)[专]拦截运动,224
tulun-cherbi[人]咄伦·切必,589注
t'u-man[人]头曼,27
tümed[族]土默特部,509,510,513,514,517,519,529,530,629注
t'u-men[人]土门(看布明),见bumin
tumen (army division)[专]土绵(万夫长),222,587注
tumengken[人]图蒙肯,512
tümen sasaktu[人]图们札萨克图汗,510,514
t'u-mu[地]土木,507
t'ung-chien-k'ang-mu[书]《通鉴纲目》,132
tungchow[地]通州,325
tungge (tungeli)[地]董哥泽,583注
tung hua lu[书]《东华录》,536
tung-ko, lake[地]董哥泽,210
tungkwan[地]潼关,232,257,258
tung-nu[族]东胡,27
tungsheng[地]东胜(看托克托),见toqto
t'ung shih-hu[人]统叶护,93,94-95
tungus[族]通古斯人,xxiv,xxv,53,78,128,189,514,515-516,519;参见jurchid; kin
tungus languages[文]通古斯语,xxv,127,193
tunguska[地]通古斯卡,515
tungwan[地]统万城,61
tung-wei[朝]东魏,65,66,82
tunhwang (saciu; shachow)[地]敦煌(沙洲),xxii,35,36,41,52,96,133,302,305,306,312,499,536
tupshi[地]吐帕施,36
tuq (army division)[专](十万人的组织称为纛,587注
tuq (standard)[专]纛(旗子),210,216,217,293
tuqa timur[人]秃花帖木儿,334
tuqiti-khatun[人]秃乞台可敦,358
toqulqu-cherbi[人]秃忽鲁忽切儿比,593注
tuqugan[人]秃罕,见tutuqan
tura[地]图拉河,479,489
turan[地]图兰,252
turan-shah[人]图兰沙,362
turbat-i-jam[地]土尔巴特·杰姆,484
turbet[族]杜尔伯特,见dörböt
turfan (carachoço; kaochang; karakhoja; khocho; kiu-shih)[地]吐鲁番(高昌,哈拉火州,车师),xxii,xxiii,28,35,37,38,40,42,44,46,47,48,59,62,64,89,93,94,95,98,100,122,124,125,144,164,189,197,233,252,305,312,326,329,424,425,453,491,492,493,494,496,497,498,499,506,528,536,603注,艺术,52,96,98,122,124
turfanese language[专]吐鲁番语,96
türgäch[族]突骑施,见türgish
turgai (region)[地]图尔盖,254,392,394,403,460,478,479,522
turgai (river)[地]图尔盖河,8,19,148,393,394,439,485,508
turghai[人]图盖,339
turghaq (turgha'ut; army guards)[专]土儿合兀惕(值日班者),222
türgish (türgäch)[族]突骑施,107,109,114-115,118
turkan-khatun[人]秃儿罕可敦,237
turkestan (yasy; town)[地]突厥斯坦城(雅西城),238,438,439,479,480,481,488,492,493,496,507,526,531,532
turkic language[文]突厥语,xxv,327,465,544注,579注-580注
turkic script[文]突厥文,113,124
turkman[族]土库曼人,见turkoman
turkmenistan[地]土库曼斯坦,164
turkoman (turkman)[族]土库曼人,148,149,153,155,157,158,160,161,164,185,382,385,391,418,430,431,521,522,572注
tus (mashhad; meshed)[地]图斯(麦什德),167,240,241,351,352,368,376,387,425,483,484,485
tusculum[地]图斯卡鲁姆,375
tushetu-khan (person)[人]土谢图汗(察珲多尔济),见tsagun dorji
