homo faber. man is born to make. his business is to construct: to plan: to carry out the plan: to fit together, and to produce a finished thing.

that human art in which it is most difficult to achieve this end (and in which it is far easier to neglect it than in any other) is the art of writing. yet this much is certain, that unconstructed writing is at once worthless and ephemeral: and nearly the whole of our modern english writing is unconstructed.

the matter of survival is perhaps not the most important, though it is a test of a kind, and it is a test which every serious writer feels most intimately. the essential is the matter of excellence: that a piece of work should achieve its end. but in either character, the character of survival or the character of intrinsic excellence, construction deliberate and successful is the fundamental condition.

it may be objected that the mass of writing must in any age neglect construction. we write to establish a record for a few days: or to send a thousand unimportant messages: or to express for others or for ourselves something very vague and perhaps very weak in the way of emotion, which does not demand construction and at any rate cannot command it. no writer can be judged by the entirety of his writings, for these would include every note he ever sent round the corner; every memorandum he ever made upon his shirt cuff. but when a man sets out to write as a serious business, proclaiming that by the nature of his publication and presentment that he is doing something he thinks worthy of the time and place in which he lives and of the people to whom he belongs, then if he does not construct he is negligible.

yet, i say, the great mass of men to-day do not attempt it in the english tongue, and the proof is that you can discover in their slipshod pages nothing of a seal or stamp. you do not, opening a book at random, say at once: “this is the voice of such and such a one.” it is no one’s manner or voice. it is part of a common babel.

therefore in such a time as that of our decline, to come across work which is planned, executed and achieved has something of the effect produced by the finding of a wrought human thing in the wild. it is like finding, as i once found, deep hidden in the tangled rank grass of autumn in burgundy, on the edge of a wood not far from dijon, a neglected statue of the eighteenth century. it is like coming round the corner of some wholly desolate upper valley in the mountains and seeing before one a well-cultivated close and a strong house in the midst.

it is now many years—i forget how many; it may be twenty or more, or it may be a little less—since the wallet of kai lung was sent me by a friend. the effect produced upon my mind at the first opening of its pages was in the same category as the effect produced by the discovery of that hidden statue in burgundy, or the coming upon an unexpected house in the turn of a high pyrenean gorge. here was something worth doing and done. it was not a plan attempted and only part achieved (though even that would be rare enough to-day, and a memorable exception); it was a thing intended, wrought out, completed and established. therefore it was destined to endure and, what is more important, it was a success.

the time in which we live affords very few of such moments of relief: here and there a good piece of verse, in the new age or in the now defunct westminster: here and there a lapidary phrase such as a score or more of blatchford’s which remain fixed in my memory. here and there a letter written to the newspapers in a moment of indignation when the writer, not trained to the craft, strikes out the metal justly at white heat. but, i say, the thing is extremely rare, and in the shape of a complete book rarest of all.

the wallet of kai lung was a thing made deliberately, in hard material and completely successful. it was meant to produce a particular effect of humour by the use of a foreign convention, the chinese convention, in the english tongue. it was meant to produce a certain effect of philosophy and at the same time it was meant to produce a certain completed interest of fiction, of relation, of a short epic. it did all these things.

it is one of the tests of excellent work that such work is economic, that is, that there is nothing redundant in order or in vocabulary, and at the same time nothing elliptic—in the full sense of that word: that is, no sentence in which so much is omitted that the reader is left puzzled. that is the quality you get in really good statuary—in houdon, for instance, or in that triumph the archaic archer in the louvre. the wallet of kai lung satisfied all these conditions.

i do not know how often i have read it since i first possessed it. i know how many copies there are in my house—just over a dozen. i know with what care i have bound it constantly for presentation to friends. i have been asked for an introduction to this its successor, kai lung’s golden hours. it is worthy of its forerunner. there is the same plan, exactitude, working-out and achievement; and therefore the same complete satisfaction in the reading, or to be more accurate, in the incorporation of the work with oneself.

all this is not extravagant praise, nor even praise at all in the conventional sense of that term. it is merely a judgment: a putting into as carefully exact words as i can find the appreciation i make of this style and its triumph.

the reviewer in his art must quote passages. it is hardly the part of a preface writer to do that. but to show what i mean i can at least quote the following:

“your insight is clear and unbiased,” said the gracious

sovereign. “but however entrancing it is to wander unchecked

through a garden of bright images, are we not enticing your

mind from another subject of almost equal importance?”

or again:

“it has been said,” he began at length, withdrawing his eyes

reluctantly from an unusually large insect upon the ceiling and

addressing himself to the maiden, “that there are few

situations in life that cannot be honourably settled, and

without any loss of time, either by suicide, a bag of gold, or

by thrusting a despised antagonist over the edge of a

precipice on a dark night.”

or again:

“after secretly observing the unstudied grace of her

movements, the most celebrated picture-maker of the province

burned the implements of his craft, and began life anew as a

trainer of performing elephants.”

you cannot read these sentences, i think, without agreeing with what has been said above. if you doubt it, take the old test and try to write that kind of thing yourself.

in connection with such achievements it is customary to-day to deplore the lack of public appreciation. either to blame the hurried millions of chance readers because they have only bought a few thousands of a masterpiece; or, what is worse still, to pretend that good work is for the few and that the mass will never appreciate it—in reply to which it is sufficient to say that the critic himself is one of the mass and could not be distinguished from others of the mass by his very own self were he a looker-on.

in the best of times (the most stable, the least hurried) the date at which general appreciation comes is a matter of chance, and to-day the presentation of any achieved work is like the reading of keats to a football crowd. it is of no significance whatsoever to english letters whether one of its glories be appreciated at the moment it issues from the press or ten years later, or twenty, or fifty. further, after a very small margin is passed, a margin of a few hundreds at the most, it matters little whether strong permanent work finds a thousand or fifty thousand or a million of readers. rock stands and mud washes away.

what is indeed to be deplored is the lack of communication between those who desire to find good stuff and those who can produce it: it is in the attempt to build a bridge between the one and the other that men who have the privilege of hearing a good thing betimes write such words as i am writing here.

hilaire belloc