i cannot more appropriately commence this address than by a reference to an oration delivered seven years ago in the great hall of a famous university which stands beneath the stately elms of cambridge, in the old "bay state" of massachusetts: a noble seat of learning in which canadians take a deep interest, not only because some of their sons have completed their education within its walls, but because it represents that culture and scholarship which know no national lines of separation, but belong to the world's great federation of learning. the orator was a man who, by his deep philosophy, his poetic genius, his broad patriotism, his love for england, her great literature and history, had won for himself a reputation not equalled in some respects by any other citizen of the united states of these later times. in the course of a brilliant oration in honour[1][a] of the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of harvard, james russell lowell took occasion to warn his audience against the tendency of a prosperous democracy "towards an overweening confidence in itself and its home-made methods, an overestimate2 of material success and a corresponding indifference to the things of the mind." he did not deny that wealth is a great fertilizer of civilization and of the arts that beautify it; that wealth is an excellent thing since it means power, leisure and liberty; "but these," he went on to say, "divorced from culture, that is, from intelligent purpose, become the very mockery of their own essence, not goods, but evils fatal to their possessor, and bring with them, like the nibelungen hoard, a doom instead of a blessing." "i am saddened," he continued, "when i see our success as a nation measured by the number of acres under tillage, or of bushels of wheat exported; for the real value of a country must be weighed in scales more delicate than the balance of trade. the garners of sicily are empty now, but the bees from all climes still fetch honey from the tiny garden-plot of theocritus. on a map of the world you may cover judea with your thumb, athens with a finger-tip, and neither of them figures in the prices current; but they still lord it in the thought and action of every civilized man. did not dante cover with his hood all that was italy six hundred years ago? and if we go back a century, where was germany outside of weimar? material success is good, but only as the necessary preliminary of better things. the measure of a nation's true success is the amount it has contributed to the thought, the moral energy, the intellectual happiness, the spiritual hope and consolation of mankind."

these eloquently suggestive words, it must be remembered, were addressed by a great american author to an audience, made up of eminent scholars and writers, in the principal academic seat of that new england which has given birth to emerson, longfellow, bancroft, prescott, motley, hawthorne, holmes, parkman, and many others, representing the brightest thought and intellect of this continent. these writers were the product of the intellectual development of the many years that had passed since the pilgrims landed on the historic rock of plymouth. yet, while lowell could point to such a brilliant array of historians, essayists, poets and novelists, as i have just named, as the latest results of new england culture, he felt compelled to utter a word of remonstrance against that spirit of materialism3 that was then as now abroad in the land, tending to stifle those generous intellectual aspirations which are best calculated to make a people truly happy and great.

let us now apply these remarks of the eminent american poet and thinker to canada—to ourselves, whose history is even older than that of new england; contemporaneous rather with that of virginia, since champlain landed on the heights of quebec and laid the foundations of the ancient capital only a year after the english adventurers of the days of king james set their feet on the banks of the river named after that sovereign and commenced the old town which has long since disappeared before the tides of the ocean that stretches away beyond the shores of the old dominion.[2] if we in canada are open to the same charge of attaching too much importance to material things, are we able at the same time to point to as notable achievements in literature as results of the three centuries that have nearly passed since the foundation of new france? i do not suppose that the most patriotic canadian, however ready to eulogize his own country, will make an effort to claim an equality with new england in this respect; but, if indeed we feel it necessary to offer any comparison that would do us justice, it would be with that virginia whose history is contemporaneous with that of french canada. statesmanship rather than letters has been the pride and ambition of the old dominion, its brightest and highest achievement. virginia has been the mother of great orators and great presidents, and her men of letters sink into insignificance alongside of those of new england. it may be said, too, of canada, that her history in the days of the french regime, during the struggle for responsible government, as well as at the birth of confederation, gives us the names of men of statesmanlike designs and of patriotic purpose. from the days of champlain to the establishment of the confederation, canada has had the services of men as eminent in their respective spheres, and as successful in the attainment of popular rights, in moulding the educational and political institutions of the country, and in laying broad and deep the foundations of a new nationality across half a continent, as those great virginians to whom the world is4 ever ready to pay its meed of respect. these virginian statesmen won their fame in the large theatre of national achievement—in laying the basis of the most remarkable federal republic the world has ever seen; whilst canadian public men have laboured with equal earnestness and ability in that far less conspicuous and brilliant arena of colonial development, the eulogy of which has to be written in the histories of the future.

[a] in all cases the references are to the notes in the appendix.