tushetu-khan (bodgo-khan; khanate)[人]土谢图汗,53,512,528
tu-tsung[人]宋度宗,286
tutuq (as title)[专](突厥语)都督,582注
tutuqan(tuquqan)[人]秃罕,401
tutush[人]突吐施,154,155
t'u-yu[人]突欲,129
t'u-yü-huen[族]吐谷浑,64-65,89
tver[地]特维尔城,265,395,404
tyawka[人]头克汗,531,532,625注
tyre[地]提尔,360,361
tyumen[地]秋明,406,443,489,490,614注
tyutshta[地]秋兹塔,66,558注
tzelgu[人]翟尔古,184
tzu-ch'uan[地]酒泉,35,41
uar (var)[族]瓦尔部,171,172
uarkhonites (ouarkhonitai; uarkhuni; varchonitae)[族]瓦尔和昆尼,82,171,173
'ubaidallah[人]奥贝都剌汗,485
ubasha[人]渥巴锡汗,522,538-539
ubsa nor[地]乌布萨泊,190,510,512,525
uch ferman[地]乌什吐鲁番,见uch turfan
uchirtu-sechen[人]鄂齐尔图(车臣汗),523,525,526,527
uchiyeds[族]乌济叶特人,629注
uch turfan (uch ferman; wensu)[地]乌什·吐鲁番,40,425,541
uchur[族]乌楚尔人,515
udine[地]乌迪内,319
udiyana[地]乌阇衍那,65
ufa[地]乌发,548注
ugä[人]乌介,见wu-kiai
ugechi (活跃于1267年)[人]忽哥赤,308
ugechi (ökächi;活跃于1399年),[人]鬼力赤,503,628注
ugra[地]乌格拉河,470
uigur[族]回纥,回鹘,畏兀儿,xxiv,60,81,89,100,102,110,113-114,120-122,124,125-126,128,133,144,149,164,171,180,189,190,196,197,212,216,217,220,231,233,234,250,251,252,277,319,327,417,424,425,565注-566注;参见sari-uigur; töläch
uiguria[地]回鹘地区(畏兀儿地区),244,326,329,330,335,367,417,482,493,496;参见beshbaligh; kucha; turfan
uiguristan (ioguristan)[地]畏兀儿斯坦,305,424,461,463,491,493,495-499
uigur language[文]回鹘语,畏兀儿语,220,243
uigur script[专]回鹘文,畏兀儿文,113,124,125-126,220,252,277,298-299,351,601注uiguro-mongol,516,521
ukenj[人]斡根赤,330,606注
ukraine[地]乌克兰,265,266
ulala[地]乌拉拉,525
ulan bator[地]乌兰巴托,见urga
ulan-put'ung[地]乌兰布通,529
ulaqchi[人]兀剌黑赤,397
uliassutai[地]乌里雅苏台,20,479,512,537
ulja[地]斡里札,203
üllö[地]于勒,176
ulski[地]乌尔斯基,15
ulu-jüz[族]大帐,见great horde
ulu muhammad[人]乌鲁·穆罕默德,472
ulus (tribe; small nation)[专]兀鲁思(部落,小民族),193,253,579注
ulus-begi (as title)[专]兀鲁思别吉,344,422
ulus-irgen (organized nation or state)[专]兀鲁思-亦尔坚(国家),197,579注
ulu-tau (ulugh tagh)[地]兀鲁塔山,215,393,406,435,439,478,479,485
ulyungur nor[地](克孜尔巴什湖)乌伦古尔湖,见qyzyl-bash
umai[宗]乌迈,86
'umar-mirza[人]乌马儿·米尔咱,456,458
'umar-shaikh (死于1391年)[人]乌马儿·沙黑(帖木儿之子),425,433,438,456
'umar-shaikh (1469-94)[人]乌马儿·沙黑,463,494
umehara, sueju[人]梅原末治,24
ummayads[朝]倭马亚王朝,116-117
unaghan boghul[专]乌拉干,孛斡勒(奴隶、属臣),见boghul
unggur[人]乌格尔,588注
