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第六章 对置法

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搭配同种或类似的f的技术,叫做“调和法”,而搭配异种尤其是相反的f时,便可称之为“对置法”。

正如上文所说,调和法是第一、二、三种联想的变体,对置法是将第四种联想法加以扩大,第四种联想法的宗旨,是依靠某种共通性,将两种不相干的事物联结起来,并将其差异加以对照;对置法也依靠同样的方法,旨在唤起某种兴味。以下将这几个方法的关系加以辨析。

调和法之于对置法,类似于第一、二、三种联想法之于第四种联想法。正如第一、二、三种和第四种一样,都产生于两要素之间的共通性;同样的,调和法和对置法也有极其接近的地方。不但如此,从某种意义上说,把后者视为前者的一个方面,也未尝不可。假若把调和分成阶段的话,一端须是完全相同的二物之配合,另一端又须是完全不同的二物之联结。对置就是指这一端而言。换言之,也就是消极的调和。两者的关系,就像死与生的关系。从另一方面来说,生与死不是相隔绝的二物,死不过是生的一个变相而已。忧苦也是生,愤怒也是生,同样地,意识内容空虚的时候也是生。恰如在x = a,x = b, etc.的时候,x = 0也无疑是x的一个价值。对置的时候也是一样。aa是重复的配合,ab是最密接的配合;以下ac, ad, ae等而至于az,都是一种配合。而对置法不过是两种极端的调和。因此,对置法与调和法,其间虽有显著的不同,但是再深究下去,其区别可就颇为复杂了。

这样一来,在形式上,对置法虽然无妨看作是调和法的一个变种,但就其性质而言,本质上是积极与消极两极的配合,所以自然而然就要打破所谓调和,这是不言而喻的。我在前一章主张调和的必要,现在又说对置法,主张打破这种调和,认为这是文学中的必要的修辞方法,这恰似早上主张救人,晚上主张杀人一样,看上去似乎不免自相矛盾。然而,若是通读下文的论述,大体就会明白此两者最终并不是相互排斥的。

对置法大致有三种:第一种是用b之f来缓和a之f的;第二种是对置的结果(即感兴)自然而然地与调和的结果达成一致;第三种类似于上述的第四联想法,多少带有滑稽趣味。对以上三种,姑且称第一种为“缓势法”,第二种为“强势法”,第三种为“不对法”。

第一节 缓势法

毫无疑问,在“人事的材料”与“天然的材料”两者之间,有“缓势”的必要。正如睡眠之于觉醒,意识活动的最清醒状态超过十二小时就难以承受了,自然就需要睡眠来缓和外界的刺激。又如泡菜之于肥肉。鳗鱼为最富于脂肪的油腻的食物,故用清素的泡菜为之缓和。鳗鱼馆子的泡菜是特别讲究的,以此足见此中道理了。常吃西餐的西洋人,饭后以水果为不可缺少的副食,这也似乎是依从自然规律所采取的缓势法吧。文学上的缓势法,也是顺应这种自然的要求而成立的。一味哭着,一味发怒,这不是我们所能受得了的。当我们的紧张到一定程度或超过一定限度而感到苦不堪言的时候,作家有时便给我们一服清凉剂,使人舒缓苦闷。不明此理者叠床架屋、强求读者的眼泪,或者欲使读者义愤填膺,这样就使人失去了余裕。过于紧张局促,至死不解自然,往往弄巧成拙,却怪读者不服,这是世间的迂腐,也是文学中的迂腐。在小说中,主题以外又插入许多闲话,为的便是要达到这种缓势的目的。或将话题分为两三个线索,穿插并行,也都是基于这种方法。钓鱼者若心急拉直钓鱼线,鱼儿就会逃脱。世相如此,文章也是如此。

缓势法是在长篇幅中才有必要,难以在一语一句之中找到例证。故而我们宜从长篇中举例。司各特的《拉美摩尔的新娘》是叙述男女相思的作品,描写恋爱的失败,导致悲惨结局。整体上是令人悲伤的故事,于是作者便加上了一个滑稽人物,散点各处。有了这个人物,全篇就有了缓和的分子。一旦有了缓和的分子,读者便在兴味上没有窘迫不安了。莎士比亚在戏剧《麦克白》中,就特别使用了这种方法,使整篇的悲凄气氛得以舒缓。莎翁在开章第一页,便请来一群妖魔,首先点出了全篇的基调;之后,描写腥风暗雨、磷火鬼气,使魍魉之影跃然纸上,把读者吓得心惊肉跳。遂使读者在迎送去来中,始终感到惊心动魄,当此之时,忽然出现一片碧空,流入一阵和煦清风,于是读者为之稍能心安静气。看看下面所引的例子,是怎样地充满着和怡之气,而前一节又是怎样地阴森。再看看其后一段是怎样地光怪陆离、鲜血淋漓。倘若没有这一节,我们就将不堪忍受阴森之气,半途掩卷而去了。

