defeat of the persians.—loss on both sides.

the persians themselves, as well as their horses, were now being struck on their faces with the lances from all sides, and were being repulsed by the cavalry. they also received much damage from the light-armed troops who were mingled with the cavalry. they first began to give way where alexander himself was braving danger in the front. when their centre had given way, the 48horse on both wings were also naturally broken through, and took to speedy flight. of the persian cavalry only about 1,000 were killed; for alexander did not pursue them far, but turned aside to attack the greek mercenaries, the main body of whom was still remaining where it was posted at first. this they did rather from amazement at the unexpected result of the struggle than from any steady resolution. leading the phalanx against these, and ordering the cavalry to fall upon them from all sides in the midst, he soon cut them up, so that none of them escaped except such as might have concealed themselves among the dead bodies. about 2,000 were taken prisoners.133 the following leaders of the persians also fell in the battle: niphates, petines, spithridates, viceroy of lydia, mithrobuzanes, governor of cappadocia, mithridates, the son-in-law of darius, arbupales, son of darius the son of artaxerxes, pharnaces, brother of the wife of darius,134 and onares, commander of the auxiliaries. arsites fled from the battle into phrygia, where he is reported to have committed suicide, because he was deemed by the persians the cause of their defeat on that occasion.

of the macedonians, about twenty-five of the companions were killed at the first onset; brazen statues of whom were erected at dium,135 executed by lysippus,136 at 49alexander’s order. the same statuary also executed a statue of alexander himself, being chosen by him for the work in preference to all other artists. of the other cavalry over sixty were slain, and of the infantry, about thirty.137 these were buried by alexander the next day, together with their arms and other decorations. to their parents and children he granted exemption from imposts on agricultural produce, and he relieved them from all personal services and taxes upon property. he also exhibited great solicitude in regard to the wounded, for he himself visited each man, looked at their wounds, and inquired how and in the performance of what duty they had received them, allowing them both to speak and brag of their own deeds. he also buried the persian commanders and the greek mercenaries who were killed fighting on the side of the enemy. but as many of them as he took prisoners he bound in fetters and sent them away to macedonia to till the soil, because, though they were greeks, they were fighting against greece on behalf of the foreigners in opposition to the decrees which the greeks had made in their federal council.138 to athens also he sent 300 suits of persian armour to be hung up in the acropolis139 as a votive offering to athena, and ordered this inscription to be fixed over them: “alexander, son of philip, and all the greeks except the lacedaemonians, present this offering from the spoils taken from the foreigners inhabiting asia.”