ungvar (uzhgorod)[地]乌日哥罗德,266
uquna[人]兀忽纳,238
ur[地]乌尔,8
ural (yaik; river)[地]乌拉尔河(扎牙黑河),6,181,182,186,277,392,394,407,439,471,472,478,479,480,486,522,525,531
urals (mountains)[地]乌拉尔山,xxv,8,78,177,247,264,393-394,478,489
uralsk[地]乌拉尔斯克,254,392
ura tyube[地]乌拉秋别,36,464
urban v, pope[人]教皇乌尔班五世,319
urga (ulan bator)[地]库伦(乌兰巴托),xxi,512,514,529,530
urgench (gurganj)[地]乌尔根奇,玉龙杰赤,160,237,239,241,243,254,335,394,421,479,485,521,589注
uriangkhai (place)[地]乌梁海地区,549注
uriangkhans[族]兀良哈人,509,629注
uriangqai (soyot; people)[族]兀良哈人(索约特人),538,579注,582注
uriangqatai (uriankqadai)[人]兀良哈台,28,284,598注
urianqut[族]兀良忽人,582注
urmia, lake[地]乌尔米亚湖,359
urtupa[地]乌尔吐帕,440
uruk-khatun[人]兀鲁克可敦,373,383
urumchi (urumtsi)[地]乌鲁木齐,95,536,537,538
urungu[地]乌伦古河,61,81,89,119,205,255,272,312,479,510,523,525,538
urus[人]兀鲁思,406,435
uru'ud[族]乌鲁尔德部,194,210,583注
ushin banner[族]乌审旗,513
uspenskoye[地]乌斯平斯科伊,见bolgar (town)
usrushna[地]乌拉秋别,见ura tyube
ussuri[地]乌苏里江,128,133,134,515
ust-kamenogorsk[地]乌斯季卡缅诺哥尔斯克堡,532
ust-labinskaya[地]乌斯拉宾斯卡亚,16
ust-urt[地]乌兹特-乌尔特,164
usun[人]兀孙,218
'uthman (of tekke)[人]乌斯曼,452
'uthman i (osman)[人]奥斯曼一世,385,389
uthman ibn ibrahim[人]乌斯曼·伊本·易不拉欣,168,169,237
uturgurs (utrigurs)[族]乌特格尔人,79,80,172,173
uweis[人]乌畏思,390,391
uzbeks (özbegs)[族]乌兹别克人,460,464,465,479-486,488,500,531;参见shaybanids
uzes[族]乌泽人,见oghuz
uzgen[地]乌兹根(讹迹邗),144,234,423,460,479
uzhgorod[地]乌日哥罗德,见ungvar
uzindur[地]乌金杜尔,78
uzun hasan[人]乌宗·哈桑,459,462,470
vaik[人]瓦伊克(圣斯提芬),见stephen
vais (vais-khan)[人]歪思汗,491,492,506
vakhsh[地]瓦赫什河,346,411
valens[人]瓦伦丁,48
valentinian iii[人]瓦伦丁三世,76
valentinos[人]瓦伦丁,84,85,88,172,173,
van (town)[地]凡城,431,433
van, lake[地]凡湖,261
var[族]瓦尔部,见uar
varchonitae[族]瓦尔昆尼人,见uarkhonites
vartan[人]瓦尔坦,356-357,358,360,361
vartopu[文]瓦尔特浦文化,6
varus[人]瓦努斯,36
vasellus, james[人]瓦舍鲁斯·詹姆斯,371
vasellus, john[人]瓦舍鲁斯·约翰,371
vasili ivanovich[人]瓦西里·伊凡洛维奇(巴西尔三世),见basil iii
vasudeva[人]韦苏特婆,32
venetians[族]威尼斯人,533;在克里米亚,247,312,403,404,405,442
venice[地]威尼斯,309,314
verkhneudinsk[地]上乌金斯克,13,558注
verny[地]韦尔内,见alma-ata
viatka[地]维亚特卡,473
vidjaya[人]尉迟,见vijaya
vienna[地]维也纳,419
vietnam[朝]越南(安南国占婆),见annam; champa
