1. the three classes of indications on which we rely for a knowledge of the advance of mankind previous to the period when authentic history comes to our aid—the researches of geologists among the accidental traces of man’s early activities, the ruins of ancient cities, and the study of the growth of language—unite in testifying to an extremely rude, feeble and childish condition of the earliest representatives of the race, and to a progressive improvement in knowledge and capacity, precisely like what occurs in the case of every individual of our kind. a fourth more general observation also confirms this view. this is the obscurity that covers the early ages. aside from the bible narrative, a cloud rests on the early history of every people. a long period passes before they begin to reflect, to look around and back toward their origin, and still another of groping thought and study before they are led to record their reflections and experiences. the necessities and habit of social intercourse give rise to language and[36] gradually mature it; a long period would necessarily pass before the natural aversion to other than desultory labor, the increase of population and the habit of obedience to an authority requiring continued painful toil, would render the massive monuments of some of the earlier peoples possible, and before their attempts at architecture could mature and originate the elaborate ruins which time has not been able to destroy during so many centuries.
2. one of the most striking traits of pre-historic times is the simplicity and awkwardness that characterize childhood. the chinese language has been remarked upon as showing the extremely infantile cast of mind among the people who formed and retained it to our times. each word is a sentence, standing by itself originally; the tone and gesture give it much of its signification. it would seem as if its authors had never grown to the idea of an elaborated sentence. there is an average of eight words, spelled and pronounced exactly alike, for every sound used. there are, it is said, 212 characters pronounced che; 138 pronounced foo; and 1165 which all read e, and each letter is a word, a phrase and a sentence, and may be an adjective, a noun, or a verb, or all three together. the difficulty of expressing shades of meaning, or all that may be in the thought, where so much must be acquired before expression is possible, has kept the chinese mind, in many respects, in a state of childhood, though they have preserved a stability of character and institutions nowhere else observed. the primitive mind and habits are maintained as if crystalized. the principle of decay, so universal elsewhere, would seem, by some singular process, banished from a vast nation, as it is in the human body in egyptian mummies. the same feature is observable in a smaller degree among the hindoos, and seems to have characterized the ancient egyptians.
3. such a habit of fixity among the early races, whose position secured them from disturbance by the more restless tribes, was favorable to the construction of the stupendous monuments which have been the wonder of after ages. all[37] those races have been remarkably exclusive. it was not until nearly four hundred years after the era of authentic history that egypt was freely open to all the greeks. these observations apply only to those portions of the human family which were stranded in some quiet nook outside of the current of movement that carried along the most of mankind. change of place, intercourse, conflict and conquest were the chief early educators. the isolated nations, after exhausting the power of their first impulses, ceased to improve. their minds, institutions and habits stiffened and petrified. nor did the families that wandered far from the general centre of movement usually acquire any high degree of development. they were characterized by unsettled habits; not favorable to highly organized institutions.
4. it was around, and westward of, the common centre of the race that a course of steady improvement went on. here the laws of inheritance and suggestion, the stimulus of constant friction, and the infusion of newer and more enterprising blood worked the freest and developed the elements of a true civilization the soonest. if the legendary history of greece is not to be trusted in its details, it at least establishes the certainty of active movement and incessant conflict out of which was, at length, evolved a noble, if incomplete, civilization. the greeks were near enough to the scene of stirring action in western asia to be benefited by its influence without having their institutions frequently disturbed and broken up before they had reached any degree of maturity, as was the case with the assyrians, persians and phenicians. they reaped the fruit, without sharing the disasters, of the great surgings back and forward which we find to have been the condition of the asiatic peoples at the time reliable history begins to observe them. it appears to have been the same in that region (western asia) as far back as monument, legend, or science can trace. the fruit of this shock of races and mental activity matured on the spot the greatest and best religious systems the world has ever known, the three greatest[38] of which have survived to our own day, viz.: the judaic, the christian and the mohammedan. the germs of the other two were contained in the system of abraham and moses. thus the three most important influences needed for the progress of civilization in the true direction were supplied in pre-historic times—the seething and surging of the nations in the west of asia, a high religious ideal, and the primary discipline of the greeks.
5. the lantern of science has guided us on the track of time by his advancing footprints down to the period when the grand luminary, written history, begins to shine from the hills of greece. looking over what was then known of asia we find it a vast battlefield, on the western border of which were the jews, receiving lessons of instruction or chastisement from the surrounding nations, and slowly evolving the master religion of the world, the massive grandeur of egypt is dimly visible in the south, and on the eastern horizon rise the immense walls and towers of the huge cities of nineveh and babylon. on the north and west all is darkness, though we subsequently learn that the elements of a high culture among the etrurians of italy were waiting their destruction at the hands of valiant rome, yet to be. the phenicians were beginning to scour the sea and to build up a flourishing commerce, and the cities of greece had already learned, from the tyranny of their petty kings, the advantages of free government.
the period of authentic history is held to have commenced seven hundred and seventy-six years before the christian era. in that year the greeks began to record the name of the conqueror in the olympian games—a national and religious festival, which had been commenced long before—and it was called the first olympiad. it formed the first definite starting point of the true and fairly reliable historians who, some four hundred years later, began to write a carefully-studied account of what was known of their own and of other countries. it was the time when dates of passing events first began to be[39] stated in the records of the cities and kingdoms of greece, and marks the beginning of a real civilization and culture, and the course of events began to be rescued from the magnifying and marvel-loving imaginations of the people.
6. the seven hundred and fifty years that follow are in the highest degree interesting and important; for they record the achievements of the early manhood of humanity, as represented by the nations that were most advanced in civilization, or contributed to the general progress of the world. men developed their inherent capacities far more during that period than in all the previous centuries, however numerous they may have been. it was followed by about five hundred years of gradual decline, and that by a thousand years of confusion caused by the corruption of the old society and the imperfection of its elements, together with the irruption of vast hordes of barbarians, who brought in fresh and vigorous, but untamed blood, with rude and fierce manners. they were gradually tamed by fusion with the cultured races, and out of this union arose a civilization broader and more just, toward the perfection of which we ourselves are now rapidly advancing, and which, by its multiform vigor and unlimited resources, seems above the reach of decay. its power of infusing new life into worn-out peoples and renewing the youth of nations as well as of civilizing barbarians appears irresistible.
from this outlook we return to consider the steps by which time has led us to such a desirable eminence.