“duncan. this castle hath a pleasant seat; the air

nimbly and sweetly recommends itself

unto our gentle senses.

banquo.   this guest of summer,

the temple-haunting martlet, does approve,

by his loved mansionry, that the heaven’s breath

smells wooingly here: no jutty, frieze,

buttress, nor coign of vantage, but this bird

hath made his pendent bed and procreant cradle:

where they most breed and haunt, i have observed,

the air is delicate.”

— macbeth, act i. sc. vi. ll. 1-11.

第二节 强势法

强势法不是为缓和a而使用b,而是新加入b这一材料,来放大a的效果。也是对置法的一种,虽与前节所说的缓势法无异,不过由于着眼点的不同,便有必要如此分类了。

所谓着眼点的不同是什么呢?以b及于a的影响(即从a的f扣除b的f′之后的结果)而形成对置时,即成为缓势法;再以a、b所有的f和f′为独立物,从而形成对置时,即成为强势法。为什么呢?因为这种时候,a在文学上发展而成2f,b也一样变化成为2f′。换言之,不是(f-f),而是f因有f′故成为2f,而f′因有了f故而成为2f′。就其结果而言,就与调和法不期而然地酷似了。以食物来比喻,蔬菜是食物之粗者,然而在某时某场合,这粗食便一下子等于大餐了。所谓某时某场合,比方说一农夫终日忙于耕作,辛苦一天回到家里吃饭。

对置的强势法,就是配b于a之前,使b在某时某场合使用。普遍的a,终于是a,不能动移它;若一旦对置之以b时,a的价值便在猛然间上升了。强势法虽是对置,却与调和法异途同归,原因就在这里。鱼是食之美味,熊掌也是食之美味。在鱼之外加以熊掌,而领略来自两者相加的美味,这就类似调和法。强势法的这种搭配变化,不是将配合物相加而形成的,而是使前者的性质反映于后者之上,使后者之质得以提升。方法之不同不用说,结果的优劣也不用说,只有在宗旨目的上,两者是一致的。懂画的人大概都知道,为集视线于一点白,只有两种方法,一是加笔于白本身,二是加笔于白的周围,两种方法在结果上是一致的。白上加白,欲使其色更显著,这一方法类似于调和法;而在周围加暗色,白本身不加改动,只是使其在昏暗中凸显异彩,这就类似强势法。

我认为,或成为强势法,或成为缓势法,其间之不同只在着眼点,这也可以举例加以证明。比如这里有百金赐予穷人,此百金既达缓和的目的,同时又有强势的作用。若穷人得此百金而救其穷,又能抚慰他的痛苦这一角度来看,那就好比是缓势法;若穷人因陷于饥饿,将此百金视为万金,从这一层面上看来,百金的价值,顷刻化成了万金,这就好比是强势法。这两者的差异,虽然只是观察点的不同,既然观察点不同,它们所唤起的情绪,在程度上,在类别上,都各有显著名特色,所以特地分出此节加以论述。以下举例说明。

“go thou to richmond, and good fortune guide thee![to dorset]

go thou to richard, and good angels guard thee![to anne]

go thou to sanctuary, and good thoughts possess thee![to q. elizabeth]

i to my grave, where peace and rest lie with me!

eighty odd years of sorrow have i seen,

and each hour’s joy wreck’d with a week of teen.”

— richard iii, act iv. sc. i. ll. 92-7.

这是自然的对置,并不是特地请几个人来反衬自己。本是对别人说话,说到自己时,才生出映照之妙,使最后一句特别提神。狄更斯描述小耐儿(little nell),就是用了这样的笔致:

“but all that night, waking or in my sleep, the same thoughts recurred, and the same images retained possession of my brain. i had, ever before me, the old dark murky rooms—the gaunt suits of mail with their ghostly silent air—the faces all awry, grinning from wood and stone—the dust, and rust, and worm that lives in wood—and alone in the midst of all this lumber and decay and ugly age, the beautiful child in her gentle slumber, smiling through her light and sunny dreams.”

— dickens, the old curiosity shop, chap. i.