viguri[族]昆奴格尔人,见hunnugur
vijaya (vidjaya; chaban)[地]佛誓,290,309
vima kadphises (kadphises ii)[人]维马·卡德菲斯二世,32
vimalaksha[人]卑摩罗义,50
visigoths[族]西哥特人,60,73-74,75,76
vistula[地]维斯杜拉河,73,266
vitautas[人]维托夫特,见witowt
vithimir[人]威塞米尔,73
vitim[地]维季姆,515
vitovt[人]维托夫特,见witowt
vladimir (place)[地]弗拉基米尔,247,265,395,407,436
vladimirtsov, b. y.[人]弗拉基米尔佐夫,193,194-195,201,202,204,207,215,217,222,247
vladivostok[地]海参崴(符拉迪沃斯托克),128
vocan[地]瓦罕,见wakhan
vogul[族]窝古尔人,177,489
vogul language[文]窝古尔语,576注
volga (itil)[地]伏尔加河(伊提尔河),10,14,72,73,173,180,181,182,186,247,264,268,270,271,276,281,282,304,312,392,393,396,397,400,402,403,419,436,440,442,472,486,521,525,540
volgograd[地]伏尔加格勒,见tsaritsyn
völkerwanderung[专]民族大迁徙,16,54
voronezh[地]沃罗涅什,7,10
vorskla[地]沃尔斯克拉,443,469
votiak[族]沃加克族人,489
vozdvizhenskoye[地]沃兹德维任斯科耶,73
vozha[地]沃查,405
vugiu[地]婺州(浙江),见wuchow (chekiang)
wahlstatt[地]瓦尔斯塔特,266
wajih ad-din mas'ud[人]瓦吉黑哀丁·马苏德,390
wakhan (humi; vocan)[地]瓦罕,41,118,306
wali[人]瓦力,428,429
wa-li-pu[人]斡离不,136
wallachia[地]瓦拉几亚,6,75,174,175,176,184,268
wang (as title)[专]“王”(称号),204
wang (tribe)[族]王部,见dörben qoriya
wang an-shih[人]王安石,296
wang chan[人]王振,507
wang chung-tsu[人]王忠嗣,118
wang-khan (as title)[人]王罕(称号),192
wang-khan (person),[人]王罕(脱斡邻勒),见togrul
wangtu[地]望都,128
wan li[人](明)万历皇帝,516
wan tu-kuei[人]万度归,62
wan-yen[族]完颜部,134,136,516,571注;参见kin
wan-yen ch'eng-huei[人]完颜承晖,230
wan-yen wu-shih (goshi)[人]完颜希尹,139
warfare[专]战术,见battle tactics
"warring states"("fighting states")[朝]战国时代,20,24-25,26
wassaf[人]瓦撒夫,333,338,384
water, reverence for[专]崇拜河水,84,219,220
waterways[专]水路,309,310
waziristan[地]瓦济里斯坦,169
wei (dynasty)[朝]北魏,60;参见toba
wei (river)[地]渭河,92,138,232,257,258,283
wei (state)[朝]魏国,54,55
wei, hsi-[朝]西魏,见hsi-wei
wei, tung-[朝]东魏,见tung-wei
wei-ch'ö[人]尉迟,101,115
wei-chö cheng[人]尉迟胜,567注
wei-ch'ö fu-shö[人]尉迟伏师,115
weichow (yüchow)[地]蔚州(幽州),106-107,108
wei ts'ing[人]卫青,34,35
wenchow[地]温州,137
wends[族]文德人,173
wensu[地]温宿(乌什·吐鲁番),见uch turfan
wen-tjong[人]王倎,288
white horde (chaghan-ordo; aqordu)[族]白帐(查罕·斡耳朵,阿黑·斡耳朵),335,393,403,406-407,421,435,436,438,439,469,478-479,615注;参见kipchak khanate; orda
