the name of “south country” is taken from a poem by mr. hilaire belloc, beginning—

“when i am living in the midlands,

they are sodden and unkind,

i light my lamp in the evening,

my work is left behind;

and the great hills of the south country

come back into my mind.”

the name is given to the south of england as distinguished from the midlands, “north england”, and “west england” by the severn. the poet is thinking particularly of sussex and of the south downs. in using the term i am thinking of all that country which is dominated by the downs or by the english channel, or by both; cornwall and east anglia have been admitted only for the sake of contrast. roughly speaking, it is the country south of the thames and severn and east of exmoor, and it includes, therefore, the counties of[2] kent, sussex, surrey, hampshire, berkshire, wiltshire, dorset, and part of somerset. east and west across it go ranges of chalk hills, their sides smoothly hollowed by nature and the marl-burner, or sharply scored by old roads. on their lower slopes they carry the chief woods of the south country, their coombes are often fully fledged with trees, and sometimes their high places are crowned with beech or fir; but they are most admirably themselves when they are bare of all but grass and a few bushes of gorse and juniper and some yew, and their ridges make flowing but infinitely variable clear lines against the sky. sometimes they support a plateau of flint and clay, which slopes gradually to the level of the streams. sometimes they fall away to the vales in well-defined ledges—first a long curving slope, then a plain of cornland, and below that a steep but lesser slope covered with wood, and then again grassland or sandy heaths and rivers. except on the plateau, the summits have few houses and very small hamlets; the first terrace has larger villages and even a town or two; but most of the towns are beneath on the banks of the rivers, and chiefly where they are broadest near the sea, or on the coast itself. the rivers flow mainly north and south, and can have but a short course before they enter the sea on the south or the thames on the north. those i remember best are the stours, the two rothers, but especially the one which joins the arun, the medway, the len, the eden, the holling, the teise, the ouse, the itchen, the meon, the wey, the mole, the kennet, the ray, the winterbournes, the wiltshire avon, the wylye, the ebble, and many little waters running gold over new forest gravel or crystal over the chalk of hamp[3]shire, and not least of all that unlucky rivulet, the wandle, once a nymph that walked among her sisters—

so amiable, fair, so pure, so delicate,

so plump, so full, so fresh, her eyes so wondrous clear:

and first unto her lord, at wandsworth doth appear,

that in the goodly court, of their great sovereign tames,

there might no other speech be had amongst the streams,

but only of this nymph, sweet wandel, what she wore;

of her complexion, grace, and how herself she bore.

nor can i omit the wiltshire and berkshire canal, as it was fifteen years ago, between swindon and dauntsey, an unfrequented by-way through a quiet dairy country, and full of pike and tench among the weeds and under the tall water docks and willow herbs which even then threatened to subdue it as they now have done.

the chief roads make south, south-east, south-west and west from london; almost the only road going east and west and not touching london is the old road known between winchester and canterbury as the pilgrims’ way.