把美丽的小耐儿和她的梦,置于老屋子、老家具、灰尘、虫子和五彩剥落的黑暗里,真仿佛点铁成金。

至于艾略特所用以描写蒂娜(tina)时所使用的对置,堪称天下妙文,如下:

“in this way tina wore out the long hours of the windy moonlight, till at last, with weary aching limbs, she lay down in bed again, and slept from mere exhaustion.

while this poor little heart was being bruised with a weight too heavy for it, nature was holding on her calm inexorable way, in unmoved and terrible beauty. the stars were rushing in their eternal courses; the tides swelled to the level of the last expectant weed; the sun was making brilliant day to busy nations on the other side of the swift earth.the stream of human thought and deed was hurrying and broadening onward. the astronomer was at his telescope; the great ships were labouring over the waves; the toiling eagerness of commerce, the f ierce spirit of revolution, were only ebbing in brief rest; and sleepless statesmen were dreading the possible crisis of the morrow. what were our little tina and her trouble in this mighty torrent, rushing from one awful unknown to another? lighter than the smallest centre of quivering life in the water-drop, hidden and uncared for as the pulse of anguish in the breast of the tiniest bird that has f luttered down to its nest with the long-sought food, and has found the nest torn and empty.”

— eliot, scenes of clerical life, mr. gilfu’s love-story, chap. v.

雪莱的《在那不勒斯附近沮丧而作》(stanzas written in dejection, near naples),或华兹华斯的《捞水蛭的人,或决心与自立》(the leech-gatherer),可以说完全是用此法构成全篇的。不过论其巧拙,则自有不同。华兹华斯的是:

“the birds are singing in the distant woods;

over his own sweet voice the stockdove broods;

the jay makes answer as the magpie chatters;

and all the air is f illed with pleasant noise of waters. ”

the leech-gatherer, ll. 4-7.

前头描写欢快的自然,到后半才说:“i saw a man before me unawares: the oldest man he seemed that ever wore grey hairs.”(ll. 55-6.),用以点缀孤客,两者形成对置。但因中间插入了种种主观感慨或理智教训,故而几乎把对置的效果打消了。本来,他似乎是要避开突兀的对置,而用一种感想把对置的两个材料联系起来,而暗暗地由甲转移到乙。这是他用意周到之处,其实却成了他的败笔。对置必须突兀。突兀然后才能用于强势。若徐徐移步,自一极至一极时,则两极之差一时不能反映到读者眼里,所以我们可能会忽略这种反衬。像下面举出的数行诗,就对置法来说,不但无效,反而是有害的。

“but, as it sometimes chanceth, from the might

of joy in minds that can no further go,

as high as we have mounted in delight

in our dejection do we sink as low.”

— ibid., ll. 22-5.

雪莱的作品则完全与此相反。两个材料之间不使用任何连锁,从甲转移到乙,恰似从光明的天空落下来,忽而坠入暗窖之中。从而极其明显地由对置产生感兴。

“the sun is warm, the sky is clear,

the waves are dancing fast and bright,

blue isles and snowy mountains wear

the purple noon’s transparent might,

the breath of the moist earth is light,

around its unexpanded buds;

like many a voice of one delight,

the winds, the birds, the ocean f loods,

the city’s voice itself is soft like solitude’s.”

— stanzas written in dejection, near naples, st. i.

叙述优美温润之景,至此却突然一下转入“did any heart now share in my emotion”,径直抒发失意之情:

“alas! i have nor hope nor health,

nor peace within nor calm around,

nor that content surpassing wealth

the sage in meditation found,

and walked with inward glory crowned—

nor fame, nor power, nor love, nor leisure.

others i see whom these surround—

smiling they live, and call life pleasure;—

to me that cup has been dealt in another measure.”

— ibid., st. iii.

大有拔地而起、巍然耸立之概。又如彭斯的名诗:

“ye banks and braes o’bonnie doon,

how can ye bloom sae fair!

how can ye chant, ye little birds,

and i sae fu’ o’ care!

thou’ll break my heart, thou bonnie bird,

that sings upon the bough;

thou minds me o’the happy days

when my fause luve was true.”

