difficulties and dangers increase, and the captain expounds his views.
the first part of the journey over the rugged ice was not so difficult as had been anticipated, because they found a number of openings—narrow lanes, as it were—winding between the masses, most of which were wide enough to permit of the passage of the sledges; and when they chanced to come on a gap that was too narrow, they easily widened it with their hatchets and ice-chisels.
there was, however, some danger connected with this process, for some of the mighty blocks of ice amongst which they moved were piled in such positions that it only required a few choppings at their base to bring them down in ruins on their heads. one instance of this kind sufficed to warn them effectually.
captain vane’s dog-sledge was leading the way at the time. leo drove it, for by that time the eskimos had taught him how to use the short-handled whip with the lash full fifteen feet long, and leo was an apt pupil in every athletic and manly exercise. beside him sat the captain, alf, benjy, and butterface—the black visage of the latter absolutely shining with delight at the novelty of the situation. behind came the sledge of chingatok, which, besides being laden with bear-rugs, sealskins, junks of meat, and a host of indescribable eskimo implements, carried himself and the precious persons of toolooha and tekkona. next came the sledge of the laughter-loving oolichuk, with the timid oblooria and another woman. then followed the sledges of ivitchuk and akeetolik, laden with the rest of the eskimo women and goods, and last of all came captain vane’s two english-made sledges, heavily-laden with the goods and provisions of the explorers. these latter sledges, although made in england, had been constructed on the principle of the native sledge, namely, with the parts fastened by means of walrus-sinew lashings instead of nails, which last would have snapped like glass in the winter frosts of the polar regions, besides being incapable of standing the twistings and shocks of ice-travel.
all the dogs being fresh, and the floor of the lanes not too rough, the strangely-assorted party trotted merrily along, causing the echoes among the great ice-blocks, spires, and obelisks, to ring to the music of their chatting, and the cracks of their powerful whips. suddenly, a shout at the front, and an abrupt pull up, brought the whole column to a halt. the captain’s dogs had broken into a gallop. on turning suddenly round a spur of a glacier about as big as saint paul’s cathedral, they went swish into a shallow pond which had been formed on the ice. it was not deep, but there was sufficient water in it to send a deluge of spray over the travellers.
a burst of laughter greeted the incident as they sprang off the sledge, and waded to the dry ice a few yards ahead.
“no damage done,” exclaimed the captain, as he assisted the dogs to haul the sledge out of the water.
“no damage!” repeated benjy, with a rueful look, “why, i’m soaked from top to toe!”
“yes, you’ve got the worst of it,” said leo, with a laugh; “that comes of being forward, benjy. you would insist on sitting in front.”
“well, it is some comfort,” retorted benjy, squeezing the water from his garments, “that alf is as wet as myself, for that gives us an opportunity of sympathising with each other. eh, alf? does buzzby offer no consolatory remarks for such an occasion as this?”
“o yes,” replied alf; “in his beautiful poem on melancholy, sixth canto, buzzby says:—
“‘when trouble, like a curtain spread,
obscures the clouded brain,
and worries on the weary head
descend like soaking rain—
lift up th’umbrella of the heart,
stride manfully along;
defy depression’s dreary dart,
and shout in gleeful song.’”
“come, alf, clap on to this tow-rope, an’ stop your nonsense,” said captain vane, who was not in a poetical frame of mind just then.
“dat is mos’ boosiful potry!” exclaimed butterface, with an immense display of eyes and teeth, as he lent a willing hand to haul out the sledge. “mos’ boosiful. but he’s rader a strong rem’dy, massa, don’ you tink? not bery easy to git up a gleefoo’ shout when one’s down in de mout’ bery bad, eh!”
alf’s reply was checked by the necessity for remounting the sledge and resuming the journey. those in rear avoided the pond by going round it.
“the weather’s warm, anyhow, and that’s a comfort,” remarked benjy, as he settled down in his wet garments. “we can’t freeze in summer, you know, and—”
he stopped abruptly, for it became apparent just then that the opening close ahead of them was too narrow for the sledge to pass. it was narrowed by a buttress, or projection, of the cathedral-berg, which jutted up close to a vast obelisk of ice about forty feet high, if not higher.