most of the towns are small market towns, manufacturing chiefly beer; or they are swollen, especially in the neighbourhood of london, as residential quarters on lines of railway or as health and pleasure resorts on the sea. but any man used to maps will be wiser on these matters in an hour than i am. for what i have sought is quiet and as complete a remoteness as possible from towns, whether of manufactures, of markets or of cathedrals. i have used a good many maps in my time, largely to avoid the towns; but i confess that i prefer to do without them and to go, if i have some days before me, guided by the hills or the sun or a stream—or, if i have one day only, in a rough circle, trusting,[4] by taking a series of turnings to the left or a series to the right, to take much beauty by surprise and to return at last to my starting-point. on a dull day or cloudy night i have often no knowledge of the points of the compass. i never go out to see anything. the signboards thus often astonish me. i wish, by the way, that i had noted down more of the names on the signboards at the cross-roads. there is a wealth of poetry in them, as in that which points—by a ford, too—first, to poulner and ringwood; second, to gorley and fordingbridge; third, to linwood and broomy: and another pointing to fordingbridge, to ringwood, and to cuckoo hill and furze hill: and another in the parish of pentlow, pointing to foxearth and sudbury, to cavendish and clare, and to belchamps and yeldham. castles, churches, old houses, of extraordinary beauty or interest, have never worn out any of my shoe leather except by accident. i like to come upon them—usually without knowing their names and legends—but do not lament when chance takes me a hundred times out of their way. nor have i ever been to marlow to think about shelley, or to winterslow for hazlitt’s sake; and i enter buriton many times without remembering gibbon. they would move me no more than the statue of a man and a fat horse (with beribboned tail), which a grateful countryside erected to william iii in the market square at petersfield. i prefer any country church or chapel to winchester or chichester or canterbury cathedral, just as i prefer “all round my hat,” or “somer is icumen in,” to beethoven. not that i dislike the cathedrals, or that i do not find many pleasures amongst them. but[5] they are incomprehensible and not restful. i feel when i am within them that i know why a dog bays at the moon. they are much more difficult or, rather, i am more conscious in them of my lack of comprehension, than the hills or the sea; and i do not like the showmen, the smell and look of the museum, the feeling that it is admiration or nothing, and all the well-dressed and flyblown people round about. i sometimes think that religious architecture is a dead language, majestic but dead, that it never was a popular language. have some of these buildings lived too long, been too well preserved, so as to oppress our little days with too permanent an expression of the passing things? the truth is that, though the past allures me, and to discover a cathedral for myself would be an immense pleasure, i have no historic sense and no curiosity. i mention these trivial things because they may be important to those who read what i am paid for writing. i have read a great deal of history—in fact, a university gave me a degree out of respect for my apparent knowledge of history—but i have forgotten it all, or it has got into my blood and is present in me in a form which defies evocation or analysis. but as far as i can tell i am pure of history. consequently i prefer the old brick houses round the cathedral, and that avenue of archaic bossy limes to the cathedral itself with all its turbulent quiet and vague antiquity. the old school also close at hand! i was there after the end of the term once, and two boys were kicking a football in a half-walled court; it was a bright, cold, windy april afternoon; and the ancient brick was penetrated with their voices and the sound of the ball,[6] and i thought there could be nothing lovelier than that court, the pleasant walls, and the broad playing fields in sight of a smooth noble hill and a temple of dark firs on top. i was not thinking of winchester or of any one older than the fondest son of that “mother, more than mother,” and little of him; but was merely caught up by and with the harmony of man and his work, of two children playing, and of the green downs and windy sky.

and so i travel, armed only with myself, an avaricious and often libertine and fickle eye and ear, in pursuit, not of knowledge, not of wisdom, but of one whom to pursue is never to capture. politics, the drama, science, racing, reforms and preservations, divorces, book clubs—nearly everything which the average (oh! mysterious average man, always to be met but never met) and the superior and the intelligent man is thinking of, i cannot grasp; my mind refuses to deal with them; and when they are discussed i am given to making answers like, “in kilve there is no weathercock.” i expect there are others as unfortunate, superfluous men such as the sanitation, improved housing, police, charities, medicine of our wonderful civilization saves from the fate of the cuckoo’s foster-brothers. they will perhaps follow my meanders and understand. the critics also will help. they will misunderstand—it is their trade. how well they know what i ought, or at least ought not, to do. i must, they have said, avoid “the manner of the worst oleographs”; must not be “affected,” though the recipe is not to be had; must beware of “over-excitation of the colour sense.” in slow course of years we acquire a way of expression, hopelessly inadequate, as we plainly see when[7] looking at the methods of great poets, of beautiful women, of athletes, of politicians, but still gradually as fitted to the mind as an old walking-stick to the hand that has worn and been worn by it, full of our weakness as of our strength, of our blindness as of our vision—the man himself, the poor man it may be. and i live by writing, since it is impossible to live by not writing in an age not of gold but of brass.

unlearned, incurious, but finding deepest ease and joy out of doors, i have gone about the south country these twenty years and more on foot, especially in kent between maidstone and ashford and round penshurst, in surrey between london, guildford and horley, in hampshire round petersfield, in wiltshire between wootton bassett, swindon and savernake. the people are almost foreign to me, the more so because country people have not yet been thrown into quite the same confusion as townspeople, and therefore look awkwardly upon those who are not in trade—writing is an unskilled labour and not a trade—not on the land, and not idle. but i have known something of two or three men and women, and have met a few dozen more. yet is this country, though i am mainly welsh, a kind of home, as i think it is more than any other to those modern people who belong nowhere. here they prefer to retire, here they take their holidays in multitudes. for it is a good foster-mother, ample-bosomed, mild and homely. the lands of wild coast, of mountains, of myriad chimneys, offer no such welcome. they have their race, their speech and ways, and are jealous. you must be a man of the sea or of the hills to dwell there at[8] ease. but the south is tender and will harbour any one; her quiet people resent intrusion quietly, so that many do not notice the resentment. these are the “home” counties. a man can hide away in them. the people are not hospitable, but the land is.

