the best criticisms of the poets have usually come from other poets, and often in the form of verse. landor wrote of browning,

“since chaucer was alive and hale

no man hath walked along our roads with step

so active, so inquiring eye, or tongue

so varied in discourse.”

this is a thumb-nail sketch of browning’s personality,—not complete, but very lifelike. and when we add to it landor’s prose saying that “his is the surest foot since chaucer’s, that has waked the echoes from the difficult places of poetry and of life” we have a sufficiently plain clew to the unfolding of browning’s genius. unwearying activity, intense curiosity, variety of expression, and a predominant interest in the difficult places of poetry and of life,—these were the striking characteristics of his mind. in his heart a native optimism, an unconquerable

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hopefulness, was the ruling factor. but of that i shall not speak until later, when we come to consider his message. for the present we are looking simply for the mainspring of his immense intellectual energy.

when i say that the clew to browning’s mind is to be found in his curiosity, i do not mean inquisitiveness, but a very much larger and nobler quality, for which we have no good word in english,—something which corresponds with the german wissbegier, as distinguished from neugier: an ardent desire to know things as they are, to penetrate as many as possible of the secrets of actual life. this, it seems to me, is the key to browning’s intellectual disposition. he puts it into words in his first poem pauline, where he makes the nameless hero speak of his life as linked to

“a principle of restlessness

which would be all, have, see, know, taste, feel, all—

this is myself; and i should thus have been

though gifted lower than the meanest soul.”

paracelsus is only an expansion of this theme in the biography of a soul. in fra lippo lippi the painter says:

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“god made it all!

for what? do you feel thankful, ay or no,

for this fair town’s face, yonder river’s line,

the mountain round it and the sky above,

much more the figures of man, woman, child,

these are the frame to? what’s it all about?

to be passed over, despised? or dwelt upon,

wondered at? oh, this last of course!—you say.

but why not do as well as say, paint these

just as they are, careless what comes of it?

god’s works—paint any one and count it crime

to let a truth slip.

... this world’s no blot for us,

nor blank; it means intensely and means good:

to find its meaning is my meat and drink.”

no poet was ever more interested in life than browning, and whatever else may be said of his poetry it must be admitted that it is very interesting. he touches all sides of human activity and peers into the secret places of knowledge. he enters into the life of musicians in abt vogler, master hugues of saxe-gotha, a toccata of galuppi’s, and charles avison; into the life of painters in andrea del sarto, pictor ignotus, fra lippo lippi, old pictures in florence, gerard de lairesse, pacchiarotto and how he worked in distemper, and francis

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furini; into the life of scholars in a grammarian’s funeral and fust and his friends; into the life of politicians in prince hohenstiel-schwangau and george bubb dodington; into the life of ecclesiastics in the soliloquy of the spanish cloister, bishop blougram’s apology, the bishop orders his tomb at saint praxed’s church, and the ring and the book; and he makes excursions into all kinds of byways and crooked corners of life in such poems as mr. sludge, the medium, porphyria’s lover, mesmerism, johannes agricola in meditation, pietro of abano, ned bratts, jochanan hakkadosh, and so forth.

merely to read a list of such titles is to have evidence of browning’s insatiable curiosity. it is evident also that he has a fondness for out-of-the-way places. he wants to know, even more than he wants to enjoy. if wordsworth is the poet of the common life, browning is the poet of the uncommon life. extraordinary situations and eccentric characters attract him. even when he is looking at some familiar scene, at some commonplace character, his effort is to discover something that shall prove that

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it is not familiar, not commonplace,—a singular detail, a striking feature, a mark of individuality. this gives him more pleasure than any distant vision of an abstraction or a general law.

“all that i know

of a certain star

is, it can throw

(like the angled spar)

now a dart of red,

now a dart of blue;

till my friends have said

they would fain see, too,

my star that dartles the red and the blue!

then it stops like a bird; like a flower hangs furled;

they must solace themselves with the saturn above it.

what matter to me if their star is a world?

mine has opened its soul to me, therefore i love it.”

one consequence of this penetrating, personal quality of mind is that browning’s pages teem with portraits of men and women, which are like sculptures and paintings of the renaissance. they are more individual than they are typical. there is a peculiarity about each one of them which almost makes us forget to ask whether they have any general relation and value. the presentations are so

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sharp and vivid that their representative quality is lost.

if wordsworth is the millet of poetry, browning is the holbein or the denner. he never misses the mole, the wrinkle, the twist of the eyebrow, which makes the face stand out alone, the sudden touch of self-revelation which individualizes the character. thus we find in browning’s poetry few types of humanity, but plenty of men.

yet he seldom, if ever, allows us to forget the background of society. his figures are far more individual than wordsworth’s, but far less solitary. behind each of them we feel the world out of which they have come and to which they belong. there is a sense of crowded life surging through his poetry. the city, with all that it means, is not often completely out of view. “shelley’s characters,” says a thoughtful essayist, “are creatures of wave and sky; wordsworth’s of green english fields; browning’s move in the house, the palace, the street.”[13] in many of them, even when they are soliloquizing, there is a curious consciousness of opposition, of

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conflict. they seem to be defending themselves against unseen adversaries, justifying their course against the judgment of absent critics. thus bishop blougram while he talks over the walnuts and the wine to mr. gigadibs, the sceptical hack-writer, has a worldful of religious conservatives and radicals in his eye and makes his half-cynical, wholly militant, apology for agnostic orthodoxy to them. the old huntsman, in the flight of the duchess, is maintaining the honour of his fugitive mistress against the dried-up, stiff, conventional society from which she has eloped with the gypsies. andrea del sarto, looking at the soulless fatal beauty of his lucrezia, and meditating on the splendid failure of his art, cries out to rafael and michelangelo and all his compeers to understand and judge him.

even when browning writes of romantic love, (one of his two favourite subjects), he almost always heightens its effect by putting it in relief against the ignorance, the indifference, the busyness, or the hostility of the great world. in cristina and evelyn hope half the charm of the passion lies in the feeling that it means everything to the lover though no

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one else in the world may know of its existence. porphyria’s lover, in a fit of madness, kills his mistress to keep her from going back to the world which would divide them. the sweet searching melody of in a gondola plays itself athwart a sullen distant accompaniment of venetian tyranny and ends with a swift stroke of vengeance from the secret three.

take, for an example of browning’s way of enhancing love by contrast, that most exquisite and subtle lyric called love among the ruins.

“where the quiet-coloured end of evening smiles

miles and miles

on the solitary pastures where our sheep

half asleep

tinkle homeward through the twilight, stay or stop

as they crop—

was the site once of a city great and gay

(so they say)

of our country’s very capital, its prince

ages since

held his court in, gathered councils, wielding far

peace or war.

and i know, while thus the quiet-coloured eve

smiles to leave

to their folding, all our many-tinkling fleece

in such peace,

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and the slopes and rills in undistinguished gray

melt away—

that a girl with eager eyes and yellow hair

waits me there

in the turret whence the charioteers caught soul

for the goal,

when the king looked, where she looks now, breathless, dumb

till i come.

...

in one year they sent a million fighters forth

south and north,

and they built their gods a brazen pillar high

as the sky,

yet reserved a thousand chariots in full force—

gold of course.

oh heart! oh blood that freezes, blood that burns!

earth’s returns

for whole centuries of folly, noise and sin!

shut them in,

with their triumphs and their glories and the rest!

love is best.”