caesar's ambition was only fed by victories: scarcely was he master of faenza before, excited by the mariscotti, old enemies of the bentivoglio family, he cast his eyes upon bologna; but gian di bentivoglio, whose ancestors had possessed this town from time immemorial, had not only made all preparations necessary for a long resistance, but he had also put himself under the protection of france; so, scarcely had he learned that caesar was crossing the frontier of the bolognese territory with his army, than he sent a courier to louis xii to claim the fulfilment of his promise. louis kept it with his accustomed good faith; and when caesar arrived before bologna, he received an intimation from the king of france that he was not to enter on any undertaking against his ally bentivoglio; caesar, not being the man to have his plans upset for nothing, made conditions for his retreat, to which bentivoglio consented, only too happy to be quit of him at this price: the conditions were the cession of castello bolognese, a fortress between imola and faenza, the payment of a tribute of 9000 ducats, and the keeping for his service of a hundred men-at-arms and two thousand infantry. in exchange for these favours, caesar confided to bentivoglio that his visit had been due to the counsels of the mariscotti; then, reinforced by his new ally's contingent, he took the road for tuscany. but he was scarcely out of sight when bentivoglio shut the gates of bologna, and commanded his son hermes to assassinate with his own hand agamemnon mariscotti, the head of the family, and ordered the massacre of four-and-thirty of his near relatives, brothers, sons, daughters, and nephews, and two hundred other of his kindred and friends. the butchery was carried out by the noblest youths of bologna; whom bentivoglio forced to bathe their hands in this blood, so that he might attach them to himself through their fear of reprisals.

caesar's plans with regard to florence were now no longer a mystery: since the month of january he had sent to pisa ten or twelve hundred men under the command of regniero della sassetta and piero di gamba corti, and as soon as the conquest of the romagna was complete, he had further despatched oliverotto di fermo with new detachments. his own army he had reinforced, as we have seen, by a hundred men-at-arms and two thousand infantry; he had just been joined by vitellozzo vitelli, lord of citta, di castello, and by the orsini, who had brought him another two or three thousand men; so, without counting the troops sent to pisa, he had under his control seven hundred men-at-arms and five thousand infantry.

still, in spite of this formidable company, he entered tuscany declaring that his intentions were only pacific, protesting that he only desired to pass through the territories of the republic on his way to rome, and offering to pay in ready money for any victual his army might require. but when he had passed the defiles of the mountains and arrived at barberino, feeling that the town was in his power and nothing could now hinder his approach, he began to put a price on the friendship he had at first offered freely, and to impose his own conditions instead of accepting those of others. these were that piero dei medici, kinsman and ally of the orsini, should be reinstated in his ancient power; that six florentine citizens, to be chosen by vitellozzo, should be put into his hands that they might by their death expiate that of paolo vitelli, unjustly executed by the florentines; that the signoria should engage to give no aid to the lord of piombino, whom caesar intended to dispossess of his estates without delay; and further, that he himself should be taken into the service of the republic, for a pay proportionate to his deserts. but just as caesar had reached this point in his negotiations with florence, he received orders from louis xii to get ready, so soon as he conveniently could, to follow him with his army and help in the conquest of naples, which he was at last in a position to undertake. caesar dared not break his word to so powerful an ally; he therefore replied that he was at the king's orders, and as the florentines were not aware that he was quitting them on compulsion, he sold his retreat for the sum of 36,000 ducats per annum, in exchange for which sum he was to hold three hundred men-at-arms always in readiness to go to the aid of the republic at her earliest call and in any circumstances of need.

but, hurried as he was, caesar still hoped that he might find time to conquer the territory of piombino as he went by, and take the capital by a single vigorous stroke; so he made his entry into the lands of jacopo iv of appiano. the latter, he found, however, had been beforehand with him, and, to rob him of all resource, had laid waste his own country, burned his fodder, felled his trees, torn down his vines, and destroyed a few fountains that produced salubrious waters. this did not hinder caesar from seizing in the space of a few days severeto, scarlino, the isle of elba, and la pianosa; but he was obliged to stop short at the castle, which opposed a serious resistance. as louis xii's army was continuing its way towards rome, and he received a fresh order to join it, he took his departure the next day, leaving behind him, vitellozzo and gian paolo bagliani to prosecute the siege in his absence.