也是用了同样的对置法,近乎天籁妙音。

再看最后一例:

“he goes through shrubby walks these friends among,

love in their looks and honour on the tongue;

nay, there’s a charm beyond what nature shows,

the bloom is softer and more sweetly glows; —

pierced by no crime, and urged by no desire

for more than true and honest hearts require,

they feel the calm delight, and thus proceed

through the green lane—then linger in the mead —

stray o’er the heath in all its purple bloom —

and pluck the blossom where the wild bees hum;

then through the broomy bound with ease they pass,

and press the sandy sheep-walk’s slender grass,

where dwarf ish f lowers among the gorse are spread,

and the lamb browses by the linnet’s bed;

then ’cross the bounding brook they make their way

o’er its rough bridge—and there behold the bay! —

the ocean smiling to the fervid sun —

the waves that faintly fall and slowly run —

the ships at distance and the boats at hand;

and now they walk upon the sea side sand,

counting the number and what kind they be,

ships softly sinking in the sleepy sea;

now arm in arm, now parted, they behold

the glitt’ring waters on the shingles roll’d;

the timid girls, half dreading their design,

dip the small foot in the retarded brine,

and search for crimson weeds, which spreading f low,

or lie like pictures on the sand below;

with all those bright red pebbles that the sun

through the small waves so softly shines upon;

and those live lucid jellies which the eye

delights to trace as they swim glitt’ring by:

pearl-shells and rubied star-f ish they admire,

and will arrange above the parlour-f ire, —

tokens of bliss!—‘oh! horrible! a wave

roars as it rises—save me, edward! save!’

she cries—alas! the watchman on his way

calls and lets in—truth, terror, and the day!”

— crabbe[1] , the borough, letter xxiii.

用于对置的主要材料,不过是最后两行,其余三四十行,可以说都是为了使主要材料提高自己价值而在前头做的铺垫。这是以过去的顺境配眼下的逆境,因而叙说过去的行乐愈是详细,对目前忧愁之念的表现就愈深。游于山而不尽兴,便游于野;游于野而不尽兴,便游于水。在砂暖波清之处,与佳人携手品贝评藻,忽而大浪掀来,佳人大叫郎君救我!骇然睁眼一看,原来不是佳人,却是狱警看守的声音。自己身坐监房之中,徒待死日之来临。结句虽然仅仅两行,但截然划出明暗二境,翻一筋斗,从一处坠到另一处,故其动人至深。

附:假对法

一般都把“假对法”看作是寻常的对置,考之具体作品,却不尽然。若从形似来说,与上面各节所述情形略同,然而若稍加心理上的解析,便会知道它既非(f—f)这种缓势法,也不是2f或2f′这种强势法。根本上,它的结果和调和法无异,以公式来表示,大致可作(f+f)吧。虽是对置而又无对置之实,故称之为“假对法”。像那上述的《麦克白》中的门卫那一场,就是典型的例子。门卫的话,不用说是带着滑稽的。而在弑逆之血未干时,他登场了。故从其性质来看,或从配合上来看,都属于对置。尽管是对置,试分析其结果,却又不是缓势法,也不是纯粹的强势法。若能把这个分清,“假对法”便自然分明了。在此之前,先看看那门卫的话:

“here’s a knocking indeed! if a man were porter of hell-gate, he should have old turning the key. [knocking within.] knock, knock, knock! who’s there, i’ the name of beelzebub? here’s a farmer, that hanged himself on the expectation of plenty: come in time; have napkins enow about you; here you’ll sweat for’t.[knocking within.] knock, knock! who’s there, in the other devil’s name? faith, here’s an equivocater, that could swear in both the scales against either scale; who committed treason enough for god’s sake yet could not equivocate to heaven: o, come in, equivocator. [knocking within.] knock, knock, knock! who’s there? faith, here’s an english tailor come hither, for stealing out of a french hose: come in, tailor; here you may roast your goose. [knocking within.] knock, knock; never at quiet! what are you? but this place is too cold for hell. i’ll devil-porter it no further: i had thought to have let in some of all professions that go the primrose way to the everlasting bonf ire. [knocking within.] anon, anon! i pray you, remember the porter.”

— act ii. sc. iii. ll. 1-25.

各家对此节的评论,看法不一。有人认为这完全为后人所伪作,与莎士比亚无关(是柯勒律治所言)。若以此说为真,我们就没有必要再说什么了。认为门卫的这段冗词赘语依然出自莎翁手笔者,有黑尔斯(hales)和克拉克(clarke)两家,他们的看法颇合我意。克拉克说,门卫的独白,是“对置”而又“调和”,可谓一语中的。他所谓对置与调和,究竟是不是我所用含义,不得而知,然而一般而论,应与我的见解相差不远。在杀人的血腥之后缀以醉汉的呓语,这显然是对置;而且此呓语,又不能缓和前段的阴森鬼气,所以不是缓势法。再则,这段呓语又不映衬前段的鬼气,从而提高作为一种呓语的滑稽价值,所以也不是强势法。总之,这一段呓语,有瞻前照后、为周边情景添加痛切气氛的功效,故可为调和之用。所谓周边情景,即指暗澹而阴郁的气氛。被点缀于这种气氛中的数行谐谑之语,虽具有谐谑的形态,但自其精神实质而言,却不外是添趣于黯淡、加味于阴郁的一种调和剂而已。我就是要证明这一点。如果有人否定这一点,那就是他在感受力上和我格格不入,所以就不必多说了。

