"who dug his grave?"

"who made his shroud?"

"i," said the beetle,

"with my thread and needle,

i made his shroud."—death of cock robin.

it must be much easier to play at things when there are more of you than when there is only one.

there is only one of me, and nurse does not care about playing at things. sometimes i try to persuade her; but if she is in a good temper she says she has got a bone in her leg, and if she isn't she says that when little boys can't amuse themselves it's a sure and certain sign they've got "the worrits," and the sooner they are put to bed with a gregory's powder "the better for themselves and every one else."

godfather gilpin can play delightfully when he has time, and he believes in fancy things, only he is so very busy with his books. but even when he is reading he will let you put him in the game. he doesn't mind pretending to be a fancy person if he hasn't to do anything, and if i do speak to him he always remembers who he is. that is why i like playing in his study better than in the nursery. and nurse always says "he's safe enough, with the old gentleman," so i'm allowed to go there as much as i like.

godfather gilpin lets me play with the books, because i always take care of them. besides, there is nothing else to play with, except the window-curtains, for the chairs are always full. so i sit on the floor, and sometimes i build with the books (particularly stonehenge), and sometimes i make people of them, and call them by the names on their backs, and the ones in other languages we call foreigners, and godfather gilpin tells me what countries they belong to. and sometimes i lie on my face and read (for i could read when i was four years old), and godfather gilpin tells me the hard words. the only rule he makes is, that i must get all the books out of one shelf, so that they are easily put away again. i may have any shelf i like, but i must not mix the shelves up.

i always took care of the books, and never had any accident with any of them till the day i dropped jeremy taylor's sermons. it made me very miserable, because i knew that godfather gilpin could never trust me so much again.

however, if it had not happened, i should not have known anything about the brothers of pity; so, perhaps (as mrs. james, godfather gilpin's house-keeper, says), "all's for the best," and "it's an ill wind that blows nobody good."

it happened on a sunday, i remember, and it was the day after the day on which i had had the shelf in which all the books were alike. they were all foreigners—italians—and all their names were goldoni, and there were forty-seven of them, and they were all in white and gold. i could not read any of them, but there were lots of pictures, only i did not know what the stories were about. so next day, when godfather gilpin gave me leave to play a sunday game with the books, i thought i would have english ones, and big ones, for a change, for the goldonis were rather small.

we played at church, and i was the parson, and godfather gilpin was the old gentleman who sits in the big pew with the knocker, and goes to sleep (because he wanted to go to sleep), and the books were the congregation. they were all big, but some of them were fat, and some of them were thin, like real people—not like the goldonis, which were all alike.

i was arranging them in their places and looking at their names, when i saw that one of them was called taylor's sermons, and i thought i would keep that one out and preach a real sermon out of it when i had read prayers. of course i had to do the responses as well as "dearly beloved brethren" and those things, and i had to sing the hymns too, for the books could not do anything, and godfather gilpin was asleep.

when i had finished the service i stood behind a chair that was full of newspapers, for a pulpit, and i lifted up taylor's sermons, and rested it against the chair, and began to look to see what i would preach. it was an old book, bound in brown leather, and ornamented with gold, with a picture of a man in a black gown and a round black cap and a white collar in the beginning; and there was a list of all the sermons with their names and the texts. i read it through, to see which sounded the most interesting, and i didn't care much for any of them. however, the last but one was called "a funeral sermon, preached at the obsequies of the right honourable the countess of carbery;" and i wondered what obsequies were, and who the countess of carbery was, and i thought i would preach that sermon and try to find out.

there was a very long text, and it was not a very easy one. it was: "for we must needs die, and are as water spilt on the ground, which cannot be gathered up again: neither doth god respect any person: yet doth he devise means that his banished be not expelled from him."

the sermon wasn't any easier than the text, and half the s's were like f's which made it rather hard to preach, and there was latin mixed up with it, which i had to skip. i had preached two pages when i got into the middle of a long sentence, of which part was this: "every trifling accident discomposes us; and as the face of waters wafting in a storm so wrinkles itself, that it makes upon its forehead furrows deep and hollow like a grave: so do our great and little cares and trifles first make the wrinkles of old age, and then they dig a grave for us."

i knew the meaning of the words "wrinkles," and "old age." godfather gilpin's forehead had unusually deep furrows, and, almost against my will, i turned so quickly to look if his wrinkles were at all like the graves in the churchyard, that taylor's sermons, in its heavy binding, slipped from the pulpit and fell to the ground.