white huns[族]白匈奴(莚哒),见ephthalites
white sheep[朝]白羊王朝,见aq-qoyunlu
wieger, léon[人]威格尔,21
william (of nassio)[人](纳昔奥的)威廉,304
william (of rubruck)[人](卢布鲁克村的)威廉,见rubruck, william of
witowt (vitovt; vitautas)[人]维托夫特,443,469
wolf (böri)[专]狼(附离),xxvii,81,87,544注,560注
wuchang (wuchow; hupeh)[宗](图腾)狼,[地]武昌(湖北),武州,284,285,287,323
wu-che-lo[人]乌质勒,107,109
wuchow (hupeh)[地]武州(湖北省)(看武昌),见wuchang
wuchow (near shoping)[地]武州(朔平附近),136
wuchow (vngiu; chekiang)[地]婺州(浙江),308
wu-chu[人]兀术,137
wu hou (wu tsö-t'ien)[人]武后(武则天),107,108,127
wuhu[地]芜湖,287
wu-huan[族]乌桓,39,54
wu-kiai (ugäq)[人]乌介可汗,569注
wu-k'i-mai[人]吴乞买,136,571注
wu-lei[地]乌垒,37
wu-liang-ha[地]乌梁海(热河),见jehol
wu-ling[人]赵武灵王,20,550注
wu-lo[人]乌禄,139
wu san-kuei[人]吴三贵,517,518
wu-sun[族]乌孙,29,30,34,37,38,40,45,53,552注
wutai[地]五台山,133
wu-ti[人]武帝,34,35,36,101
wu tsö-t'ien[人]武则天,见wu hou
wu-tu-pu[人]吾睹补,230
wuwei[地]武威,35,54
xiengmai[地]清迈,见chiangmai
yabghu (as title)[专]叶护,82,87,560注-561注;参见she-hu
yachy[地]押赤(看云南)见yunnan (town)
yadigar (yadiyar)[人]雅迪格尔汗,475,489
yaghma[族]样磨,572注
yahballaha, mar[人]马·雅巴拉哈三世,见mar yahballaha iii
yahya[人]牙黑牙,431,432,433
yaik[地]扎牙黑河(乌拉尔河),见ural (river)
yaishan[地]厓厓山,288
ya-ku (james; name)[人]雅各,301
yakut[人]雅库特,xxv,544注
yalavach, mahmud[人]马合谋·牙剌洼赤,见mahmud yalavach
yalavach, mas'ud[人]麻速忽·雅剌洼赤,见mas'ud yalavach
yamishevsk (peschanaia)[地]雅米谢威斯克,523,532
yang chien[人]杨坚,88
yangchow (ianzu; yangiu)[地]扬州,122,139,302,308,310,316,323
yangi[地]养吉,见talas (town)
yangi-hissar[地]英吉沙尔城,495
yangiu[地]扬州,见yangchow
yang-shao-ts'un[地]仰韶村,4
yang-ti[人]隋炀帝,89-90,98,99
yangtze (kian; quian)[地]长江,57,137,138,139,259,283,284,287,293,302,304,309,310,323,516
yang ye[人]杨业,131
yao ch'ang[人]姚苌,59
yao chu[人]姚枢,283
yao-shu-mu (yoshmut)[人]尤斯姆,593注
ya'qub[人]雅库伯,452
yarkand (soche; yarcan)[地]叶儿羌(莎车)(鸭儿看),xxii,37,40,41,43,45,48,52,95,96,101,306,426,460,485,491,494,495,497,498,500,501,527,528,532,540,541,542
yarligh (jarliq; imperial edict)[专]札儿里黑(敕令),282,597注
yar muhammad[人]雅尔·穆罕默德,486
yaroslav (of kiev)[人](基辅的)雅罗斯拉夫,182
yaroslav (of sternberg)[人]雅罗斯拉夫,266
yaroslav (of vladimir)[人]雅罗斯拉夫(弗拉基米尔的),269,395,615注
yaroslavl[人]雅罗斯拉夫,265
