inari, the fox god
the fox takes an important place in japanese legend, and the subject is of a far-reaching and complex kind.[1] inari was originally the god of rice, but in the eleventh century he became associated with the fox god, with attributes for good and evil, mostly for evil, so profuse and so manifold in their application that they cause no little confusion to the english reader. all foxes possess supernatural powers to an almost limitless degree. they have the power of infinite vision; they can hear everything and understand the secret thoughts of mankind generally, and in addition they possess the power of transformation and of transmutation. the chief attribute of the bad fox is the power to delude human beings, and for this purpose it will take the form of a beautiful woman, and many are the legends told in this connection.[2] if the shadow of a fox-woman chance to fall upon water, only the fox, and not the fair woman, is revealed. it is said that if a dog sees a fox-woman the feminine form vanishes immediately, and the fox alone remains.
though the legends connected with the fox in japan are usually associated with evil, inari sometimes poses as a beneficent being, a being who can cure coughs and colds, bring wealth to the needy, and answer a woman's prayer for a child. another kindly act on the part of[pg 94] inari, which we might well have associated with jizo, is to enable little boys and girls to bear with fortitude the troublesome performance of being shaved with a none too perfect razor, and also to help the little ones to go through the painful process of a hot bath, never less in japan than 110° f.!
inari not infrequently rewards human beings for any act of kindness to a fox. only a part of his reward, however, is real; at least one tempting coin is bound to turn very quickly into grass! the little good done by inari—and we have tried to do him justice—is altogether weighed down by his countless evil actions, often of an extremely cruel nature, as will be seen later on. the subject of the fox in japan has been aptly described by lafcadio hearn as "ghostly zoology," and this cunning and malignant animal is certainly ghostly with a completeness far more horribly subtle than our own stock-in-trade ghost with luminous garment and clanking chain!
demoniacal possession
demoniacal possession is frequently said to be due to the evil influence of foxes. this form of possession is known as kitsune-tsuki. the sufferer is usually a woman of the poorer classes, one who is highly sensitive and open to believe in all manner of superstitions. the question of demoniacal possession is still an unsolved problem, and the studies of dr. baelz, of the imperial university of japan, seem to point to the fact that animal possession in human beings is a very real and terrible truth after all.[3] he remarks that a fox usually enters a woman either through the breast or between the finger-nails, and that the fox lives a separate life of its own, frequently speaking in a voice totally different from the human.
[pg 95]
the death-stone[4]
"the death-stone stands on nasu's moor
through winter snows and summer heat;
the moss grows grey upon its sides,
but the foul demon haunts it yet.
"chill blows the blast: the owl's sad choir
hoots hoarsely through the moaning pines;
among the low chrysanthemums
the skulking fox, the jackal whines,
as o'er the moor the autumn light declines."
translated by b. h. chamberlain.
the buddhist priest genno, after much weary travel, came to the moor of nasu, and was about to rest under the shadow of a great stone, when a spirit suddenly appeared, and said: "rest not under this stone. this is the death-stone. men, birds, and beasts have perished by merely touching it!"
these mysterious and warning remarks naturally awakened genno's curiosity, and he begged that the spirit would favour him with the story of the death-stone.
thus the spirit began: "long ago there was a fair girl living at the japanese court. she was so charming that she was called the jewel maiden. her wisdom equalled her beauty, for she understood buddhist lore and the confucian classics, science, and the poetry of china."
"so sweetly decked by nature and by art,
the monarch's self soon clasp'd her to his heart."
translated by b. h. chamberlain.
"one night," went on the spirit, "the mikado gave[pg 96] a great feast in the summer palace, and there he assembled the wit, wisdom, and beauty of the land. it was a brilliant gathering; but while the company ate and drank, accompanied by the strains of sweet music, darkness crept over the great apartment. black clouds raced across the sky, and there was not a star to be seen. while the guests sat rigid with fear a mysterious wind arose. it howled through the summer palace and blew out all the lanterns. the complete darkness produced a state of panic, and during the uproar some one cried out, 'a light! a light!'"
"and lo! from out the jewel maiden's frame
there's seen to dart a weirdly lustrous flame!
it grows, it spreads, it fills th' imperial halls;
the painted screens, the costly panell'd walls,
erst the pale viewless damask of the night
sparkling stand forth as in the moon's full light."
translated by b. h. chamberlain.
"from that very hour the mikado sickened," continued the spirit. "he grew so ill that the court magician was sent for, and this worthy soul speedily ascertained the cause of his majesty's decline. he stated, with much warmth of language, that the jewel maiden was a harlot and a fiend, 'who, with insidious art, the state to ravage, captivates thy heart!'
"the magician's words turned the mikado's heart against the jewel maiden. when this sorceress was spurned she resumed her original shape, that of a fox, and ran away to this very stone on nasu moor."
the priest looked at the spirit critically. "who are you?" he said at length.