现象,不是以诉诸视听为最终目的。我们的头脑,对于经过视听而认识的诸现象,非附以一种解释不可。所谓解释,是在视觉听觉以外,在现象中确认某种意义,不过是此现象带给我们头脑的内部信息罢了。获得这种信息的人,不单是观察世相,而且也确实是看破了实相的人。所谓“实相”,不只是宗教家所谓的“绝对”(如果有绝对的话),而是指男女老幼各应其分、纵横剖析,以得其真。而其解释之所以必须个别地进行,不是因为同一现象的各个部分感动他们,而是因为对同一现象的着眼点因人而异。这个着眼点的不同,再往上溯,便归结为经验的不同。甲的经验与乙不同,它对a现象这样着眼,这样解释;乙的经验又不同于甲,它又对a现象是那样着眼,那样解释。这样一来,我们对于现象的解释,最终为我们经验的惰性所支配。读文章犹如看世相。光看一字一句的表面意思还不行,有时为惰性所支配,还是以因循的眼光去看一字一句,并试图发现其内在意义,或者想赋予其别的意义。门卫的呓语流于谐谑,上文已经说了。然而谐谑,不过是字面上的寻常意义而已。我们读此剧一直读到这个独白时,都在不知不觉之间循着业已形成的着眼点。以这个着眼点看问题,我们就因循既定的惰性,将剧中的大小事件,都一律解读下去。而这时候的惰性,无非就是凄怆之气、恐怖之念。居于凄怆之气,住于恐怖之念的人,看到这种谐谑时,是按字面加以解释呢,还是依从惰性而求内在含义呢?如要求内在信息,那将在滑稽的背后看出什么东西?所看出的东西,非凄怆之气、恐怖之念不可吗?

由着眼点的不同而产生出来的不同解释,最普通的是“正意”与“反意”两种差异。解成正意者,指鸟为鸟;解成反意者,指鸟为鹭。两者之色尽管如此相反,但是若举出其一,其他就已经有了暗示,随手即可拈来了。这是由于它们的性质偏处两极,彼此互为反拨之力甚强。因而市井俗人往往利用此法来揶揄他人。所谓揶揄,不过是使他人意识到着眼点之不一样,将解释陷于模棱两可中。这是表示流俗的语言有容纳两面解释的余地,同时又充分足以证明他们的解释大多是朝着这个方面的。那门卫的科白,由正意解之,显然是滑稽的。然若自反意斟酌其意义,那不过是潜伏于滑稽之对极的一种情绪罢了。不必说这种情绪里面,是含着阴森鬼气之情绪的。这种鬼气是贯穿全剧,包围着读者。因此,突然点出门卫的科白时,读者不但不加以正意的解释,甚至探索其反意的工夫都没有了,整体的氛围,令他们觉得这滑稽是凄怆的、血腥的、恐怖的。

以正反两解这一角度看这个问题时,我们可以在狂人的语言中发见最有力的佐证。大凡狂人所说的话,大多是无逻辑、无秩序、不规则、突兀而不得要领的。若以正意解之,不流于滑稽的恐怕很少;而从反意加以解释时,却又无不带有深深的悲哀之情。我曾在伦敦的小剧场观看伶人扮演奥菲丽娅(ophelia)。剧场的那些不读书不认字的人,听到狂女的科白,都笑声不止。这都是因为只由正意来解释奥菲丽娅,并从中感到滑稽。

“how should i your true love know

from another one?

by his cockle hat and staff,

and his sandal shoon. ”

— hamlet, act iv. sc. v. ll. 23-6.

猝然跑到王妃之前唱这种歌,从正面来解释,免不了有滑稽之感。对于“how do you, pretty lady?”之问,回答是:

“well, god ’ild you! they say the owl was a baker’s daughter. lord, we know what we are, but know not what we may be. god be at your table!”

— ibid., act iv. sc. v. ll. 41-4.

这话若照字面看去,自然也属于滑稽了。华兹华斯在写弃妇路得(ruth)时说:

“i, too, have passed her on the hills

setting her little water-mills

by spouts and fountains wild —

such small machinery as she turned

ere she had wept, ere she had mourned,

a young and happy child!”

