the battle of arbela.

when the armies drew near each other, darius and the men around him were observed; viz. the apple-bearing persians, the indians, the albanians, the carians who had been forcibly transported into central asia, the mardian archers ranged opposite alexander himself and his royal squadron of cavalry. alexander led his own army more towards the right, and the persians marched along parallel with him, far outflanking him upon their left.411 then the scythian cavalry rode along the line, 165and came into conflict with the front men of alexander’s array; but he nevertheless still continued to march towards the right, and almost entirely got beyond the ground which had been cleared and levelled by the persians.412 then darius, fearing that his chariots would become useless, if the macedonians advanced into uneven ground, ordered the front ranks of his left wing to ride round the right wing of the macedonians, where alexander was commanding, to prevent him from marching his wing any further. this being done, alexander ordered the cavalry of the grecian mercenaries under the command of menidas to attack them. but the scythian cavalry and the bactrians, who had been drawn up with them sallied forth against them, and being much more numerous they put the small body of greeks to rout. alexander then ordered aristo at the head of the paeonians and grecian auxiliaries to attack the scythians; and the barbarians gave way. but the rest of the bactrians drawing near to the paeonians and grecian auxiliaries, caused their own comrades who were already in flight to turn and renew the battle; and thus they brought about a general cavalry engagement, in which many of alexander’s men fell, not only being overwhelmed by the multitude of the barbarians, but also because the scythians themselves and their horses were much more completely protected with armour for guarding their bodies.413 notwithstanding this, the macedonians sustained their assaults, and assailing them violently squadron by squadron, they succeeded in pushing them out of rank. meantime the foreigners launched their scythe-bearing chariots against alexander himself, for the purpose of throwing his phalanx into 166confusion; but in this they were grievously deceived. for as soon as some of them approached, the agrianians and the javelin-men with balacrus, who had been posted in front of the companion cavalry, hurled their javelins at them; others they seized by the reins and pulled the drivers off, and standing round the horses killed them. yet some rolled right through the ranks; for the men stood apart and opened their ranks, as they had been instructed, in the places where the chariots assaulted them. in this way it generally happened that the chariots passed through safely, and the men by whom they were driven were uninjured. but these also were afterwards overpowered by the grooms of alexander’s army and by the royal shield-bearing guards.