gabriele d'annunzio, poet, novelist, and dramatist, was born in 1864, on the yacht irene near pescara in the abruzzi, his mother being the duchess maria galesse of rome. his education was begun in the college of prato, in tuscany, and finished in the university of rome. his mind early showed signs of extraordinary power and brilliant versatility; he studied art and produced very creditable work while a mere lad, and at the age of sixteen he published his first poem, primo vere, which attracted flattering attention and caused him to be hailed as an infant prodigy. in 1880 he went to rome and became a contributor to the cronaca bizantina, a magazine of art and literature. he remained in rome three years, producing in that time terra vergine ("virgin soil"), canto novo ("new song"), and intermezzo di rime ("intervals of rhyme"), all of which were received with admiration and amazement, and with not a little criticism for their unconventional boldness of expression.
d'annunzio left rome in 1884 and returned to his native hills, where he wrote il libro delle vergine ("the book of the virgins") in 1884; san pantaleone (1886), and isottèo guttadauro. then, abandoning his revolutionary and realistic though splendid and intoxicating poetry for prose, the young genius next surprised his public with a novel, giovanni episcopo, followed by il piacere ("the child of pleasure"), in 1889. the former is a strong yet repelling story of crude brutalism, told by a victim of relentless fate; the latter is a kind of poem in prose, in which there is something above mere facility of literary touch; he shows the power of the master poet or painter to see the world at a glance, and with a dextrous hand to draw for eyes less keen that world in all its changeful aspects.
his next important novel, il trionfo della morte ("the triumph of death") was produced in 1896. this brought upon him a storm of mingled applause and criticism—admiration for its marvelous beauty of literary expression, condemnation of the realistic study of a degenerate whose sins lead him to suicide. but, with a proud defiance of criticism, with eyes fixed only on his art, he dared after this achievement to write the self-revelatory novel that is known as his masterpiece—il fuoco ("the flame"). in this great novel, which may fairly be called unique, we recognize the personification of a renascence of latin genius. under the thinnest veil of disguise, the author presents his own figure and that of one of the world's greatest tragic actresses, revealing the most intimate details of their well known friendship. on this picture of the most romantic of love-affairs, in venice, the most romantic of cities, he has lavished his finest strokes of genius, writing of feminine nature with rare truth and skill, and an exquisite intuition as to the workings of a woman's mind and the throbbings of her heart.
besides his poems and novels, d'annunzio has written several plays, the best known being la gioconda ("joy"), la gloria ("glory"), la morta città ("the city of the dead"), and francesca da rimini. he is unquestionably the greatest italian writer of to-day, and few works of italian fiction appear that do not show something of his influence. a european critic of keen discernment says: "read his works, all ye men and women for whom life has no secrets and truth has no terror."
d. k. r.