louis xii was this time advancing upon naples, not with the incautious ardour of charles viii, but, on the contrary, with that prudence and circumspection which characterised him. besides his alliance with florence and rome, he had also signed a secret treaty with ferdinand the catholic, who had similar pretensions, through the house of duras, to the throne of naples to those louis himself had through the house of anjou. by this treaty the two kings were sharing their conquests beforehand: louis would be master of naples, of the town of lavore and the abruzzi, and would bear the title of king of naples and jerusalem; ferdinand reserved for his own share apulia and calabria, with the title of duke of these provinces; both were to receive the investiture from the pope and to hold them of him. this partition was all the more likely to be made, in fact, because frederic, supposing all the time that ferdinand was his good and faithful friend, would open the gates of his towns, only to receive into his fortresses conquerors and masters instead of allies. all this perhaps was not very loyal conduct on the part of a king who had so long desired and had just now received the surname of catholic, but it mattered little to louis, who profited by treasonable acts he did not have to share.

the french army, which the duke of valentinois had just joined, consisted of 1000 lances, 4000 swiss, and 6000 gascons and adventurers; further, philip of rabenstein was bringing by sea six breton and provencal vessels, and three genoese caracks, carrying 6500 invaders.

against this mighty host the king of naples had only 700 men-at-arms, 600 light horse, and 6000 infantry under the command of the colonna, whom he had taken into his pay after they were exiled by the pope from the states of the church; but he was counting on gonsalvo of cordova, who was to join him at gaeta, and to whom he had confidingly opened all his fortresses in calabria.

but the feeling of safety inspired by frederic's faithless ally was not destined to endure long: on their arrival at rome, the french and spanish ambassadors presented to the pope the treaty signed at grenada on the 11th of november, 1500, between louis xii and ferdinand the catholic, a treaty which up, to that time had been secret. alexander, foreseeing the probable future, had, by the death of alfonso, loosened all the bonds that attached him to the house of aragon, and then began by making some difficulty about it. it was demonstrated that the arrangement had only been undertaken to provide the christian princes with another weapon for attacking the ottoman empire, and before this consideration, one may readily suppose, all the pope's scruples vanished; on the 25th of june, therefore, it was decided to call a consistory which was to declare frederic deposed from the throne of naples. when frederic heard all at once that the french army had arrived at rome, that his ally ferdinand had deceived him, and that alexander had pronounced the sentence of his downfall, he understood that all was lost; but he did not wish it to be said that he had abandoned his kingdom without even attempting to save it. so he charged his two new condottieri, fabrizio calonna and ranuzia di marciano, to check the french before capua with 300 men-at-arms, some light horse, and 3000 infantry; in person he occupied aversa with another division of his army, while prospero colonna was sent to defend naples with the rest, and make a stand against the spaniards on the side of calabria.

these dispositions were scarcely made when d'aubigny, having passed the volturno, approached to lay siege to capua, and invested the town on both sides of the river. scarcely were the french encamped before the ramparts than they began to set up their batteries, which were soon in play, much to the terror of the besieged, who, poor creatures, were almost all strangers to the town, and had fled thither from every side, expecting to find protection beneath the walls. so, although bravely repulsed by fabrizio colonna, the french, from the moment of their first assault, inspired so great and blind a terror that everyone began to talk of opening the gates, and it was only with great difficulty that calonna made this multitude understand that at least they ought to reap some benefit from the check the besiegers had received and obtain good terms of capitulation. when he had brought them round to his view, he sent out to demand a parley with d'aubigny, and a conference was fixed for the next day but one, in which they were to treat of the surrender of the town.

