according to one tale, which if not true would be none the less typical, the very name of st. francis was not so much a name as a nickname. there would be something akin to his familiar and popular instinct in the notion that he was nicknamed very much as an ordinary schoolboy might be called "frenchy" at school. according to this version, his name was not francis at all but john; and his companions called him "francesco" or "the little frenchman" because of his passion for the french poetry of the troubadours. the more probable story is that his mother had named him john when he was born in the absence of his father, who shortly returned from a visit to france, where his commercial success had filled him with so much enthusiasm for french taste and social usage that he gave his son the new name signifying the frank or frenchman. in either case the name has a certain significance, as connecting francis from the first with what he himself regarded as the romantic fairyland of the troubadours.

the name of the father was pietro bernardone and he was a substantial citizen of the guild {41}of the cloth merchants in the town of assisi. it is hard to describe the position of such a man without some appreciation of the position of such a guild and even of such a town. it did not exactly correspond to anything that is meant in modern times either by a merchant or a man of business or a tradesman, or anything that exists under the conditions of capitalism. bernardone may have employed people but he was not an employer; that is, he did not belong to an employing class as distinct from an employed class. the person we definitely hear of his employing is his son francis; who, one is tempted to guess, was about the last person that any man of business would employ if it were convenient to employ anybody else. he was rich, as a peasant may be rich by the work of his own family; but he evidently expected his own family to work in a way almost as plain as a peasant's. he was a prominent citizen, but he belonged to a social order which existed to prevent him being too prominent to be a citizen. it kept all such people on their own simple level, and no prosperity connoted that escape from drudgery by which in modern times the lad might have seemed to be a lord or a fine gentleman or something other than the cloth merchant's son. this is a rule that is proved even in the exception. francis was one of those people who are popular with everybody in any case; and his guileless swagger as a troubadour and leader of french fashions made him a sort of romantic ringleader among the young men of the town. he threw money about both in extravagance and benevolence, in a way native to a man who never, all his life, exactly understood what money was. this moved his mother to mingled exultation and exasperation and she said, as any tradesman's wife might say anywhere: "he is more like a prince than our son." but one of the earliest glimpses we have of him shows him as simply selling bales of cloth from a booth in the market; which his mother may or may not have believed to be one of the habits of princes. this first glimpse of the young man in the market is symbolic in more ways than one. an incident occurred which is perhaps the shortest and sharpest summary that could be given of certain curious things which were a part of his character, long before it was transfigured by transcendental faith. while he was selling velvet and fine embroideries to some solid merchant of the town, a beggar came imploring alms; evidently in a somewhat tactless manner. it was a rude and simple society and there were no laws to punish a starving man for expressing his need for food, such as have been established in a more humanitarian age; and the lack of any organised police permitted such persons to pester the wealthy without any great danger. but there was, i believe, in many places a local custom of the guild forbidding outsiders to interrupt a fair bargain; and it is possible that some such thing put the mendicant more than normally in the wrong. francis had all his life a great liking for people who had been put hopelessly in the wrong. on this occasion he seems to have dealt with the double interview with rather a divided mind; certainly with distraction, possibly with irritation. perhaps he was all the more uneasy because of the almost fastidious standard of manners that came to him quite naturally. all are agreed that politeness flowed from him from the first, like one of the public fountains in such a sunny italian market place. he might have written among his own poems as his own motto that verse of mr. belloc's poem—

'of courtesy, it is much less

than courage of heart or holiness,

yet in my walks it seems to me

that the grace of god is in courtesy.'

nobody ever doubted that francis bernardone had courage of heart, even of the most ordinary manly and military sort; and a time was to come when there was quite as little doubt about the holiness and the grace of god. but i think that if there was one thing about which he was punctilious, it was punctiliousness. if there was one thing of which so humble a man could be said to be proud, he was proud of good manners. only behind his perfectly natural urbanity were wider and even wilder possibilities, of which we get the first flash in this trivial incident. anyhow {44}francis was evidently torn two ways with the botheration of two talkers, but finished his business with the merchant somehow; and when he had finished it, found the beggar was gone. francis leapt from his booth, left all the bales of velvet and embroidery behind him apparently unprotected, and went racing across the market place like an arrow from the bow. still running, he threaded the labyrinth of the narrow and crooked streets of the little town, looking for his beggar, whom he eventually discovered; and loaded that astonished mendicant with money. then he straightened himself, so to speak, and swore before god that he would never all his life refuse help to a poor man. the sweeping simplicity of this undertaking is extremely characteristic. never was any man so little afraid of his own promises. his life was one riot of rash vows; of rash vows that turned out right.