yaroslavskaya[地]雅罗斯拉夫斯卡雅,73
yär-su[专]天地之精灵,见yer-sub
yasaq (jasa; jasaq; yasa; law code)[专]札撒(法典),221,230-231,252,256,275,312,328,416,418,586注
yasd[地]耶斯特,见yezd
yasodharman[人]亚琐德哈尔曼,71
yassawur[人]牙撒吾儿,340,386
yassy[地]亚色,423
yasun (subclan)[专]牙孙(小氏族),193
yasy[地]雅西城(突厥斯坦城),见turkestan (town)
yavana (ionians)[地](希腊人称呼)大宛,554注
yazi[地]雅吉,423
ye[地]邺城,58,59,60;参见changteh
yedigei[人]亦敌忽,见idiqu
yehangir[人]叶汗吉尔,526
ye-hsien, ye-hsien taichi[人]也先台吉,见esen (esen-taiji)
yelets[地]耶列兹城,441,471
ye-li-k'o-wen (priests)[专]也里可温,300,602注
yellow river (caramoran; kara muren)[地]黄河,xxvi,27,35,55,60,61,132,133,136,138,176,226,232,233,257,258,283,308,510,604注
yelmish[人]叶儿迷失,301
ye-lü a-pao-ki[人]耶律阿保机,见a-pao-ki
ye-lü chih-lu-ku[人]耶律直鲁古,166,233,234,235
ye-lü ch'u-ts'ai[人]耶律楚材,231-232,250,251,256-257,258,268,593注
ye-lü hiou-ko[人]耶律休哥,131-132
ye-lü hsien[人]耶律贤,131
ye-lü king[人]耶律璟,130
ye-lü lü-ko[人]耶律留哥,228,250
ye-lü lung-sü[人]耶律隆绪,131,132
ye-lü shih (pu-su-wan)[人]耶律诗(普速完),166,167
ye-lü ta-shih[人]耶律大石,164,165,166,574注
ye-lü tö-kuang[人]耶律德光,见tö-kuang
ye-lü yen-hsi[人]耶律延禧,136
ye-lü yi-lie[人]耶律夷列,166
ye-lü yüan[人]耶律阮,130
yen, hou-[朝]后燕,见hou-yen
yen, hsi-[朝]西燕,见hsi-yen
yen, nan-[朝]南燕,见nan-yen
yen, pei-[朝]北燕,见pei-yen
yen, ts'ien-[朝]前燕,见ts'ien-yen
yenching, yenchow[地]燕京,燕州(今北京),见peking
yenisei (people)[族]叶尼塞人,515
yenisei (river)[地]叶尼塞河,xxiv,3,40,66,109,113,124,125,148,166,191,205,216,286,503,508,515,521,532
yenki[地]焉耆(喀拉沙尔),见kara shahr
yen-lo[人]奄罗,88
yenmen[地]雁门,34,57,90
yen-ta[人]俺答(阿勒坦汗),见altan-khan
yer-sub (yär-su; genies)[专]天地之精灵,86
yesen temür[人]也先帖木儿,见esen temür
yesugän[人]也速根,208
yesugei[人]也速该,192,198,199,203,578注
yesui[人]也速亦,208,248
yesun temür[人]也孙铁穆耳,299,314,317,318,321
yesut[族]叶苏特部,207
ye-tai[族]莚哒人,见ephthalites
“ye-tai-i-li-t'o”[人]叶太伊里窦,68
yezd (yasd)[地]耶斯特,305,309,315,390,431,432,433
yezdegerd ii[人]耶斯特二世,68
yezdegerd iii[人]叶斯德苟特三世,116
yi-che-shih[人]伊稚斜单于,35
yichow[地]易州,132,570注
yi-jan[人]伊然可汗,113
yingchang (kailu)[地]应昌(开鲁),325,502
yingpan[地]营盘,42
ying-tsung[人](明)英宗皇帝,507
yi-sho (isho; jesus; name)[人]伊索,301
yissu-mangu[人]也速蒙哥,271,274,329
yissu-temür[人]玉昔帖木儿,293
