our young voyageurs now prepared to resume their journey. while norman was engaged in building his canoe, with his assistant, françois, the others had not been idle. basil was, of course, the hunter of the party; and, in addition to the small game, such as hares, geese, and grouse, he had killed three caribou, of the large variety known as “woodland caribou.” these are a species of the reindeer (cervus tarandus), of which i have more to say hereafter. lucien had attended to the drying of their flesh; and there was enough of it still left, as our voyageurs believed, to supply their wants until they should reach cumberland house, where they would, of course, procure a fresh stock of provisions. the skins of the caribou had also been scraped and dressed by lucien—who understood the process well—and these, with the skin of the antelope, were sufficient to make a pair of hunting-shirts for basil and norman, who, it will be remembered, had lost theirs by cutting them up.
next morning the canoe was launched upon the river—below the rapids—and the dried meat, with their other matters, snugly stowed in the stern. then the young voyageurs got in, and, seating themselves in their places, seized hold of the paddles. the next moment the canoe shot out into the stream; and a triumphant cheer from the crew announced that they had recommenced their journey. they found to their delight that the little vessel behaved admirably,—shooting through the water like an arrow, and leaking not water enough, as françois expressed it, “to drown a mosquito.” they had all taken their seats in the order which had been agreed upon for the day. norman was “bowsman,” and, of course, sate in the bow. this, among the regular canadian voyageurs, is esteemed the post of honour, and the bowsman is usually styled “captain” by the rest of the crew. it is also the post that requires the greatest amount of skill on the part of its occupant, particularly where there are rapids or shoals to be avoided. the post of “steersman” is also one of honour and importance; and both steersman and bowsman receive higher wages than the other voyageurs, who pass under the name of “middlemen.” the steersman sits in the stern, and that place was now occupied by lucien, who had proved himself an excellent steersman. basil and françois were, of course, the “middlemen,” and plied the paddles. this was the arrangement made for the day; but although on other days the programme was to be changed, so as to relieve basil and françois, on all occasions when there were rapids or other difficulties to be encountered they were to return to this order. norman, of course, understood canoe navigation better than his southern cousins; and therefore, by universal assent, he was acknowledged “the captain,” and françois always addressed him as such. lucien’s claim to the post of second honour was admitted to be just, as he had proved himself capable of filling it to the satisfaction of all. marengo had no post, but lay quietly upon the buffalo skin between lucien’s legs, and listened to the conversation without joining in it, or in any way interfering in the working of the vessel.
in a few hours our voyageurs had passed through the low marshy country that lies around the mouth of the red river, and the white expanse of the great lake winnipeg opened before them, stretching northward far beyond the range of their vision. norman knew the lake, having crossed it before, but its aspect somewhat disappointed the southern travellers. instead of a vast dark lake which they had expected to see, they looked upon a whitish muddy sheet, that presented but few attractive points to the eye, either in the hue of its water or the scenery of its shores. these, so far as they could see them, were low, and apparently marshy; and this is, in fact, the character of the southern shores of winnipeg. on its east and north, however, the country is of a different character. there the geological formation is what is termed primitive. the rocks consist of granite, sienite, gneiss, etcetera; and, as is always the case where such rocks are found, the country is hilly and rugged. on the western shores a secondary formation exists. this is stratified limestone,—the same as that which forms the bed of many of the great prairies of america; and, indeed, the lake winnipeg lies between this secondary formation and the primitive, which bounds it on the east. along its western shores extends the flat limestone country, partly wooded and partly prairie land, running from that point for hundreds of miles up to the very foot of the rocky mountains, where the primitive rocks again make their appearance in the rugged peaks of that stupendous chain. lake winnipeg is nearly three hundred miles in length, but it is very narrow—being in its widest reach not over fifty miles, and in many places only fifteen miles from shore to shore. it trends nearly due north and south, leaning a little north-west and south-east, and receives many large rivers, as the red, the saskatchewan, and the winnipeg. the waters of these are again carried out of it by other rivers that run from the lake, and empty into the hudson’s bay. there is a belief among the hunters and voyageurs that this lake has its tides like the ocean. such, however, is not the case. there is at times a rise and overflow of its waters, but it is not periodical, and is supposed to be occasioned by strong winds forcing the waters towards a particular shore.
lake winnipeg is remarkable, as being in the very centre of the north american continent, and may be called the centre of the canoe navigation. from this point it is possible to travel by water to hudson’s bay on the north-east, to the atlantic ocean on the east, to the gulf of mexico on the south, to the pacific on the west, and to the polar sea on the north and north-west. considering that some of these distances are upwards of three thousand miles, it will be perceived that lake winnipeg holds a singular position upon the continent. all the routes mentioned can be made without any great “portage,” and even a choice of route is often to be had upon those different lines of communication.
these were points of information communicated by norman as the canoe was paddled along the shore; for norman, although troubling himself but little about the causes of things, possessed a good practical knowledge of things as they actually were. he was tolerably well acquainted with the routes, their portages, and distances. some of them he had travelled over in company with his father, and of others he had heard the accounts given by the voyageurs, traders, and trappers. norman knew that lake winnipeg was muddy,—he did not care to inquire the cause. he knew that there was a hilly country on its eastern and a low level land on its western shores, but it never occurred to him to speculate on this geological difference. it was the naturalist lucien who threw out some hints on this part of the subject, and further added his opinion, that the lake came to be there in consequence of the wearing away of the rocks at the junction of the stratified with the primitive formation, thus creating an excavation in the surface, which in time became filled with water and formed the lake. this cause he also assigned for the existence of a remarkable “chain of lakes” that extends almost from the arctic sea to the frontiers of canada. the most noted of these are martin, great slave, athabasca, wollaston, deer, lake winnipeg, and the lake of the woods. lucien further informed his companions, that where primitive rocks form the surface of a country, that surface will be found to exhibit great diversity of aspect. there will be numerous lakes and swamps, rugged steep hills with deep valleys between, short streams with many falls and rapids. these are the characteristics of a primitive surface. on the other hand, where secondary rocks prevail the surface is usually a series of plains, often high, dry, and treeless, as is the case upon the great american prairies.
upon such topics did lucien instruct his companions, as they paddled their canoe around the edge of the lake. they had turned the head of their little vessel westward—as it was their design to keep along the western border of the lake until they should reach the mouth of the saskatchewan. they kept at a short distance from the shore, usually steering from point to point, and in this way making their route as direct as possible. it would have been still more direct had they struck out into the open lake, and kept up its middle; but this would have been a dangerous course to pursue. there are often high winds upon lake winnipeg, that spring up suddenly; and at such times the waves, if not mountains high, at least arrive at the height of houses. among such billows the little craft would have been in danger of being swamped, and our voyageurs of going to the bottom. they, therefore, wisely resolved not to risk such an accident, but to “hug the shore,” though it made their voyage longer. each night they would land at some convenient place, kindle their fire, cook their supper, and dry their canoe for the next day’s journey.
according to this arrangement, a little before sunset of the first day they came to land and made their camp. the canoe was unloaded, carefully lifted out of the water, and then set bottom upward to drip and dry. a fire was kindled, some of the dry meat cooked, and all four sat down and began to eat, as only hungry travellers can.