the first biographers of francis, naturally alive with the great religious revolution that he wrought, equally naturally looked back to his first years chiefly for omens and signs of such a spiritual earthquake. but writing at a greater distance, we shall not decrease that dramatic effect, but rather increase it, if we realise that there was not at this time any external sign of anything particularly mystical about the young man. he had not anything of that early sense of his vocation that has belonged to some of the saints. over and above his main ambition to {45}win fame as a french poet, he would seem to have most often thought of winning fame as a soldier. he was born kind; he was brave in the normal boyish fashion; but he drew the line both in kindness and bravery pretty well where most boys would have drawn it; for instance, he had the human horror of leprosy of which few normal people felt any need to be ashamed. he had the love of gay and bright apparel which was inherent in the heraldic taste of medieval times and seems altogether to have been rather a festive figure. if he did not paint the town red, he would probably have preferred to paint it all the colours of the rainbow, as in a medieval picture. but in this story of the young man in gay garments scampering after the vanishing beggar in rags there are certain notes of his natural individuality that must be assumed from first to last.

for instance, there is the spirit of swiftness. in a sense he continued running for the rest of his life, as he ran after the beggar. because nearly all the errands he ran on were errands of mercy, there appeared in his portraiture a mere element of mildness which was true in the truest sense, but is easily misunderstood. a certain precipitancy was the very poise of his soul. this saint should be represented among the other saints as angels were sometimes represented in pictures of angels; with flying feet or even with feathers; in the spirit of the text that makes {46}angels winds and messengers a flaming fire. it is a curiosity of language that courage actually means running; and some of our sceptics will no doubt demonstrate that courage really means running away. but his courage was running, in the sense of rushing. with all his gentleness, there was originally something of impatience in his impetuosity. the psychological truth about it illustrates very well the modern muddle about the word "practical." if we mean by what is practical what is most immediately practicable, we mean merely what is easiest. in that sense st. francis was very unpractical, and his ultimate aims were very unworldly. but if we mean by practicality a preference for prompt effort and energy over doubt or delay, he was very practical indeed. some might call him a madman, but he was the very reverse of a dreamer. nobody would be likely to call him a man of business; but he was very emphatically a man of action. in some of his early experiments he was rather too much of a man of action; he acted too soon and was too practical to be prudent. but at every turn of his extraordinary career we shall find him flinging himself round corners in the most unexpected fashion, as when he flew through the crooked streets after the beggar.

another element implied in the story, which was already partially a natural instinct, before it became a supernatural ideal, was something that had never perhaps been wholly lost in those little republics of medieval italy. it was something very puzzling to some people; something clearer as a rule to southerners than to northerners, and i think to catholics than to protestants; the quite natural assumption of the equality of men. it has nothing necessarily to do with the franciscan love for men; on the contrary one of its merely practical tests is the equality of the duel. perhaps a gentleman will never be fully an egalitarian until he can really quarrel with his servant. but it was an antecedent condition of the franciscan brotherhood; and we feel it in this early and secular incident. francis, i fancy, felt a real doubt about which he must attend to, the beggar or the merchant; and having attended to the merchant, he turned to attend to the beggar; he thought of them as two men. this is a thing much more difficult to describe, in a society from which it is absent, but it was the original basis of the whole business; it was why the popular movement arose in that sort of place and that sort of man. his imaginative magnanimity afterwards rose like a tower to starry heights that might well seem dizzy and even crazy; but it was founded on this high table-land of human equality.

i have taken this the first among a hundred tales of the youth of st. francis, and dwelt on its significance a little, because until we have learned to look for the significance there will often seem to be little but a sort of light sentiment in telling the story. st. francis is not a proper person to be patronised with merely "pretty" stories. there are any number of them; but they are too often used so as to be a sort of sentimental sediment of the medieval world, instead of being, as the saint emphatically is, a challenge to the modern world. we must take his real human development somewhat more seriously; and the next story in which we get a real glimpse of it is in a very different setting. but in exactly the same way it opens, as if by accident, certain abysses of the mind and perhaps of the unconscious mind. francis still looks more or less like an ordinary young man; and it is only when we look at him as an ordinary young man, that we realise what an extraordinary young man he must be.