yet there are days and places which send us in search of another kind of felicity than that which dwells under the downs, when, for example, the dark wild of ashdown or of woolmer, some parcel of heathery land, with tufted pines and pale wandering roads, rises all dark and stormy out of the gentle vale, or on such an evening as when the sky is solemn blue save at the horizon where it is faint gold, and between the blue and the gold, across the north-west, lies an ashen waste of level cloud. this sky and its new moon and evening star below, is barred by the boles of beeches; through them the undulations of deserted ploughland are all but white with dewy grass and weed. underfoot winds a disused path amid almost overlapping dog’s mercury. the earth is like an exhausted cinder, cold, silent, dead, compared with the great act in the sky. suddenly a dog-fox barks—with melancholy and malice in the repeated hoarse yells—a sound that awakens the wildest past out of the wood and the old path. he passes by me at a trot, pausing a little to bark. he vanishes, but not his voice, into the wood, and he returns, still barking, and passes me again, filling the wood and the coombe below with a sound that has nothing to match it except that ashen waste in the beech-barred, cold blue and golden sky, against which the fox is carved in moving ebony. or again, when a rude dark headland rises out of the mist of the plain into the evening[9] sky. the woods seem but just freed from the horror of primeval sea, if that is not primeval sea washing their bases. capella hangs low, pale, large, moist and trembling, almost engulfed between two horns of the wood upon the headland, the frailest beacon of hope, still fluttering from the storm out of which the land is emerging. then, or at home looking at a map of britain, the west calls, out of wiltshire and out of cornwall and devon beyond, out of monmouth and glamorgan and gower and caermarthen, with a voice of dead townsends, eastaways, thomases, phillipses, treharnes, marendaz, sea men and mountain men.

westward, for men of this island, lies the sea; westward are the great hills. in a mere map the west of britain is fascinating. the great features of that map, which make it something more than a picture to be imperfectly copied by laborious childish pens, are the great promontories of caernarvon, of pembroke, of gower and of cornwall, jutting out into the western sea, like the features of a grim large face, such a face as is carved on a ship’s prow. these protruding features, even on a small-scale map, thrill the mind with a sense of purpose and spirit. they yearn, they peer out ever to the sea, as if using eyes and nostrils to savour the utmost scent of it, as if themselves calling back to the call of the waves. to the eyes of a child they stand for adventure. they are lean and worn and scarred with the strife and watching. then gradually into the mind of the child comes the story that justifies and, still more, inspires and seems to explain those westward-pointing promontories. for, out towards them continually have the conquered races[10] of the world retreated, and their settlements give those corners a strangeness and a charm to our fantastic sympathies. out from them conquerors in their turn have gone to found a legend like the welsh madoc, an empire like the men of devon. the blood of conquered and conqueror is in our veins, and it flushes the cheek at the sight or thought of the west. each man of us is as ancient and complicated, as lofty-spired and as deep-vaulted as cathedrals and castles old, and in those lands our crypts and dark foundations are dimly remembered. we look out towards them from the high camps at battlesbury and barbury: the lines of the downs go trooping along to them at night. even in the bosom of the south country, when the tranquil bells are calling over the corn at twilight, the westward-going hills, where the sun has fallen, draw the heart away and fill us with a desire to go on and on for ever, that same way. when, in the clear windy dawn, thin clouds like traveller’s joy are upon the high air, it seems that up there also, in those placid spaces, they travel and know the joy of the road, and the sun—feeding on the blue, as a child said yesterday, as lucretius said before—goes the desired way. london also calls, making the needle whirl in the compass. for in london also a man may live as up “a great river wide as any sea”; and over some of the fairest of the south country hangs the all-night glimmer of the city, warning, threatening, beckoning anon. some of this country has already perished, or is so ramparted about that there is no stranger country in the world unless it be those perpendicular valleys cloven among the blue mountains, their floors level and of the purest grass, but access[11]ible only at the end nearest the plain, where the cleft is sometimes so narrow that not even a dog can enter.