but this was not caesar borgia's idea at all: he had stayed behind to confer with the pope, and had joined the french army with some of his troops on the very day on which the conference had been arranged for two days later: and a capitulation of any nature would rob him of his share of the booty and the promise of such pleasure as would come from the capture of a city so rich and populous as capua. so he opened up negotiations on his own account with a captain who was on guard at one of the gates such negotiations, made with cunning supported by bribery, proved as usual more prompt and efficacious than any others. at the very moment when fabrizio colonna in a fortified outpost was discussing the conditions of capitulation with the french captains, suddenly great cries of distress were heard. these were caused by borgia, who without a word to anyone had entered the town with his faithful army from romagna, and was beginning to cut the throats of the garrison, which had naturally somewhat relaxed their vigilance in the belief that the capitulation was all but signed. the french, when they saw that the town was half taken, rushed on the gates with such impetuosity that the besieged did not even attempt to defend themselves any longer, and forced their way into capua by three separate sides: nothing more could be done then to stop the issue. butchery and pillage had begun, and the work of destruction must needs be completed: in vain did fabrizio colonna, ranuzio di marciano, and don ugo di cardona attempt to make head against the french and spaniards with such men as they could get together. fabrizia calonna and don ugo were made prisoners; ranuzia, wounded by an arrow, fell into the hands of the duke of valentinois; seven thousand inhabitants were massacred in the streets among them the traitor who had given up the gate; the churches were pillaged, the convents of nuns forced open; and then might be seen the spectacle of some of these holy virgins casting themselves into pits or into the river to escape the soldiers. three hundred of the noblest ladies of the town took refuge in a tower. the duke of valentinois broke in the doors, chased out for himself forty of the most beautiful, and handed over the rest to his army.

the pillage continued for three days.

capua once taken, frederic saw that it was useless any longer to attempt defence. so he shut himself up in castel nuovo and gave permission to gaeta and to naples to treat with the conqueror. gaeta bought immunity from pillage with 60,000 ducats; and naples with the surrender of the castle. this surrender was made to d'aubigny by frederic himself, an condition that he should be allowed to take to the island of ischia his money, jewels, and furniture, and there remain with his family for six months secure from all hostile attack. the terms of this capitulation were faithfully adhered to on both sides: d'aubigny entered naples, and frederic retired to ischia.

thus, by a last terrible blow, never to rise again, fell this branch of the house of aragon, which had now reigned for sixty-five years. frederic, its head, demanded and obtained a safe-conduct to pass into france, where louis xii gave him the duchy of anjou and 30,000 ducats a year, an condition that he should never quit the kingdom; and there, in fact, he died, an the 9th of september 1504. his eldest son, dan ferdinand, duke of calabria, retired to spain, where he was permitted to marry twice, but each time with a woman who was known to be barren; and there he died in 1550. alfonso, the second son, who had followed his father to france, died, it is said, of poison, at grenoble, at the age of twenty-two; lastly caesar, the third son, died at ferrara, before he had attained his eighteenth birthday.

frederic's daughter charlotte married in france nicholas, count of laval, governor and admiral of brittany; a daughter was born of this marriage, anne de laval, who married francois de la trimauille. through her those rights were transmitted to the house of la trimouille which were used later on as a claim upon the kingdom of the two sicilies.

the capture of naples gave the duke of valentinois his liberty again; so he left the french army, after he had received fresh assurances on his own account of the king's friendliness, and returned to the siege of piombino, which he had been forced to interrupt. during this interval alexander had been visiting the scenes of his son's conquests, and traversing all the romagna with lucrezia, who was now consoled for her husband's death, and had never before enjoyed quite so much favour with his holiness; so, when she returned to rome. she no longer had separate rooms from him. the result of this recrudescence of affection was the appearance of two pontifical bulls, converting the towns of nepi and sermoneta into duchies: one was bestowed on gian bargia, an illegitimate child of the pope, who was not the son of either of his mistresses, rosa vanozza or giulia farnese, the other an don roderigo of aragon, son of lucrezia and alfonso: the lands of the colonna were in appanage to the two duchies.

but alexander was dreaming of yet another addition to his fortune; this was to came from a marriage between lucrezia and don alfonso d'este, son of duke hercules of ferrara, in favour of which alliance louis xii had negotiated.