“nothing for it, boys, but to cut through,” said the captain, jumping out, and seizing an axe, as the sledge was jammed between the masses. the dogs lay down to rest and pant while the men were at work.
“it’s cut an’ come again in dem regins,” muttered the negro steward, also seizing an axe, and attacking the base of the obelisk.
a sudden cry of alarm from the whole party caused him to desist and look up. he echoed the cry and sprang back swiftly, for the huge mass of ice having been just on the balance, one slash at its base had destroyed the equilibrium, and it was leaning slowly over with a deep grinding sound. a moment later the motion was swift, and it fell with a terrible crash, bursting into a thousand fragments, scattering lumps and glittering morsels far and wide, and causing the whole ice-field to tremble. the concussion overturned several other masses, which had been in the same nicely-balanced condition, some near at hand, others out of sight, though within earshot, and, for a moment, the travellers felt as if the surrounding pack were disrupting everywhere and falling into utter ruin, but in a few seconds the sounds ceased, and again all was quiet.
fortunately, the obelisk which had been overturned fell towards the north—away from the party; but although it thus narrowly missed crushing them all in one icy tomb, it blocked up their path so completely that the remainder of that day had to be spent in cutting a passage through it.
need we say that, after this, they were careful how they used their axes and ice-chisels?
soon after the occurrence of this incident, the labyrinths among the ice became more broken, tortuous, and bewildering. at last they ceased altogether, and the travellers were compelled to take an almost straight course right over everything, for blocks, masses, and drifts on a gigantic scale were heaved up in such dire confusion, that nothing having the faintest resemblance to a track or passage could be found.
“it’s hard work, this,” remarked the captain to leo one evening, seating himself on a mass of ice which he had just chopped from an obstruction, and wiping the perspiration from his brow.
“hard, indeed,” said leo, sitting down beside him, “i fear it begins to tell upon poor benjy. you should really order him to rest more than he does, uncle.”
a grim smile of satisfaction played for a minute on the captain’s rugged face, as he glanced at his son, who, a short distance ahead, was hacking at the ice with a pick-axe, in company with alf and butterface and the eskimo men.
“it’ll do him good, lad,” replied the captain. “hard work is just what my benjy needs. he’s not very stout, to be sure, but there is nothing wrong with his constitution, and he’s got plenty of spirit.”
this was indeed true. benjy had too much spirit for his somewhat slender frame, but his father, being a herculean man, did not quite perceive that what was good for himself might be too much for his son. captain vane was, however, the reverse of a harsh man. he pondered what leo had said, and soon afterwards went up to his son.
“benjy, my lad.”
“yes, father,” said the boy, dropping the head of his pick-axe on the ice, resting his hands on the haft, and looking up with a flushed countenance.
“you should rest a bit now and then, benjy. you’ll knock yourself up if you don’t.”
“rest a bit, father! why, i’ve just had a rest, and i’m not tired—that is, not very. ain’t it fun, father? and the ice cuts up so easily, and flies about so splendidly—see here.”
with flashing eyes our little hero raised his pick and drove it into the ice at which he had been working, with all his force, so that a great rent was made, and a mass the size of a dressing-table sprang from the side of a berg, and, falling down, burst into a shower of sparkling gems. but this was not all. to benjy’s intense delight, a mass of many tons in weight was loosened by the fall of the smaller lump, and rolled down with a thunderous roar, causing butterface, who was too near it, to jump out of the way with an amount of agility that threw the whole party into fits of laughter.
“what d’ye think o’ that, father?”
“i think it’s somewhat dangerous,” answered the captain, recovering his gravity and re-shouldering his axe. “however, as long as you enjoy the work, it can’t hurt you, so go ahead, my boy; it’ll be a long time before you cut away too much o’ the polar ice!”
reaching a slightly open space beyond this point, the dogs were harnessed, and the party advanced for a mile or so, when they came to another obstruction worse than that which they had previously passed.
“there’s a deal of ice-rubbish in these regions,” remarked benjy, eyeing the wildly heaped masses with a grave face, and heaving a deep sigh.