yi-sun[地]伊循,37
yi-tsi-nai[地](哈拉霍托)亦集乃,见karakhoto
yitu[地]益都(青州),见tsingchow
yiwu (hami or lob nor?)[地]伊吾(哈密),42,47,48
yo fei[人]岳飞,138
yo-nan (john; name)[人]约南,301
yotkan[地]约特干(于阗),见khotan
yüan[朝]元朝,xxx,288-321,323-325,327,339,367,396,502,503,513,519;参见kublai
yüan-ch'uan[地]苑川(兰州),见lanchow
yüan shih[书]《元史》,198,205,206,208,212,213,214,215,229,231,588注
yüchow[地]禹州(看钧州),见kunchow
yu-ch'u-kien[人]於除鞬,46
yüeh-chih[族]月氏人(看贵霜),27-32,34,35,40,45,46,49,68,69,551注;参见kushans
yulduz[地]裕勒都斯,xxiii,46,67,80,83,84,93,173,338,413,419,422,424,425,460,461,463,493,495,497,498,506,539
yülin (fungchow)[地]榆林,25,107,511
yümen[地]玉门,35
yümen kuan[地]玉门关,41
yüncheng[地]郓城,301
yünchow[地]云州(大同),见tatung
yunchung[地]云中,106
yung-cheng[人]雍正皇帝,518,536,537
yung-li (yung-ming)[人]永历(永明),518
yung lo[人]永乐皇帝,453,456,459,503,504,505
yung-ming[人]永明(永历),见yung-li
yungping[地]永平,108,127,230,517,557注
yunkang[地]云岗,64
yunnan (caragian; caraian; nanchow; tali; kingdom)[朝]云南国,283-284,307-308,518,598注
yunnan (iaci; yachy; town)[地]云南,307
yunnanfu[地]云南府(善阐),见shanshan
yunus[人]羽奴思,461,463,480,481,492,493-494,494-495,497,498,507
yüqunan[人]玉忽南,583注
yüräk[人]玉剌克,301
yuriel[地]尤利城,407,436
yurii (of ryazan)[人](里亚赞的)尤里,265
yurii (of vladimir)[人](弗拉基米尔)尤里,247
yurii ii (of suzdalia)[人](苏兹达里亚大公)尤里,265
yuri konchakovich[人]尤里·科思察科维奇,591注
yurt (grazing land)[专]禹儿惕(牧地),221-222,253
yusuf[人]玉素甫,541
yusuf khass hajjib, qudatqu bilig[人](霍吉勃)玉素甫·喀什《福乐智慧》,148
yusuf sufi[人]玉素甫·苏菲,421
yuyü[地]右玉(朔平),见shoping
zabdat at-tavarikh[书]《史记实录》,499
zabergan (zamergan)[人]扎伯干,79
zafer-name[书]《武功记》,342,343,345,410,411,413,414,415,418,423,424,427,430,431,433,435-444各处,448,449,451
zagan[人]察甘,见chagan
zagros[地]扎格罗斯山,169
zahidan[地]扎希丹(沙尔-奥塔尔),见sar-otar
zain al- 'abidin[人]赞·阿比丁,431,432
zaisan, lake[地]斋桑湖,190,215,523,525,527,532,533
zamergan[人]扎伯干,见zabergan
zaranj[地]扎兰季,428
zaya pandita[人]扎雅班第达,520
zayton[地]刺桐(泉州),见chüanchow
zemarchos[人]蔡马库斯,84
zenjan[地]赞詹,240,245,391
zerin[地]泽林,364
ziebil[人]札比尔可汗,179
ziyad ibn-salih[人]齐雅德·伊本·萨里,119-120
znamenka[地]兹纳缅卡,18
zodan[人]佐登,175
zoroastrianism[宗]琐罗亚斯特教,7
zubov[地]祖波夫,16
zurulum (corlu)[地]祖鲁姆(乔尔卢),174,184