his holiness was now having a run of good fortune, and he learned on the same day that piombino was taken and that duke hercules had given the king of france his assent to the marriage. both of these pieces of news were good for alexander, but the one could not compare in importance with the other; and the intimation that lucrezia was to marry the heir presumptive to the duchy of ferrara was received with a joy so great that it smacked of the humble beginnings of the borgian house. the duke of valentinois was invited to return to rome, to take his share in the family rejoicing, and on the day when the news was made public the governor of st. angelo received orders that cannon should be fired every quarter of an hour from noon to midnight. at two o'clock, lucrezia, attired as a fiancee, and accompanied by her two brothers, the dukes of valentinois and squillace, issued from the vatican, followed by all the nobility of rome, and proceeded to the church of the madonna del papalo, where the duke of gandia and cardinal gian borgia were buried, to render thanks for this new favour accorded to her house by god; and in the evening, accompanied by the same cavalcade, which shone the more brightly under the torchlight and brilliant illuminations, she made procession through the whale town, greeted by cries of "long live pope alexander vi! lang live the duchess of ferrara!" which were shouted aloud by heralds clad in cloth of gold.

the next day an announcement was made in the town that a racecourse for women was opened between the castle of sant' angelo and the piazza of st. peter's; that on every third day there would be a bull-fight in the spanish fashion; and that from the end of the present month, which was october, until the first day of lent, masquerades would be permitted in the streets of rome.

such was the nature of the fetes outside; the programme of those going on within the vatican was not presented to the people; for by the account of bucciardo, an eye-witness, this is what happened—

"on the last sunday of the month of october, fifty courtesans supped in the apostolic palace in the duke of valentinois' rooms, and after supper danced with the equerries and servants, first wearing their usual garments, afterwards in dazzling draperies; when supper was over, the table was removed, candlesticks were set on the floor in a symmetrical pattern, and a great quantity of chestnuts was scattered on the ground: these the fifty women skilfully picked up, running about gracefully, in and out between the burning lights; the pope, the duke of valentinois, and his sister lucrezia, who were looking on at this spectacle from a gallery, encouraged the most agile and industrious with their applause, and they received prizes of embroidered garters, velvet boots, golden caps, and laces; then new diversions took the place of these."

we humbly ask forgiveness of our readers, and especially of our lady readers; but though we have found words to describe the first part of the spectacle, we have sought them in vain for the second; suffice it to say that just as there had been prizes for feats of adroitness, others were given now to the dancers who were most daring and brazen.

some days after this strange night, which calls to mind the roman evenings in the days of tiberius, nero, and heliogabalus, lucrezia, clad in a robe of golden brocade, her train carried by young girls dressed in white and crowned with roses, issued from her palace to the sound of trumpets and clarions, and made her way over carpets that were laid down in the streets through which she had to pass. accompanied by the noblest cavaliers and the loveliest women in rome, she betook herself to the vatican, where in the pauline hall the pope awaited her, with the duke of valentinois, don ferdinand, acting as proxy for duke alfonso, and his cousin, cardinal d'este. the pope sat on one side of the table, while the envoys from ferrara stood on the other: into their midst came lucrezia, and don ferdinand placed on her finger the nuptial ring; this ceremony over, cardinal d'este approached and presented to the bride four magnificent rings set with precious stones; then a casket was placed on the table, richly inlaid with ivory, whence the cardinal drew forth a great many trinkets, chains, necklaces of pearls and diamonds, of workmanship as costly as their material; these he also begged lucrezia to accept, before she received those the bridegroom was hoping to offer himself, which would be more worthy of her. lucrezia showed the utmost delight in accepting these gifts; then she retired into the next room, leaning on the pope's arm, and followed by the ladies of her suite, leaving the duke of valentinois to do the honours of the vatican to the men. that evening the guests met again, and spent half the night in dancing, while a magnificent display of fireworks lighted up the piazza of san paolo.

the ceremony of betrothal over, the pope and the duke busied themselves with making preparations for the departure. the pope, who wished the journey to be made with a great degree of splendour, sent in his daughter's company, in addition to the two brothers-in-law and the gentlemen in their suite, the senate of rome and all the lords who, by virtue of their wealth, could display most magnificence in their costumes and liveries. among this brilliant throng might be seen olivero and ramiro mattei, sons of piero mattel, chancellor of the town, and a daughter of the pope whose mother was not rosa vanozza; besides these, the pope nominated in consistory francesco borgia, cardinal of sosenza, legate a latere, to accompany his daughter to the frontiers of the ecclesiastical states.