“yes, massa benjy, bery too much altogidder,” said butterface, echoing the sigh.
“come, we won’t cut through this,” cried captain vane in a cheery voice; “we’ll try to go over it. there is a considerable drift of old snow that seems to offer a sort of track. what says chingatok?”
the easy-going eskimo said that it would be as well to go over it as through it, perhaps better!
so, over it they went, but they soon began to wish they had tried any other plan, for the snow-track quickly came to an end, and then the difficulty of passing even the empty sledges from one ice mass to another was very great, while the process of carrying forward the goods on the shoulders of the men was exceedingly laborious. the poor dogs, too, were constantly falling between masses, and dragging each other down, so that they gave more trouble at last than they were worth.
in all these trying circumstances, the eskimo women were almost as useful as the men. indeed they would have been quite as useful if they had been as strong, and they bore the fatigues and trials of the journey with the placid good humour, and apparent, if not real, humility of their race.
at last, one afternoon, our discoverers came suddenly to the edge of this great barrier of ancient ice, and beheld, from an elevated plateau to which they had climbed, a scene which was calculated to rouse in their breasts feelings at once of admiration and despair, for there, stretching away below them for several miles, lay a sea of comparatively level ice, and beyond it a chain of stupendous glaciers, which presented an apparently impassable barrier—a huge continuous wall of ice that seemed to rise into the very sky.
this chain bore all the evidences of being very old ice—compared to which that of the so-called “ancient sea” was absolutely juvenile. on the ice-plain, which was apparently illimitable to the right and left, were hundreds of pools of water in which the icebergs, the golden clouds, the sun, and the blue sky were reflected, and on the surface of which myriads of arctic wild-fowl were sporting about, making the air vocal with their plaintive cries, and ruffling the glassy surfaces of the lakes with their dipping wings. the heads of seals were also observed here and there.
“these will stop us at last,” said alf, pointing to the bergs with a profound sigh.
“no, they won’t,” remarked the captain quietly. “nothing will stop us!”
“that’s true, anyhow, uncle,” returned alf; “for if it be, as chingatok thinks, that we are in search of nothing, of course when we find nothing, nothing will stop us!”
“why, alf,” said leo, “i wonder that you, who are usually in an enthusiastic and poetical frame of mind, should be depressed by distant difficulties, instead of admiring such a splendid sight of birds and beasts enjoying themselves in what i may style an arctic heaven. you should take example by benjy.”
that youth did indeed afford a bright example of rapt enthusiasm just then, for, standing a little apart by himself, he gazed at the scene with flushed face, open mouth, and glittering eyes, in speechless delight.
“ask chingatok if he ever saw this range before,” said the captain to anders, on recovering from his first feeling of surprise.
no, chingatok had never seen it, except, indeed, the tops of the bergs—at sea, in the far distance—but he had often heard of it from some of his countrymen, who, like himself, were fond of exploring. but that sea of ice was not there, he said, when he had passed on his journey southward. it had drifted there, since that time, from the great sea.
“ah! the great sea that he speaks of is just what we must find and cross over,” muttered the captain to himself.
“but how are we to cross over it, uncle?” asked leo.
the captain replied with one of his quiet glances. his followers had long become accustomed to this silent method of declining to reply, and forbore to press the subject.
“come now, boys, get ready to descend to the plain. we’ll have to do it with caution.”
there was, indeed, ground for caution. we have said that they had climbed to an elevated plateau on one of the small bergs which formed the outside margin of the rugged ice. the side of this berg was a steep slope of hard snow, so steep that they thought it unwise to attempt the descent by what in switzerland is termed glissading.