war had broken out between assisi and perugia. it is now fashionable to say in a satirical spirit that such wars did not so much break out as go on indefinitely between the city-states of medieval italy. it will be enough to say here that if one of these medieval wars had really gone on without stopping for a century, it might possibly have come within a remote distance of killing as many people as we kill in a year, in one of our great modern scientific wars between our great modern industrial empires. but the citizens of the medieval republic were certainly under the limitation of only being asked to die for the things with which they had always lived, the houses they inhabited, the shrines they venerated and the rulers and representatives they knew; and had not the larger vision calling them to die for the latest rumours about remote colonies as reported in anonymous newspapers. and if we infer from our own experience that war paralysed civilisation, we must at least admit that these warring towns turned out a number of paralytics who go by the names of dante and michael angelo, ariosto and titian, leonardo and columbus, not to mention catherine of siena and the subject of this story. while we lament all this local patriotism as a hubbub of the dark ages, it must seem a rather curious fact that about three quarters of the greatest men who ever lived came out of these little towns and were often engaged in these little wars. it remains to be seen what will ultimately come out of our large towns; but there has been no sign of anything of this sort since they became large; and i have sometimes been haunted by a fancy of my youth, that these things will not come till there is a city wall round clapham and the tocsin is rung at night to arm the citizens of wimbledon.

anyhow, the tocsin was rung in assisi and the citizens armed, and among them francis the son of the cloth merchant. he went out to fight with some company of lancers and in some fight or foray or other he and his little band were taken prisoners. to me it seems most probable that there had been some tale of treason or cowardice about the disaster; for we are told that there was one of the captives with whom his fellow-prisoners flatly refused to associate even in prison; and when this happens in such circumstances, it is generally because the military blame for the surrender is thrown on some individual. anyhow, somebody noted a small but curious thing, though it might seem rather negative than positive. francis, we are told, moved among his captive companions with all his characteristic courtesy and even conviviality, "liberal and hilarious" as somebody said of him, resolved to keep up their spirits and his own. and when he came across the mysterious outcast, traitor or coward or whatever he was called, he simply treated him exactly like all the rest, neither with coldness nor compassion, but with the same unaffected gaiety and good fellowship. but if there had been present in that prison someone with a sort of second sight about the truth and trend of spiritual things, he might have known he was in the presence of something new and seemingly almost anarchic; a deep tide driving out to uncharted seas of charity. for in this sense there was really something wanting in francis of assisi, something to which he was {51}blind that he might see better and more beautiful things. all those limits in good fellowship and good form, all those landmarks of social life that divide the tolerable and the intolerable, all those social scruples and conventional conditions that are normal and even noble in ordinary men, all those things that hold many decent societies together, could never hold this man at all. he liked as he liked; he seems to have liked everybody, but especially those whom everybody disliked him for liking. something very vast and universal was already present in that narrow dungeon; and such a seer might have seen in its darkness that red halo of caritas caritatum which marks one saint among saints as well as among men. he might have heard the first whisper of that wild blessing that afterwards took the form of a blasphemy; "he listens to those to whom god himself will not listen."

