alexander marches to miletus and occupies the island of lade.

men now came to him both from magnesia149 and tralles, 53offering to surrender those cities; and to them he sent parmenio, giving him 2,500 infantry from the grecian auxiliaries, an equal number of macedonians, and about 200 of the cavalry companions. he also sent lysimachus, son of agathocles,150 with an equal force to the aeolic cities,151 and to as many of the ionic cities152 as were still under the persians. he was ordered to break up the oligarchies everywhere, to set up the democratical form of government, to restore their own laws to each of the cities, and to remit the tribute which they were accustomed to pay to the foreigners. but alexander himself remained behind at ephesus, where he offered a sacrifice to artemis and conducted a procession in her honour with the whole of his army fully armed and marshalled for battle.153

on the following day he took the rest of his infantry, the archers, the agrianians, the thracian cavalry, the royal squadron of the companions, and three other squadrons in addition, and set out for miletus. at his first assault he captured that which was called the outer city; for the garrison had evacuated it. there he encamped and resolved to blockade the inner city; for hegesistratus, to whom the king darius had entrusted the command of the garrison in miletus, kept on sending 54letters before this to alexander, offering to surrender miletus to him. but then, having regained his courage from the fact that the persian fleet was not far off, he made up his mind to preserve the city for darius. but nicanor, the commander of the grecian fleet, anticipated the persians by sailing into the port of miletus three days before they approached; and with 160 ships he anchored at the island of lade, which lies near miletus.154 the persian ships arriving too late, and the admirals discovering that nicanor had occupied the anchorage at lade before them, they took moorings near mount mycale.155 alexander had forestalled them in seizing the island, not only by mooring his ships near it, but also by transporting into it the thracians and about 4,000 of the other auxiliary troops. the ships of the foreigners were about 400 in number.

notwithstanding the superiority of the persian fleet, parmenio advised alexander to fight a sea-battle, expecting that the greeks would be victorious with their fleet both for other reasons and especially because an omen from the deity made him confident of the result; for an eagle had been seen sitting upon the shore, opposite the sterns of alexander’s ships.156 he also urged that if they won the battle, they would reap a great advantage from it in regard to their main object in the war; and if they were beaten, their defeat would not be of any great moment; for even as it was, the persians held the sovereignty of the sea. he added that he was willing to go on board the fleet himself and to share the danger. however, alexander replied that parmenio was 55mistaken in his judgment, and did not explain the sign according to probability. for it would be rash for him with a few ships to fight a battle against a fleet far more numerous than his own, and with his unpractised naval force to contend against the disciplined fleet of the cyprians and phoenicians. besides, he did not wish to deliver over to the foreigners on so unstable an element the advantage which the macedonians derived from their skill and courage; and if they were beaten in the sea-battle, their defeat would be no small hindrance to their final success in the war, both for other reasons, and especially because the greeks, being animated with courage at the news of his naval defeat, would attempt to effect a revolution. taking all these things into consideration, he declared that he did not think that it was a suitable time for fighting a sea-battle; and for his part, he expounded the divine omen in a different way. he admitted that the eagle was in his favour; but as it was seen sitting on the land, it seemed to him rather to be a sign that he should get the mastery over the persian fleet by defeating their army on land.