“we’ll have to zig-zag down, i think,” continued the captain, settling himself on his sledge; but the captain’s dogs thought otherwise. under a sudden impulse of reckless free-will, the whole team, giving vent to a howl of mingled glee and fear, dashed down the slope at full gallop. of course they were overtaken in a few seconds by the sledge, which not only ran into them, but sent them sprawling on their backs right and left. then it met a slight obstruction, and itself upset, sending captain vane and his companions, with its other contents, into the midst of the struggling dogs. with momentarily increasing speed this avalanche of mixed dead and living matter went sliding, hurtling, swinging, shouting, struggling, and yelling to the bottom. fortunately, there was no obstruction there, else had destruction been inevitable. the slope merged gradually into the level plain, over which the avalanche swept for a considerable distance before the momentum of their flight was expended.
when at length they stopped, and disentangled themselves from the knot into which the traces had tied them, it was found that no one was materially hurt. looking up at the height down which they had come, they beheld the eskimos standing at the top with outstretched arms in the attitude of men who glare in speechless horror. but these did not stand thus long. descending by a more circuitous route, they soon rejoined the captain’s party, and then, as the night was far advanced, they encamped on the edge of the ice-plain, on a part that was bathed in the beams of the ever-circling sun.
that night at supper captain vane was unusually thoughtful and silent.
“you’re not losing heart, are you, uncle?” asked leo, during a pause.
“no, lad, certainly not,” replied the captain, dreamily.
“you’ve not been bumped very badly in the tumble, father, have you?” asked benjy with an anxious look.
“bumped? no; what makes you think so?”
“because you’re gazing at toolooha’s lamp as if you saw a ghost in it.”
“well, perhaps i do see a ghost there,” returned the captain with an effort to rouse his attention to things going on around him. “i see the ghost of things to come. i am looking through toolooha’s lamp into futurity.”
“and what does futurity look like?” asked alf. “bright or dark?”
“black—black as me,” muttered butterface, as he approached and laid fresh viands before the party.
it ought to be told that butterface had suffered rather severely in the recent glissade on the snow-slope, which will account for the gloomy view he took of the future at that time.
“listen,” said the captain, with a look of sudden earnestness; “as it is highly probable that a day or two more will decide the question of our success or failure, i think it right to reveal to you more fully my thoughts, my plans, and the prospects that lie before us. you all know very well that there is much difference of opinion about the condition of the sea around the north pole. some think it must be cumbered with eternal ice, others that it is comparatively free from ice, and that it enjoys a somewhat milder climate than those parts of the arctic regions with which we have hitherto been doing battle. i hold entirely with the latter view—with those who believe in an open polar basin. i won’t weary you with the grounds of my belief in detail, but here are a few of my reasons—
“it is an admitted fact that there is constant circulation of the water in the ocean. that wise and painstaking philosopher, maury, of the us navy, has proved to my mind that this grand circulation of the sea-water round the world is the cause of all the oceanic streams, hot and cold, with which we have been so long acquainted.
“this circulation is a necessity as well as a fact. at the equator the water is extremely warm and salt, besides lime-laden, in consequence of excessive evaporation. at the poles it is extremely cold and fresh. mixing is therefore a necessity. the hot salt-waters of the equator flow to the poles to get freshened and cooled. those of the poles flow to the equator to get salted, limed, and warmed. they do this continuously in two grand currents, north and south, all round the world. but the land comes in as a disturbing element; it diverts the water into streams variously modified in force and direction, and the streams also change places variously, sometimes the hot currents travelling north as under-currents with the cold currents above, sometimes the reverse. one branch of the current comes from the equator round the cape of good hope, turns up the west coast of africa, and is deflected into the gulf of mexico, round which it sweeps, and then shoots across the atlantic to england and norway. it is known as our gulf stream.
“now, the equatorial warm and salt current enters baffin’s bay as a submarine current, while the cold and comparatively fresh waters of the polar regions descend as a surface-current, bearing the great ice-fields of the arctic seas to the southward. one thing that goes far to prove this, is the fact that the enormous icebergs thrown off from the northern glaciers have been frequently seen by navigators travelling northward, right against the current flowing south. these huge ice-mountains, floating as they do with seven or eight parts of their bulk beneath the surface, are carried thus forcibly up stream by the under-current until their bases are worn off by the warm waters below, thus allowing the upper current to gain the mastery, and hurry them south again to their final dissolution in the atlantic.