身为一个大人,却表演这样的儿戏,从正面看上去,我们的感觉依然不免是滑稽。由此看来,把嘲笑奥菲丽娅、嘲笑路得视为不合常情,正如不能把狂人的言行做正常理解一样。以常理而论,做正常理解是正常的,反之是权宜的。而之所以拿权宜的理解来代替正常的理解,只不过前后的事情促使我们如此理解而已。不受这种事情之诱导的人,要将奥菲丽娅的狂态滑稽化,那也可以说是妥当的。至于在个中看出悲酸之味,使悲惨的气氛弥漫于狂言绮语之间,那只有是识文解字的人,能放弃从剧情中得来的惰性,然后才能做到。至此,反解才得以与周围的情形相映,并在不知不觉间渐入自然之境。因而奥菲丽娅的科白本来是滑稽的,而有教养的人却视之为悲哀,这是他们对莎翁的理解使然。是他们理解莎翁、并在莎翁所创造的艺术氛围中栖息之故。栖息于此氛围之中,无论何人都要从这个着眼点来解释那段科白,这是自然的要求,故而他们不能想象这段科白中有滑稽成分,于是便作相反的理解。如果明白这样解释奥菲丽娅是自然,且这样解释又是反意而非正意,便可以知道将门卫的科白理解为悲哀之意,虽是反意,却是极其自然而妥当的。能够理解这一点,也就能理解莎翁写的这一节,具有对置的形式,却又有调和之用。

要在文学史上寻找这样的作品例证,那是举不胜举的。下面所引一节,通读之后特别引发我的兴味,故引用如下。读者若想象一下狱卒一边不停地磨刀霍霍,一边高声哼着小调的那种毫无顾忌的样子,就可以理解两者的对置,是如何具有调和之效了:

“‘take care of yourselves, masters,’ observed mauger. ‘i must attend to business.’

‘never mind us,’laughed wolfytt, observing the executioner take up an axe and after examining its edge, begin to sharpen it.’ grind away.’

‘this is for lord guilford dudley,’ remarked mauger, as he turned the wheel with his foot.’ i shall need two axes to-morrow.’

‘sharp work,’ observed wolfytt, with a detestable grin.

‘you would think so were i to try one on you,’ retorted mauger.’ ay, now it will do,’ he added, laying aside the implement and taking up another. ‘this is my favorite axe. i can make sure work with it. i always keep it for queens or dames of high degree—ho! ho! this notch, which i can never grind away, was made by the old countess of salisbury, that i told you about. it was a terrible sight to see her white hair dabbled with blood. poor lady jane won’t give me so much trouble, i’ll be sworn. she’ll die like a lamb.’

‘ay, ay,’ muttered sorrocold.‘god send her a speedy death!’

‘she’s sure of it with me,’ returned mauger, ‘so you may rest easy on that score.’ and as he turned the grindstone quickly round, drawing sparks from the steel, he chanted, as hoarsely as a raven, the following ditty: —

the axe was sharp, and heavy as lead,

as it touched the neck, off went the bend!

whir—whir—whir—whir!

and the screaming of the grindstone formed an appropriate accompaniment to the melody.

queen anne laid her white throat upon the block,

quietly waiting the fatal shock;

the axe it severed it right in twain,

and so quick—so true—that she felt no pain!

whir—whir—whir—whir!”

— ainsworth[2], the tower of london, chap. xl.

第三节 不对称法

强势的对置,是把f′添加于f,意在暂时提高f的价值,故而是以f为本位的;缓势的对置,同样也是把f′加于f,意在暂时放低f的价值,故而也是f本位。从两要素的次序上来说,在强势法中,一般是以客体的f′先出来,主体的f从之;缓势法即反之,主体f出来后,客体之f′继之,这是通例。而“假对法”的目的,是依靠f和f′的结合而能生出新的f′,故本体不单在f,也不单在f′,而是两者的结合。