also the duke of valentinois sent out messengers into all the cities of romagna to order that lucrezia should be received as sovereign lady and mistress: grand preparations were at once set on foot for the fulfilment of his orders. but the messengers reported that they greatly feared that there would be some grumbling at cesena, where it will be remembered that caesar had left ramiro d'orco as governor with plenary powers, to calm the agitation of the town. now ramiro d'orco had accomplished his task so well that there was nothing more to fear in the way of rebellion; for one-sixth of the inhabitants had perished on the scaffold, and the result of this situation was that it was improbable that the same demonstrations of joy could be expected from a town plunged in mourning that were looked for from imala, faenza, and pesaro. the duke of valentinais averted this inconvenience in the prompt and efficacious fashion characteristic of him alone. one morning the inhabitants of cesena awoke to find a scaffold set up in the square, and upon it the four quarters of a man, his head, severed from the trunk, stuck up on the end of a pike.

this man was ramiro d'orco.

no one ever knew by whose hands the scaffold had been raised by night, nor by what executioners the terrible deed had been carried out; but when the florentine republic sent to ask macchiavelli, their ambassador at cesena, what he thought of it, he replied:

"magnificent lords,-i can tell you nothing concerning the execution of ramiro d'orco, except that caesar borgia is the prince who best knows how to make and unmake men according to their deserts. niccolo macchiavelli"

the duke of valentinois was not disappointed, and the future duchess of ferrara was admirably received in every town along her route, and particularly at cesena.

while lucrezia was on her way to ferrara to meet her fourth husband, alexander and the duke of valentinois resolved to make a progress in the region of their last conquest, the duchy of piombino. the apparent object of this journey was that the new subjects might take their oath to caesar, and the real object was to form an arsenal in jacopo d'appiano's capital within reach of tuscany, a plan which neither the pope nor his son had ever seriously abandoned. the two accordingly started from the port of corneto with six ships, accompanied by a great number of cardinals and prelates, and arrived the same evening at piombina. the pontifical court made a stay there of several days, partly with a view of making the duke known to the inhabitants, and also in order to be present at certain ecclesiastical functions, of which the most important was a service held on the third sunday in lent, in which the cardinal of cosenza sang a mass and the pope officiated in state with the duke and the cardinals. after these solemn functions the customary pleasures followed, and the pope summoned the prettiest girls of the country and ordered them to dance their national dances before him.

following on these dances came feasts of unheard of magnificence, during which the pope in the sight of all men completely ignored lent and did not fast. the abject of all these fetes was to scatter abroad a great deal of money, and so to make the duke of valentinois popular, while poor jacopo d'appiano was forgotten.

when they left piombino, the pope and his son visited the island of elba, where they only stayed long enough to visit the old fortifications and issue orders for the building of new ones.

then the illustrious travellers embarked on their return journey to rome; but scarcely had they put out to sea when the weather became adverse, and the pope not wishing to put in at porto ferrajo, they remained five days on board, though they had only two days' provisions. during the last three days the pope lived on fried fish that were caught under great difficulties because of the heavy weather. at last they arrived in sight of corneto, and there the duke, who was not on the same vessel as the pope, seeing that his ship could not get in, had a boat put out, and so was taken ashore. the pope was obliged to continue on his way towards pontercole, where at last he arrived, after encountering so violent a tempest that all who were with him were utterly subdued either by sickness or by the terror of death. the pope alone did not show one instant's fear, but remained on the bridge during the storm, sitting on his arm-chair, invoking the name of jesus and making the sign of the cross. at last his ship entered the roads of pontercole, where he landed, and after sending to corneto to fetch horses, he rejoined the duke, who was there awaiting him. they then returned by slow stages, by way of civita vecchia and palo, and reached rome after an absence of a month. almost at the same time d'albret arrived in quest of his cardinal's hat. he was accompanied by two princes of the house of navarre, who were received with not only those honours which beseemed their rank, but also as brothers-in-law to whom the, duke was eager to show in what spirit he was contracting this alliance.