“now, lads,” continued the captain, with the air of a man who propounds a self-evident proposition; “is it not clear that if the warm waters of the south flow into the polar basin as an under current, they must come up somewhere, to take the place of the cold waters that are for ever flowing away from the pole to the equator? can anything be clearer than that—except the nose on benjy’s face? well then, that being so, the waters round the pole must be comparatively warm waters, and also, comparatively, free from ice, so that if we could only manage to cross this ice-barrier and get into them, we might sail right away to the north pole.”
“but, father,” said benjy, “since you have taken the liberty to trifle with my nose, i feel entitled to remark that we can’t sail in waters, either hot or cold, without a ship.”
“that’s true, boy,” rejoined the captain. “however,” he added, with a half-humorous curl of his black moustache, “you know i’m not given to stick at trifles. time will show. meanwhile i am strongly of opinion that this is the last ice-barrier we shall meet with on our way to the pole.”
“is there not some tradition of a mild climate in the furthest north among the eskimos?” asked alf.
“of course there is. it has long been known that the greenland eskimos have a tradition of an island in an iceless sea, lying away in the far north, where there are many musk-oxen, and, from what i have been told by our friend chingatok, i am disposed to think that he and his kindred inhabit this island, or group of islands, in the polar basin—not far, perhaps, from the pole itself. he says there are musk-oxen there. but there is another creature, and a much bigger one than any eskimo, bigger even than chingatok, who bears his testimony to an open polar sea, namely, the greenland whale. it has been ascertained that the ‘right’ whale does not, and cannot, enter the tropical regions of the ocean. they are to him as a sea of fire, a wall of adamant, so that it is impossible for him to swim south, double cape horn, and proceed to the north pacific; yet the very same kind of whale found in baffin’s bay is found at behring straits. now, the question is, how did he get there?”
“was born there, no doubt,” answered benjy, “and had no occasion to make such a long voyage!”
“ah! my boy, but we have the strongest evidence that he was not born there, for you must know that some whalers have a habit of marking their harpoons with date and name of ship; and as we have been told by that good and true man dr scoresby, there have been several instances where whales have been captured near behring straits with harpoons in them bearing the stamp of ships that were known to cruise on the baffin’s bay side of america. moreover, in one or two instances a very short time had elapsed between the date of harpooning on the atlantic and capturing on the pacific side. these facts prove, at all events, a ‘north-west passage’ for whales, and, as whales cannot travel far under ice without breathing, they also tend to prove an open polar sea.
“another argument in favour of this basin is the migration of birds to the northward at certain seasons. birds do not migrate to frozen regions, and such migrations northward have been observed by those who, like ourselves, have reached the highest latitudes.
“captain nares of the alert, in may 1876, when only a little to the southward of this, saw ptarmigan flying in pairs to the north-west, seeking for better feeding-grounds. ducks and geese also passed northward early in june, indicating plainly the existence of suitable feeding-grounds in the undiscovered and mysterious north.
“we have now passed beyond the point reached by captain nares. my last observation placed us in parallel 84 degrees 40 minutes, the highest that has yet been reached by civilised man.”
“the highest, uncle?” interrupted leo. “yes—the highest. scoresby reached 81 degrees 50 minutes in 1806, parry 82 degrees 45 minutes in 1827—with sledges. that unfortunate and heroic american, captain hall, ran his vessel, the polaris, in the shortest space of time on record, up to latitude 82 degrees 16 minutes. captain nares reached a higher latitude than had previously been attained by ships, and captain markham, of captain nares’ expedition, travelled over this very ‘sea of ancient ice’ with sledges to latitude 83 degrees 20.4 minutes—about 400 miles from the pole, and the highest yet reached, as i have said. so, you see, we have beaten them all! moreover, i strongly incline to the belief that the open polar sea lies just beyond that range of huge icebergs which we see before us.”
the captain rose as he spoke, and pointed to the gigantic chain, behind one of which the sun was just about to dip, causing its jagged peaks to glow as with intense fire.
“but how are we ever to pass that barrier, uncle?” asked alf, who was by nature the least sanguine of the party in regard to overcoming difficulties of a geographical nature, although by far the most enthusiastic in the effort to acquire knowledge.
“you shall see, to-morrow,” answered the captain; “at present we must turn in and rest. see, the eskimos have already set us the example.”