此节所要说的“不对称法”,在f与f′之间难以确定何为本位这一点上,类似假对法。示之以公式,假对法是f与f′结合起来合而生出f′,故可以用f + f′ = f′来表示;然而在“不对称法”中,不但两要素的本位不能定,又没有两要素合而为一的迹象,失去了强势法、缓势法所共通的特色,又不能带假对法的性质。换言之,这里的f和f′两要素无缘形成对立,而且即便对立也不能产生任何感应。换句话说,就是这两种要素不能相乘,不能相除,也不能相加减。我们对这两要素加以审视、掂量,但最终没有办法将其捏合在一起。它们不期而然地公然对立着。那对立的态度,就好像是接受了天地开辟以来就应该非对立不可的大法命令,双方都有“与我何干”的态度,对立以后和对立以前没什么不同。我们看到这样无缘的两种要素被猝然撮合在一起而感到吃惊,在产生不调和之感的一刹那,看到这无缘的两种要素如此泰然、满不在乎地形成对立,我们又被打动了,忽然我们便不再觉得不调和,转而站在矛盾滑稽的角度,为自己摆脱单一视角的束缚而感到开心,而其结果,便大笑,或微笑,这就是“不对称法”的特性。有了此种特性,这种“不对称法”与前面所说第四种联想法,便遥相呼应了。比如说:“正成[3]哭而谏正行曰……”这里点出了一个“哭”字,便使人觉得很恰切。现在试用“打哈欠”来代替“哭”字如何?再代之以“喝着啤酒”又如何呢?或进一步写作“正成擤着鼻涕,谏正行曰……”又怎样呢?正成的忠谏与擤鼻涕的行为,两种不协调的行为结合在一起,给人以预想之外的超然和旁若无人的感觉,我们便超越了不调和感,仿佛进入天地浑融的解脱境界。

这样的作品例证实在不少。《弃儿汤姆·琼斯史》中描写毛丽(molly)这个穷人家的姑娘因为身着盛装而出现在教堂,便惹得四邻的嫉妒了,终于引发了一场喜剧,作者写道:

“ye muses, then, whoever ye are, who love to sing battles, and principally thou who whilom didst recount the slaughter in those f ields where hudibras and trulla fought, if thou wert not starved with thy friend butler, assist me on this great occasion. all things are not in the rower of all.”

— bk. iv. chap. viii.

这里所描写的是俗夫俗妇之争。而所描写的情景,却像从九天请来了诗神,真是神来之笔,把人间俗事写得庄重典雅。此两者不该对立,然而却无视一切习惯,置天下嘲笑于不顾,而使两者对立了。因为对立而未形成强势的f,没有产生缓和的f,也不将两者结合而产生一个新的f。它们不相冒犯,而是各自独立,他们的对立是既对立而又不相干,有如肚兜之于缎袍的关系。然而“不对称法”还不止于此。以《源平盛衰记》[4]那样的笔调,描写泥瓦匠之间争斗的菲尔丁[5],接着又写道:

“as a vast herd of cows in a rich farmer’s yard, if, while they are milked, they hear their calves at a distance, lamenting the robbery which is then committing, roar and bellow; so roared forth the somersetshire mob an hallaloo, made up of almost as many squalls, screams, and other different sounds as there were persons, or indeed passions among them: some were inspired by rage, others alarmed by fear, and others had nothing in their heads but the love of fun; but chief ly envy, the sister of satan, and his constant companion, rushed among the crowd, and blew up the fury of the women; who no sooner came up to molly than they pelted her with dirt and rubbish.”

— ibid.

这是借荷马的史诗笔调来描写乞丐的叫声,出乎意外地不相干而又矛盾对立,因而作为“不对称法”是成功的。然而这矛盾发展了一段,又进了一步:

“molly, having endeavoured in vain to make a handsome retreat, faced about; and laying hold of ragged bess, who advanced in the front of the enemy, she at one blow felled her to the ground. the whole army of the enemy (though near a hundred in number), seeing the fate of their general, gave back many paces, and retired behind a new-dug grave; for the churchyard was the f ield of battle, where there was to be a funeral that very evening. molly pursued her victory, and catching up a skull which lay on the side of the grave, discharged it with such fury, that having hit a tailor on the head, two skulls sent equally forth a hollow sound at their meeting, and the tailor took presently measure of his length on the ground, where the skulls lay side by side, and it was doubtful which was the more valuable of the two. molly then taking a thigh-bone in her hand, fell in among the f lying ranks, and dealing her blows with great liberality on either side, overthrew the carcass of many a mighty hero and heroine.”

— ibid.

打扮得像一个良家小姐,忸怩作态,却突然发飙,本来面目在拳打脚踢之间暴露出来了,这是一种“不对称法”。然而作者的艺术技巧还不止于此。把这样的悍妇,在神圣的寺院加以描写,这就是“不对称法”;叙述纷扰喧骚之后,顺便说一句:当夜有人出殡,新挖了一墓穴,这是“不对称法”;毛丽奋然拿起地上的骷髅,愤然投向敌人,这是“不对称法”;妙龄的女子拿着死人的枯骨,勇猛地跃入敌阵,这是“不对称法”。而贯穿于全篇的,是毫不犹疑地使用庄严的荷马文体,这尤其突出地使用了“不对称法”。