and godfather gilpin woke up, and (quite forgetting that he was really the old gentleman in the pew with the knocker) said, "dear me, dear me! is that jeremy taylor that you are knocking about like a football? my dear child, i can't lend you my books to play with if you drop them on to the floor."

i took it up in my arms and carried it sorrowfully to godfather gilpin. he was very kind, and said it was not hurt, and i might go on playing with the others; but i could see him stroking its brown leather and gold back, as if it had been bruised and wanted comforting, and i was far too sorry about it to go on preaching, even if i had had anything to preach.

i picked up the smallest book i could see in the congregation, and sat down and pretended to read. there were pictures in it, but i turned over a great many, one after the other, before i could see any of them, my eyes were so full of tears of mortification and regret. the first picture i saw when my tears had dried up enough to let me see was a very curious one indeed. it was a picture of two men carrying what looked like another man covered with a blue quilt, on a sort of bier. but the funny part about it was the dress of the men. they were wrapped up in black cloaks, and had masks over their faces, and underneath the picture was written, "fratelli della misericordia"—"brothers of pity."

i do not know whether the accident to jeremy taylor had made godfather gilpin too anxious about his books to sleep, but i found that he was keeping awake, and after a bit he said to me, "what are you staring so hard and so quietly at, little mouse?"

i looked at the back of the book, and it was called religious orders; so i said, "it's called religious orders, but the picture i'm looking at has got two men dressed in black, with their faces covered all but their eyes, and they are carrying another man with something blue over him."

"fratelli della misericordia," said godfather gilpin.

"who are they, and what are they doing?" i asked. "and why are their faces covered?"

"they belong to a body of men," was godfather gilpin's reply, "who bind themselves to be ready in their turn to do certain offices of mercy, pity, and compassion to the sick, the dying, and the dead. the brotherhood is six hundred years old, and still exists. the men who belong to it receive no pay, and they equally reject the reward of public praise, for they work with covered faces, and are not known even to each other. rich men and poor men, noble men and working men, men of letters and the ignorant, all belong to it, and each takes his turn when it comes round to nurse the sick, carry the dying to hospital, and bury the dead.'

"is that a dead man under the blue coverlet?" i asked with awe.

"i suppose so," said godfather gilpin.

"but why don't his friends go to the funeral?" i inquired.

"he has no friends to follow him," said my godfather. "that is why he is being buried by the brothers of pity."

long after godfather gilpin had told me all that he could tell me of the fratelli della misericordia—long after i had put the congregation (including the religious orders and taylor's sermons) back into the shelf to which they belonged—the masked faces and solemn garb of the men in the picture haunted me.

i have changed my mind a great many times, since i can remember, about what i will be when i am grown up. sometimes i have thought i should like to be an officer and die in battle; sometimes i settled to be a clergyman and preach splendid sermons to enormous congregations; once i quite decided to be a head fireman and wear a brass helmet, and be whirled down lighted streets at night, every one making way for me, on errands of life and death.

but the history of the brothers of pity put me out of conceit with all other heroes. it seemed better than anything i had ever thought of—to do good works unseen of men, without hope of reward, and to those who could make no return. for it rang in my ears that godfather gilpin had said, "he has no friends—that is why he is being buried by the brothers of pity."

i quite understood what i thought they must feel, because i had once buried a cat who had no friends. it was a poor half-starved old thing, for the people it belonged to had left it, and i used to see it slinking up to the back door and looking at tabby, who was very fat and sleek, and at the scraps on the unwashed dishes after dinner. mrs. jones kicked it out every time, and what happened to it before i found it lying draggled and dead at the bottom of the ha-ha, with the top of a kettle still fastened to its scraggy tail, i never knew, and it cost me bitter tears to guess. it cost me some hard work, too, to dig the grave, for my spade was so very small.

i don't think mrs. jones would have cared to be a brother of pity, for she was very angry with me for burying that cat, because it was such a wretched one, and so thin and dirty, and looked so ugly and smelt so nasty. but that was just why i wanted to give it a good funeral, and why i picked my crimson lily and put it in the grave, because it seemed so sad the poor thing should be like that when it might have been clean and fluffy, and fat and comfortable, like tabby, if it had had a home and people to look after it.