but though such a seer might have seen such a truth, it is exceedingly doubtful if francis himself saw it. he had acted out of an unconscious largeness, or in the fine medieval phrase largesse, within himself, something that might almost have been lawless if it had not been reaching out to a more divine law; but it is doubtful whether he yet knew that the law was divine. it is evident that he had not at this time any notion of abandoning the military, still less of adopting the monastic life. it is true that there is not, as pacifists and prigs imagine, the least inconsistency between loving men and fighting them, if we fight them fairly and for a good cause. but it seems to me that there was more than this involved; that the mind of the young man was really running towards a military morality in any case. about this time the first calamity crossed his path in the form of a malady which was to revisit him many times and hamper his headlong career. sickness made him more serious; but one fancies it would only have made him a more serious soldier, or even more serious about soldiering. and while he was recovering, something rather larger than the little feuds and raids of the italian towns opened an avenue of adventure and ambition. the crown of sicily, a considerable centre of controversy at the time, was apparently claimed by a certain gauthier de brienne, and the papal cause to aid which gauthier was called in aroused enthusiasm among a number of young assisians, including francis, who proposed to march into apulia on the count's behalf; perhaps his french name had something to do with it. for it must never be forgotten that though that world was in one sense a world of little things, it was a world of little things concerned about great things. there was more internationalism in the lands dotted with tiny republics than in the huge homogeneous impenetrable national divisions of to-day. the legal authority of the assisian magistrates might hardly reach further than a bow-shot from their high embattled city walls. but their sympathies might be with the ride of the normans through sicily or the palace of the troubadours at toulouse; with the emperor throned in the german forests or the great pope dying in the exile of salerno. above all, it must be remembered that when the interests of an age are mainly religious they must be universal. nothing can be more universal than the universe. and there are several things about the religious position at that particular moment which modern people not unnaturally fail to realise. for one thing, modern people naturally think of people so remote as ancient people, and even early people. we feel vaguely that these things happened in the first ages of the church. the church was already a good deal more than a thousand years old. that is, the church was then rather older than france is now, a great deal older than england is now. and she looked old then; almost as old as she does now; possibly older than she does now. the church looked like great charlemagne with the long white beard, who had already fought a hundred wars with the heathen, and in the legend was bidden by an angel to go forth and fight once more though he was two hundred years old. the church had topped her thousand years and turned the corner of the second thousand; she had come through the dark ages in which nothing could be done except desperate fighting against the barbarians and the stubborn repetition of the creed. the creed was still being repeated after the victory or escape; but it is not unnatural to suppose that there was something a little monotonous about the repetition. the church looked old then as now; and there were some who thought her dying then as now. in truth orthodoxy was not dead but it may have been dull; it is certain that some people began to think it dull. the troubadours of the provençal movement had already begun to take that turn or twist towards oriental fancies and the paradox of pessimism, which always come to europeans as something fresh when their own sanity seems to be something stale. it is likely enough that after all those centuries of hopeless war without and ruthless asceticism within, the official orthodoxy seemed to be something stale. the freshness and freedom of the first christians seemed then as much as now a lost and almost prehistoric age of gold. rome was still more rational than anything else; the church was really wiser but it may well have seemed wearier than the world. there was something more adventurous and alluring, perhaps, about the mad metaphysics that had been blown across out of asia. dreams were gathering like dark clouds over the midi to break in a thunder of anathema and civil war. {55}only the light lay on the great plain round rome; but the light was blank and the plain was flat; and there was no stir in the still air and the immemorial silence about the sacred town.

high in the dark house of assisi francesco bernardone slept and dreamed of arms. there came to him in the darkness a vision splendid with swords, patterned after the cross in the crusading fashion, of spears and shields and helmets hung in a high armoury, all bearing the sacred sign. when he awoke he accepted the dream as a trumpet bidding him to the battlefield, and rushed out to take horse and arms. he delighted in all the exercises of chivalry; and was evidently an accomplished cavalier and fighting man by the tests of the tournament and the camp. he would doubtless at any time have preferred a christian sort of chivalry; but it seems clear that he was also in a mood which thirsted for glory, though in him that glory would always have been identical with honour. he was not without some vision of that wreath of laurel which cæsar has left for all the latins. as he rode out to war the great gate in the deep wall of assisi resounded with his last boast, "i shall come back a great prince."

a little way along his road his sickness rose again and threw him. it seems highly probable, in the light of his impetuous temper, that he had ridden away long before he was fit to move. and in the darkness of this second and far more desolating interruption, he seems to have had another dream in which a voice said to him, "you have mistaken the meaning of the vision. return to your own town." and francis trailed back in his sickness to assisi, a very dismal and disappointed and perhaps even derided figure, with nothing to do but to wait for what should happen next. it was his first descent into a dark ravine that is called the valley of humiliation, which seemed to him very rocky and desolate, but in which he was afterwards to find many flowers.

but he was not only disappointed and humiliated; he was also very much puzzled and bewildered. he still firmly believed that his two dreams must have meant something; and he could not imagine what they could possibly mean. it was while he was drifting, one may even say mooning, about the streets of assisi and the fields outside the city wall, that an incident occurred to him which has not always been immediately connected with the business of the dreams, but which seems to me the obvious culmination of them. he was riding listlessly in some wayside place, apparently in the open country, when he saw a figure coming along the road towards him and halted; for he saw it was a leper. and he knew instantly that his courage was challenged, not as the world challenges, but as one would challenge who knew the secrets of the heart of a man. what he saw advancing was not the banner and spears of perugia, from which it never occurred to him to shrink; not the armies that fought for the crown of sicily, of which he had always thought as a courageous man thinks of mere vulgar danger. francis bernardone saw his fear coming up the road towards him; the fear that comes from within and not without; though it stood white and horrible in the sunlight. for once in the long rush of his life his soul must have stood still. then he sprang from his horse, knowing nothing between stillness and swiftness, and rushed on the leper and threw his arms round him. it was the beginning of a long vocation of ministry among many lepers, for whom he did many services; to this man he gave what money he could and mounted and rode on. we do not know how far he rode, or with what sense of the things around him; but it is said that when he looked back, he could see no figure on the road.