被用于对置的两种要素,在性质上不得太悲惨,也不得太严肃,至少也要容许为了表现滑稽趣味而剔除道德观念。沉默者忽然变成喋喋不休的饶舌者,是为不对称法,足以引起读者兴味;但是一个温顺者忽然变成杀人者,这种不对称似乎就不能以滑稽视之了。一个耽于苦思冥想的人而跌入泥沟,作为不对称法固然是恰当的,然而若写他掉进深井而死,谐谑之趣顷刻消失了。把不严重的材料对置使用,或在不经意间把严重的材料用作平淡的材料使用,都是可以的。试翻开《项狄传》(tristram shandy)读一读这一节:

“now, whether it was physically impossible, with half a dozen hands all thrust into the napkin at one time,—but that some one chestnut, of more life and rotundity than the rest, must be put in motion,—it so fell out, however, that one was actually sent rolling off the table: and as phutatorius sat straddling under,—it fell perpendicularly into that particular aperture of phutatorius’s breeches, for which, to the shame and indelicacy of our language be it spoke, there is no chaste word throughout all johnson’s dictionary:—let it suff ice to say,—it was that particular aperture which, in all good societies,the laws of decorum do strictly require,like the temple of janus (in peace at least),to be universally shut up ...

the genial warmth which the chestnut imparted, was not undelectable for the f irst twenty or f ive-and-twenty seconds;—and did no more than gently solicit phutatorius’s attention towards the part;—but the heat gradually increasing, and, in a few seconds more, getting beyond the point of all sober pleasure, and then advancing with all speed into the regions of pain, the soul of phutatorius, together with all his ideas, his thoughts, his attention, his imagination, judgment, resolution. deliberation, and ratiocination, memory, fancy, with ten battalions of animal spirits, all tumultuously crowded down, through different def iles and circuits, to the place in danger, leaving all his upper regions, as you may imagine, as empty as my purse.”

— vol. iv. chap. xxvii.

一方面想象一个严肃的学者,另一方面想象那烧热的栗子落入他的大腿之间,这种描写所具有的不对称法的趣味,是任何人都会承认的。须知这种写法之所以深有感兴,只是因为烧栗子这种平淡的材料。倘若代之以毒蛇,则滑稽之趣便会瞬间消失了。毒蛇之害人,绝非烧栗子可比。若换成毒蛇,则我们的注意力便被毒蛇如何害人所牵制,不对称法也就视而不见了。无论写烧栗子,还是写毒蛇,都是不对称。然而要知道,不对称法有没有效果,是取决于两者之间如何选择的。

当我们在个人身上发现此种不对称法时,就禁不住有滑稽的快感了。有时,这种滑稽的快感,比起自然产生的来,那些人为制造的不对称更叫人觉得愉快。人为造成的不对称,往往以两种形式出现于现实世界。其一是恶作剧,其二是撒谎。使用这两种方法时,我们使他人陷于矛盾尴尬的境地。正如用放风筝的绳子,把穿着体面的绅士的帽子刮到地上一样。用这两种形式,将不对称法应用现实世界时,我们便把别人置于矛盾境地,这一点上不能不含一些不道德的成分。故其涉及的对象必须是在矛盾尴尬中觉得有趣的洒脱的人,或是神经迟钝、感觉不到这种矛盾尴尬的人,抑或由于某种原因,不得不陷于尴尬、失去面子。而一旦滥用这种形式而毫无顾忌时,我们便无法体会使对象陷于矛盾的那种滑稽感了,反而会变成对人不讲道德的无赖汉。外国的所谓喜剧中,到处充满了这种“不对称法”,反而会令读者产生不快之感。这是因为他们为了利用此法给读者以滑稽感,竟然把那些不该让其陷入矛盾尴尬之境的温厚笃厚的人,弄得困窘不堪。这样不道德的作家是轻佻的作家,读这种作品而觉得滑稽者,是轻佻的读者。淳朴之风衰微、浮靡之风兴盛,使世风堕落时,才会出现这样的作品。故而这种作品,是开化的产物,又是现代都市的产物。

* * *

[1]乔治·克雷布(george crabbe, 1754—1832),英国诗人,以擅长用朴素的语言如实描绘日常生活而闻名,代表作有《村庄》、《教区记事录》等。

[2]威廉·哈里森·安斯沃思(william harrison ainsworth, 1805—1882),英国历史小说家。

[3]正成:即楠木正成(?—1336),日本南北朝时期的武将,被后人封为“军神”。

[4]《源平盛衰记》,日本中世时期描写源氏、平氏两大武士集团争战的“战记物语”。

[5]亨利·菲尔丁(henry fielding, 1717—1754),英国小说家,代表作《弃儿汤姆·琼斯史》对后世英国小说影响深远。

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