it was remembering about the cat that made me think that there were no brothers of pity (not even in tuscany, for i asked godfather gilpin) to bury beasts and birds and fishes when they have no friends to go to their funerals. and that was how it was that i settled to be a brother of pity without waiting till i grew up and could carry men.

i had a shilling of my own, and with sixpence of it i bought a yard and a half of black calico at the post-office shop, and mrs. jones made me a cloak out of it; and with the other sixpence i bought a mask—for they sell toys there too. it was not a right sort of mask, but i could not make mrs. jones understand about a hood with two eye-holes in it, and i did not like to show her the picture, for if she had seen that i wanted to play at burying people, perhaps she would not have made me the cloak. she made it very well, and it came down to my ankles, and i could hide my spade under it. the worst of the mask was that it was a funny one, with a big nose; but it hid my face all the same, and when you get inside a mask you can feel quite grave whatever it's painted like.

i had never had so happy a summer before as the one when i was a brother of pity. i heard nurse saying to mrs. jones that "there was no telling what would keep children out of mischief," for that i "never seemed to be tired of that old black rag and that ridiculous face."

but it was not the dressing-up that pleased me day after day, it was the chance of finding dead bodies with no friends to bury them. going out is quite a new thing when you have something to look for; and godfather gilpin says he felt just the same in the days when he used to collect insects.

i found a good many corpses of one sort and another: birds and mice and frogs and beetles, and sometimes bigger bodies—such as kittens and dogs. the stand of my old wooden horse made a capital thing to drag them on, for all the wheels were there, and i had a piece of blue cotton-velvet to put on the top, but the day i found a dead mole i did not cover him. i put him outside, and he looked like black velvet lying on blue velvet. it seemed quite a pity to put him into the dirty ground, with such a lovely coat.

one day i was coming back from burying a mouse, and i saw a "flying watchman" beetle lying quite stiff and dead, as i thought, with his legs stretched out, and no friends; so i put him on the bier at once, and put the blue velvet over him, and drew him to the place where the mouse's grave was. when i took the pall off and felt him, and turned him over and over, he was still quite rigid, so i felt sure he was dead, and began to dig his grave; but when i had finished and went back to the bier, the flying watchman was just creeping over the wheel. he had only pretended to be dead, and had given me all that trouble for nothing.

when first i became a brother of pity, i thought i would have a graveyard to bury all the creatures in, but afterwards i changed my mind and settled to bury them all near wherever i found them. but i got some bits of white wood, and fastened them across each other with bits of wire, and so marked every grave.

at last there were lots of them dotted about the fields and woods i knew. i remembered to whom most of them belonged, and even if i had forgotten, it made a very good game, to pretend to be a stranger in the neighbourhood, and then pretend to be somebody else, talking to myself, and saying, "wherever you see those little graves some poor creature has been buried by the brothers of pity."

i did not like to read the burial service, for fear it should not be quite right (especially for frogs; there were so many of them in summer, and they were so horrid-looking, i used to bury several together, and pretend it was the time of the plague); but i did not like not having any service at all. so when i put on my cloak and mask, and took my spade and the bier, i said, "brothers, let us prepare to perform this work of mercy," which is the first thing the real fratelli della misericordia say when they are going out. and when i buried the body i said, "go in peace," which is the last thing that they say. godfather gilpin told me, and i learnt it by heart.

i enjoyed it very much. there were graves of beasts and birds who had died without friends in the hedges and the soft parts of the fields in almost all our walks. i never showed them to nurse, but i often wondered that she did not notice them. i always touched my hat when i passed them, and sometimes it was very difficult to do so without her seeing me, but it made me quite uncomfortable if i passed a grave without. when i could not find any bodies i amused myself with making wreaths to hang over particularly nice poor beasts, such as a bullfinch or a kitten.

i had been a brother of pity for several months, when a very curious thing happened.

one summer evening i went by myself after tea into a steep little field at the back of our house, with an old stone-quarry at the top, on the ledges of which, where the earth had settled, i used to play at making gardens. and there, lying on a bit of very stony ground, half on the stones and half on the grass, was a dead robin-redbreast. i love robins very much, and it was not because i wanted one to die, but because i thought that if one did die, i should so like to bury him, that i had wished to find a dead robin ever since i became a brother of pity. it was rather late, but it wanted nearly an hour to my usual bedtime, so i thought i would go home at once for my dress and spade and bier, and for some roses. for i had resolved to bury this (my first robin-redbreast) in a grave lined with rose-leaves, and to give him a wreath of forget-me-nots.