"i am the demon that once dwelt in the breast of the jewel maiden! now i inhabit the death-stone for evermore!"
the mikado and the jewel maiden.
the good genno was much horrified by this dreadful[pg 97] confession, but, remembering his duty as a priest, he said: "though you have sunk low in wickedness, you shall rise to virtue again. take this priestly robe and begging-bowl, and reveal to me your fox form."
then this wicked spirit cried pitifully:
"in the garish light of day
i hide myself away,
like pale asama's fires:
with the night i'll come again,
confess my guilt with pain
and new-born pure desires."
translated by b. h. chamberlain.
with these words the spirit suddenly vanished.
genno did not relinquish his good intentions. he strove more ardently than ever for this erring soul's salvation. in order that she might attain nirvana, he offered flowers, burnt incense, and recited the sacred scriptures in front of the stone.
when genno had performed these religious duties, he said: "spirit of the death-stone, i conjure thee! what was it in a former world that did cause thee to assume in this so foul a shape?"
suddenly the death-stone was rent and the spirit once more appeared, crying:
"in stones there are spirits,
in the waters is a voice heard:
the winds sweep across the firmament!"
translated by b. h. chamberlain.
genno saw a lurid glare about him and, in the shining light, a fox that suddenly turned into a beautiful maiden.
thus spoke the spirit of the death-stone: "i am she who first, in ind, was the demon to whom prince hazoku paid homage.... in great cathay i took the form of hoji, consort of the emperor iuwao; and at[pg 98] the court of the rising sun i became the flawless jewel maiden, concubine to the emperor toba."
the spirit confessed to genno that in the form of the jewel maiden she had desired to bring destruction to the imperial line. "already," said the spirit, "i was making my plans, already i was gloating over the thought of the mikado's death, and had it not been for the power of the court magician i should have succeeded in my scheme. as i have told you, i was driven from the court. i was pursued by dogs and arrows, and finally sank exhausted into the death-stone. from time to time i haunted the moor. now the lord buddha has had compassion upon me, and he has sent his priest to point out the way of true religion and to bring peace."
the legend concludes with the following pious utterances poured forth by the now contrite spirit:
"'i swear, o man of god! i swear,' she cries,
'to thee whose blessing wafts me to the skies,
i swear a solemn oath, that shall endure
firm as the death-stone standing on the moor,
that from this hour i'm virtue's child alone!'
thus spake the ghoul, and vanished 'neath the stone."
translated by b. h. chamberlain.
how tokutaro was deluded by foxes
tokutaro was a complete sceptic in regard to the magical power of foxes. his scepticism exasperated a number of his companions, who challenged him to go to maki moor. if nothing happened to him, tokutaro was to receive, writes a. b. mitford (lord redesdale) in tales of old japan, "five measures of wine and a thousand copper cash[5] worth of fish." if, on the other[pg 99] hand, tokutaro should suffer through the power of the foxes, he was to present a similar gift to his companions. tokutaro jeeringly accepted the bet, and when night had come he set out for the maki moor.
tokutaro was determined to be very cute and very wary. on reaching his destination he happened to meet a fox running through a bamboo grove. immediately afterwards he perceived the daughter of the headman of upper horikané. on telling the woman that he was going to this village, she explained that as she was going there too they might journey together.
tokutaro's suspicions were fully aroused. he walked behind the woman, vainly searching for a fox's tail. when they reached upper horikané the girl's parents came out, and were much surprised to see their daughter, who had married, and was living in another village.
tokutaro, with a smile of superior wisdom, explained that the maid before them was not really their daughter, but a fox in disguise. the old people were at first indignant, and refused to believe what tokutaro had told them. eventually, however, he persuaded them to leave the girl in his hands while they waited for the result in the store-closet.
tokutaro then seized the girl, and brutally knocked her down, pouring abuse upon her. he stamped upon her, and tortured her in every possible way, expecting every moment to see the woman turn into a fox. but she only wept and cried piteously for her parents to come to her rescue.
this whole-hearted sceptic, finding his efforts so far fruitless, piled wood upon the floor and burnt her to death. at this juncture her parents came running in and bound tokutaro to a pillar, fiercely accusing him of murder.