this, then, is my south country. it covers the north downs and the south downs, the icknield way and the pilgrims’ way, and the cross-roads between them and the thames and the sea, a land of hops, fruit, corn, high pasture, meadow, woodland, heath and shore. but there is no man of whose powers i stand more in awe than the topographical writer, from mr. a. g. bradley or mr. e. v. lucas downwards. i shall not attempt to compete with them. i should only be showing my ignorance and carelessness were i to label every piece of country which i chance to mention or describe. any one can point out my omissions, my blindness, my exaggeration. nor can i bring myself to mention the names of the places where i walked or sat down. in a sense this country is all “carved out of the carver’s brain” and has not a name. this is not the south country which measures about two hundred miles from east to west and fifty from north to south. in some ways it is incomparably larger than any country that was ever mapped, since upon nothing less than the infinite can the spirit disport itself. in other ways it is far smaller—as when a mountain with tracts of sky and cloud and the full moon glass themselves in a pond, a little pond.

it would need a more intellectual eye than mine to distinguish county from county by its physical character, its architecture, its people, its unique combination of common elements, and i shall not attempt it. as often as not i have no doubt mingled parts of kent with my wiltshire, and so on. and positively i cannot say to[12] which belongs one picture that occurs to me as characteristic of the south country—

a crossing of roads encloses a waste place of no man’s land, of dwarf oaks, hawthorn, bramble and fern, and the flowers of knapweed and harebell, and golden tormentil embroidering the heather and the minute seedling oaks. follow one of these roads past straight avenues of elms leading up to a farm (built square of stone, under a roof of thatch or stone slate, and lying well back from the road across a level meadow with some willows in the midst, elms round about, willow herb waving rosy by the stream at the border), or merely to a cluster of ricks; and presently the hedges open wide apart and the level white road cools itself under the many trees of a green, wych elms, sycamores, limes and horse-chestnuts, by a pool, and, on the other side, the sign of the “white hart,” its horns held back upon its haunches. a stone-built farm and its barns and sheds lie close to the green on either side, and another of more stateliness where the hedges once more run close together alongside the road. this farmhouse has three dormers, two rows of five shadowy windows below, and an ivied porch not quite in the centre; a modest lawn divided by a straight path; dense, well-watered borders of grey lavender, rosemary, ladslove, halberds of crimson hollyhock, infinite blending stars of michaelmas daisy; old apple trees seeming to be pulled down almost to the grass by glossy-rinded fruit: and, behind, the bended line of hills a league away, wedding the lowly meadows, the house and the trees to the large heavens and their white procession of clouds out of the south and the sea. the utmost kindliness of earth is[13] expressed in these three houses, the trees on the flat green, the slightly curving road across it, the uneven posts and rails leaning this way and that at the edge of the pond. the trees are so arranged about the road that they weave a harmony of welcome, of blessing, a viaticum for whosoever passes by and only for a moment tastes their shade, acknowledges unconsciously their attitudes, hears their dry summer murmuring, sees the house behind them. the wayfarer knows nothing of those who built them and those who live therein, of those who planted the trees just so and not otherwise, of the causes that shaped the green, any more than of those who reaped and threshed the barley, and picked and dried and packed the hops that made the ale at the “white hart.” he only knows that centuries of peace and hard work and planning for the undreaded future have made it possible. the spirit of the place, all this council of time and nature and men, enriches the air with a bloom deeper than summer’s blue of distance; it drowses while it delights the responding mind with a magic such as once upon a time men thought to express by gods of the hearth, by faunus and the flying nymphs, by fairies, angels, saints, a magic which none of these things is too strange and “supernatural” to represent. for after the longest inventory of what is here visible and open to analysis, much remains over, imponderable but mighty. often when the lark is high he seems to be singing in some keyless chamber of the brain; so here the house is built in shadowy replica. if only we could make a graven image of this spirit instead of a muddy untruthful reflection of words! i have sometimes thought that a statue, the statue of a human[14] or heroic or divine figure, might more fitly than in many another stand in such a place. a figure, it should be, like that benign proud demeter in marble now banished to a recess in a cold gallery, before which a man of any religion, or class, or race, or time might bow and lay down something of his burden and take away what makes him other than he was. she would be at home and blithe again, enshrined in the rain or in this flowery sunlight of an english green, near the wych elm and sycamore and the walls of stone, the mortar mixed, as in all true buildings, with human blood.