just as i was going i heard a loud buzz above my head, and something hit me in the face. it was a beetle, whirring about in the air, and as i turned to leave poor robin the beetle sat down on him, on the middle of his red breast, and by still hearing the buzzing, i found that another beetle was whirling and whirring just above my head in the air. i like beetles (especially the flying watchmen), and these ones were black too; so i said, for fun, "you've got on your black things, and if you'll take care of the body till i get my spade you shall be brothers of pity."

i ran home, and i need not have gone indoors at all, for i keep my cloak and my spade and the bier in the summer-house, but the bits of wood were in the nursery cupboard, so, after i had got some good roses, and was quite ready, i ran up-stairs, and there, to my great vexation, nurse met me, and said i was to go to bed.

i thought it was very hard, because it had been a very hot day, and i had had to go a walk in the heat of the sun along the old coaching-road with nurse, and it seemed so provoking, now it was cool and the moon was rising, that i should have to go to bed, especially as nurse was sending me there earlier than usual because she wanted to go out herself, and i knew it.

i tried to go to sleep, but i couldn't. every time i opened my eyes the moonlight was more and more like daylight through the white blind. at last i almost thought i must have really been to sleep without knowing it, and that it must be morning. so i got out of bed, and went to the window and peeped; but it was still moonlight—only moonlight as bright as day—and i saw nurse and two of the maids just going through the upper gate into the park.

in one moment i made up my mind. nurse had only put me to bed to get me out of the way. i did not mean to trouble her, but i was determined not to lose the chance of being brother of pity to a robin-redbreast.

i dressed myself as well as i could, got out unobserved, and made my way to the summer-house. things look a little paler by moonlight, otherwise i could see quite well. i put on my cloak, took my spade and the handle of the bier in my right hand, and holding the mask over my face with my left, i made my way to the quarry field.

it was a lovely night, and as i strolled along i thought with myself that the ground where robin lay was too stony for my spade, and that i must move him a little lower, where some soft earth bordered one side of the quarry.

i was as certain as i had ever been of anything that i did not think about this till then, but when i got to the quarry the body was gone from the place where i had found it; and when i looked lower, on the bit of soft earth there lay robin, just in the place where i was settling in my mind that i would bury him.

i could not believe my eyes through the holes in my mask, so i pulled it off, but there was no doubt about the fact. there he lay; and round him, when i looked closer, i saw a ridge like a rampart of earth, which framed him neatly and evenly, as if he were already halfway into his grave.

the moonlight was as clear as day, there was no mistake as to what i saw, and whilst i was looking the body of the bird began to sink by little jerks, as if some one were pulling it from below. when first it moved i thought that poor robin could not be dead after all, and that he was coming to life again like the flying watchman, but i soon saw that he was not, and that some one was pulling him down into a grave.

when i felt quite sure of this, when i had rubbed my eyes to clear them, and pulled up the lashes to see if i was awake, i was so horribly frightened that, with my mask in one hand and the spade and the handle of my bier in the other, i ran home as fast as my legs would carry me, leaving the roses and the cross and the blue-velvet pall behind me in the quarry.

nurse was still out; and i crept back to bed without detection, where i dreamed disturbedly of invisible gravediggers all through the night.

i did not feel quite so much afraid by daylight, but i was not a bit less puzzled as to how cock robin had been moved from the stony place to the soft earth, and who dug his grave. i could not ask nurse about it, for i should have had to tell her i had been out, and i could not have trusted mrs. jones either; but godfather gilpin never tells tales of me, and he knows everything, so i went to him.

the more i thought of it the more i saw that the only way was to tell him everything; for if you only tell parts of things you sometimes find yourself telling lies before you know where you are. so i put on my cloak and my mask, and took the shovel and bier into the study, and sat down on the little foot-stool i always wait on when godfather gilpin is in the middle of reading, and keeps his head down to show that he does not want to be disturbed.

when he shut up his book and looked at me he burst out laughing. i meant to have asked him why, but i was so busy afterwards i forgot. i suppose it was the nose, for it had got rather broken when i fell down as i was burying the old drake that neptune killed.

but he was very kind to me, and i told him all about my being a brother of pity, and how i had wanted to bury a robin, and how i had found one, and how he had frightened me by burying himself.

"some other brother of pity must have found him," said my godfather, still laughing. "and he must have got jack the giant-killer's cloak of darkness for his dress, so that you did not see him."