[pg 100]
now a priest happened to pass that way, and, hearing the noise, requested an explanation. when the girl's parents had told him all, and after he had listened to tokutaro's pleadings, he begged the old couple to spare the man's life in order that he might become in time a good and devout priest. this extraordinary request, after some demur, was agreed to, and tokutaro knelt down to have his head shaved, happy, no doubt, to be released from his predicament so easily.
no sooner had tokutaro's wicked head been shaved than he heard a loud peal of laughter, and he awoke to find himself sitting on a large moor. he instinctively raised his hand to his head, to discover that foxes had shaved him and he had lost his bet!
a fox's gratitude
after the preceding gruesome legend describing the evil propensities of the fox, it is refreshing to come across one that was capable of considerable self-sacrifice.
now it happened, on a certain spring day, that two little boys were caught in the act of trying to catch a baby fox. the man who witnessed the performance possessed a kind heart, and, on hearing that the boys were anxious to sell the cub, gave them half a bu.[6] when the children had joyfully departed with the money the man discovered that the little creature was wounded in the foot. he immediately applied a certain herb, and the pain speedily subsided. perceiving at a short distance a number of old foxes watching him, he generously let the cub go, and it sprang with a bound to its parents and licked them profusely.
now this kind-hearted man had a son, who was afflicted with a strange disease. a great physician at last prescribed the liver of a live fox as being the only[pg 101] remedy likely to effect a cure. when the boy's parents heard this they were much distressed, and would only consent to accept a fox's liver from one who made it his business to hunt foxes. they finally commissioned a neighbour to obtain the liver, for which they promised to pay liberally.
the following night the fox's liver was brought by a strange man totally unknown to the good people of the house. the visitor professed to be a messenger sent by the neighbour whom they had commissioned. when, however, the neighbour himself arrived he confessed that though he had tried his utmost to obtain a fox's liver he had failed to do so, and had come to make his apologies. he was utterly amazed to hear the story the parents of the suffering boy told him.
the next day the fox's liver was made into a concoction by the great physician, and immediately restored the little boy to his usual health again.
in the evening a beautiful young woman appeared at the bedside of the happy parents. she explained that she was the mother of the cub the master had saved, and that in gratitude for his kindness she had killed her offspring, and that her husband, in the guise of the mysterious messenger, had brought the desired liver.[7]
inari answers a woman's prayer
inari, as we have already found, is often extremely benevolent. one legend informs us that a woman who had been married many years and had not been blessed with a child prayed at inari's shrine. at the conclusion of her supplication the stone foxes wagged their tails, and snow began to fall. she regarded these phenomena as favourable omens.
[pg 102]
when the woman reached her home a yeta (beggar) accosted her, and begged for something to eat. the woman good-naturedly gave this unfortunate wayfarer some red bean rice, the only food she had in the house, and presented it to him in a dish.
the next day her husband discovered this dish lying in front of the shrine where she had prayed. the beggar was none other than inari himself, and the woman's generosity was rewarded in due season by the birth of a child.
the meanness of raiko
raiko was a wealthy man living in a certain village. in spite of his enormous wealth, which he carried in his obi (girdle), he was extremely mean. as he grew older his meanness increased till at last he contemplated dismissing his faithful servants who had served him so well.
one day raiko became very ill, so ill that he almost wasted away, on account of a terrible fever. on the tenth night of his illness a poorly dressed bozu (priest) appeared by his pillow, inquired how he fared, and added that he had expected the oni to carry him off long ago.
these home truths, none too delicately expressed, made raiko very angry, and he indignantly demanded that the priest should take his departure. but the bozu, instead of departing, told him that there was only one remedy for his illness. the remedy was that raiko should loosen his obi and distribute his money to the poor.
raiko became still more angry at what he considered the gross impertinence of the priest. he snatched a dagger from his robe and tried to kill the kindly bozu. the priest, without the least fear, informed raiko that[pg 103] he had heard of his mean intention to dismiss his worthy servants, and had nightly come to the old man to drain his life-blood. "now," said the priest, "my object is attained!" and with these words he blew out the light.
the now thoroughly frightened raiko felt a ghostly creature advance towards him. the old man struck out blindly with his dagger, and made such a commotion that his loyal servants ran, into the room with lanterns, and the light revealed the horrible claw of a monster lying by the side of the old man's mat.
carefully following the little spots of blood, raiko's servants came to a miniature mountain at the extreme end of the garden, and in the mountain was a large hole, from whence protruded the upper part of an enormous spider. this creature begged the servants to try to persuade their master not to attack the gods, and in future to refrain from meanness.
when raiko heard these words from his servants he repented, and gave large sums of money to the poor. inari had assumed the shape of a spider and priest in order to teach the once mean old man a lesson.
[1] the strange supernatural powers of the fox do not belong exclusively to japan. numerous examples of this animal's magical attainments may be found in chinese legend. see strange tales from a chinese studio, by professor h. a. giles.
[2] see my land of the yellow spring, and other japanese stories, p. 113.
[3] see pastor shi, one of china's questions, by mrs. taylor.
[4] "the death-stone" is certainly one of the most remarkable of fox legends. it illustrates a malignant fox taking the form of a seductive woman in more than one life. she is a coming and vanishing creature of alluring but destructive power, a sort of japanese version of fata morgana. the legend has been adapted from a no, or lyrical drama, translated by professor b. h. chamberlain.
[5] the cash, now no longer in use, was roughly equivalent to one penny.
[6] about 8d.
[7] the liver, both animal and human, frequently figures in, japanese legend as a remedy for various ailments.
