defeat of porus.

meantime the indians had collected their cavalry from all parts, and were riding along, advancing out of their position to meet alexander’s charge. coenus also appeared with his men in their rear, according to his instructions. the indians, observing this, were compelled to make the line of their cavalry face both ways686; the largest and best part against alexander, while the rest wheeled round against coenus and his forces. this therefore at once threw the ranks as well as the decisions of the indians 292into confusion. alexander, seeing his opportunity, at the very moment the cavalry was wheeling round in the other direction, made an attack on those opposed to him with such vigour that the indians could not sustain the charge of his cavalry, but were scattered and driven to the elephants, as to a friendly wall, for refuge. upon this, the drivers of the elephants urged forward the beasts against the cavalry; but now the phalanx itself of the macedonians was advancing against the elephants, the men casting darts at the riders and also striking the beasts themselves, standing round them on all sides. the action was unlike any of the previous contests; for wherever the beasts could wheel round, they rushed forth against the ranks of infantry and demolished the phalanx of the macedonians, dense as it was. the indian cavalry also, seeing that the infantry were engaged in the action, rallied again and advanced against the macedonian cavalry. but when alexander’s men, who far excelled both in strength and military discipline, got the mastery over them the second time, they were again repulsed towards the elephants and cooped up among them. by this time the whole of alexander’s cavalry had collected into one squadron, not by any command of his, but having settled into this arrangement by the mere effect of the struggle itself; and wherever it fell upon the ranks of the indians they were broken up with great slaughter. the beasts being now cooped up into a narrow space, their friends were no less injured by them than their foes, being trampled down in their wheeling and pushing about. accordingly there ensued a great slaughter of the cavalry, cooped up as it was in a narrow space around the elephants. most of the keepers of the elephants had been killed by the javelins, and some of the elephants themselves had been wounded, while others no longer kept apart in the battle on account of their sufferings or from being destitute of keepers. but, as if frantic with293 pain, rushing forward at friends and foes alike, they pushed about, trampled down and killed them in every kind of way. however, the macedonians retired whenever they were assailed, for they rushed at the beasts in a more open space, and in accordance with their own plan; and when they wheeled round to return, they followed them closely and hurled javelins at them; whereas the indians retreating among them were now receiving greater injury from them. but when the beasts were tired out, and they were no longer able to charge with any vigour, they began to retire, facing the foe like ships backing water, merely uttering a shrill piping sound. alexander himself surrounded the whole line with his cavalry, and gave the signal that the infantry should link their shields together so as to form a very densely closed body, and thus advance in phalanx. by this means the indian cavalry, with the exception of a few men, was quite cut up in the action; as was also the infantry, since the macedonians were now pressing upon them from all sides. upon this, all who could do so turned to flight through the spaces which intervened between the parts of alexander’s cavalry.