"there was nobody there," i earnestly answered, shaking my mask as i thought of the still, lonely moonlight. "nothing but two beetles, and i said if they would take care of him they might be brothers of pity."

"they took you at your word, mio fratello. take off your mask, which a little distracts me, and i will tell you who buried cock robin."

i knew when godfather gilpin was really telling me things—without thinking of something else, i mean,—and i listened with all my ears.

"the beetles whom you very properly admitted into your brotherhood," said my godfather, "were burying beetles, or sexton beetles,[a] as they are sometimes called. they bury animals of all sizes in a surprisingly short space of time. if two of them cannot conduct the funeral, they summon others. they carry the bodies, if necessary, to suitable ground. with their flat heads (for the sexton beetle does not carry a shovel as you do) they dig trench below trench all round the body they are committing to the earth, after which they creep under it and pull it down, and then shovel away once more, and so on till it is deep enough in, and then they push the earth over it and tread it and pat it neatly down."

"then was it the beetles who were burying the robin-redbreast?" i gasped.

"i suspect so," said godfather gilpin. "but we will go and see."

he actually knocked a book down in his hurry to get his hat, and when i helped him to pick it up, and said, "why, godfather, you're as bad as i was about taylor's sermons," he said, "i am an old fool, my dear. i used to be very fond of insects before i settled down to the work i'm at now, and it quite excites me to go out into the fields again."

i never had a nicer walk, for he showed me lots of things i had never noticed, before we got to the quarry field; and then i took him straight to the place where the bit of soft earth was, and there was nothing to be seen, and the earth was quite smooth and tidy. but when he poked with his stick the ground was very soft, and after he had poked a little we saw some nut-brown feathers, and we knew it was robin's grave.

and i said, "don't poke any more, please. i wanted to bury him with rose-leaves, but the beetles were dressed in black, and i gave them leave, and i think i'll put a cross over him, because i don't think it's untrue to show that he was buried by the brothers of pity."

godfather gilpin quite agreed with me, and we made a nice mound (for i had brought my spade), and put the best kind of cross, and afterwards i made a wreath of forget-me-nots to hang on it.

he was the only robin-redbreast i have found since i became a brother of pity, and that was how it was that it was not i who buried him after all.

many of the walks that nurse likes to take i do not care about, but one place she likes to go to, especially on sunday, i like too, and that is the churchyard.

i was always fond of it. it is so very nice to read the tombstones, and fancy what the people were like, particularly the ones who lived long ago, in 1600 and something, with beautifully-shaped sixes and capital letters on their graves. for they must have dressed quite differently from us, and perhaps they knew charles the first and oliver cromwell.

diggory the gravedigger never talks much, but i like to watch him. i think he is rather deaf, for when i asked him if he thought, if he went on long enough, he could dig himself through to the other side of the world, he only said "hey?" and chucked up a great shovelful of earth. but perhaps it was because he was so deep down that he could not hear.

now, when he is quite out of sight, and chucks the earth up like that, it makes me think of the sexton beetles; for godfather gilpin says they drive their flat heads straight down, and then lift them with a sharp jerk, and throw the earth up so.

i said to diggory one day, "don't you wish your head was flat, instead of being as it is, so that you could shovel with it instead of having to have a spade?"

he wasn't so deep down that time, and he heard me, and put his head up out of the grave and rested on his spade. but he only scratched his head and stared, and said, "you be an uncommon queer young gentleman, to be sure," and then went on digging again. and i was afraid he was angry, so i daren't ask him any more.

i daren't of course ask him if he is a brother of pity, but i think he deserves to be, for workhouse burials at any rate; for if you have only the porter and silly billy at your funeral, i don't think you can call that having friends.

i have taken the beetles for my brothers, of course. godfather gilpin says i should find far more bodies than i do if they were not burying all along. i often wish i could understand them when they hum, and that they knew me.

i wonder if either they or diggory know that they belong to the order of fratelli della misericordia, and that i belong to it too?

but of course it would not be right to ask them, even if either of them would answer me, for if we were "known, even to each other," we should not really and truly be brothers of pity.

note—burying beetles are to the full as skilful as they are described in this tale. with a due respect for the graces of art, i have not embodied the fact that they feed on the carcases which they bury. the last thing that the burying beetle does, after tidying the grave, is to make a small hole and go down himself, having previously buried his partner with their prey. here the eggs are laid, and the larv? hatched and fed.