richard iii literally carved his way to the throne of england. it would hardly be an exaggeration to say that he waded to it through blood. amongst those who suffered for his unscrupulous ambition were george duke of clarence, his own elder brother, edward prince of wales, who on the death of edward iv was the natural successor to the english throne, and the brother of the latter, richard duke of york. the two last mentioned were the princes murdered in the tower by their malignant uncle. these three murders placed richard duke of gloucester on the throne, but at a cost of blood as well as of lesser considerations which it is hard to estimate. richard iii left behind him a legacy of evil consequences which was far-reaching. henry vii, who succeeded him, had naturally no easy task in steering through the many family complications resulting from the long-continued “wars of the roses”; but richard’s villany had created a new series of complications on a more ignoble, if less criminal,4 base. when ambition, which deals in murder on a wholesale scale, is striving its best to reap the results aimed at, it is at least annoying to have the road to success littered with the débris of lesser and seemingly unnecessary crimes. fraud is socially a lesser evil than murder; and after all—humanly speaking—much more easily got rid of. thrones and even dynasties were in the melting pot between the reigns of edward iii and henry vii; so there were quite sufficient doubts and perplexities to satisfy the energies of any aspirant to royal honours—however militant he might be. henry vii’s time was so far unpropitious that he was the natural butt of all the shafts of unscrupulous adventure. the first of these came in the person of lambert simnel, the son of a baker, who in 1486 set himself up as edward plantagenet, earl of warwick—then a prisoner in the tower—son of the murdered duke of clarence. it was manifestly a yorkist plot, as he was supported by margaret duchess dowager of burgundy (sister of edward iv) and others. with the assistance of the lord-deputy (the earl of kildare) he was crowned in dublin as king edward vi. the pretensions of simnel were overthrown by the exhibition of the real duke of warwick, taken from prison for the purpose. the attempt would have been almost comic but that the effects were tragic. simnel’s span of notoriety was only a year, the close of which was attended with heavy slaughter5 of his friends and mercenaries. he himself faded into the obscurity of the minor life of the king’s household to which he was contemptuously relegated. in fact the whole significance of the plot was that it was the first of a series of frauds consequent on the changes of political parties, and served as a balon d’essai for the more serious imposture of perkin warbeck some five years afterwards. it must, however, be borne in mind that simnel was a pretender on his own account and not in any way a “pacemaker” for the later criminal; he was in the nature of an unconscious forerunner, but without any ostensible connection. simnel went his way, leaving, in the words of the kingly murderer his uncle, the world free for his successor in fraud “to bustle in.”
perkin warbeck
the battle of stoke, near newark—the battle which saw the end of the hopes of simnel and his upholders—was fought on 16 june, 1487. five years afterwards perkin warbeck made his appearance in cork as richard plantagenet duke of york. the following facts regarding him and his life previous to 1492 may help to place the reader in a position to understand other events and to find causes through the natural gateway of effects.
to jehan werbecque (or osbeck as he was called in perkin’s “confession”), controller of the town of tournay in picardy, and his wife, née katherine de faro, was born in 1474, a son christened pierrequin and later known as perkin warbeck.6 the low countries in the fifteenth century were essentially manufacturing and commercial, and, as all countries were at that period of necessity military, growing youths were thus in touch at many points with commerce, industry and war. jehan werbecque’s family was of the better middle class, as witness his own position and employment; and so his son spent the earlier years of his life amid scenes and conditions conducive to ambitious dreams. he had an uncle john stalyn of ghent. a maternal aunt was married to peter flamme, receiver of tournay and also dean of the guild of schelde boatmen. a cousin, john steinbeck, was an official of antwerp.
in the fifteenth century flanders was an important region in the manufacturing and commercial worlds. it was the centre of the cloth industry; and the coming and going of the material for the clothing of the world made prosperous the shipmen not only of its own waters but those of others. the ships of the pre-tudor navy were small affairs and of light draught suitable for river traffic, and be sure that the schelde with its facility of access to the then british port of calais, to lille, to brussels, to bruges, to tournai, ghent, and antwerp, was often itself a highway to the scenes of continental and british wars.
about 1483 or 1484, on account of the flemish war, pierrequin left tournay, proceeding to antwerp, and to middleburg, where he took service7 with a merchant, john strewe, he being then a young boy of ten or twelve. his next move was to portugal, whither he went with the wife of sir edward brampton, an adherent of the house of york. a good deal of his early life is told in his own confession made whilst he was a prisoner in the tower about 1497.
in portugal he was for a year in the service of a knight named peter vacz de cogna, who, according to a statement in his confession, had only one eye. in the confession he also states in a general way that with de cogna he visited other countries. after this he was with a breton merchant, pregent meno, of whom he states incidentally: “he made me learn english.” pierrequin werbecque must have been a precocious boy—if all his statements are true—for when he went to ireland in 1491 with pregent meno he was only seventeen years of age, and there had been already crowded into his life a fair amount of the equipment for enterprise in the shape of experience, travel, languages, and so forth.
it is likely that, to some extent at all events, the imposture of werbecque, or warbeck, was forced on him in the first instance, and was not a free act on his own part. his suitability to the part he was about to play was not altogether his own doing. nay, it is more than possible that his very blood aided in the deception. edward iv is described as a handsome debonair young man, and perkin8 warbeck it is alleged, bore a marked likeness to him. horace walpole indeed in his historic doubts builds a good deal on this in his acceptance of his kingship. edward was notoriously a man of evil life in the way of affairs of passion, and at all times the way of ill-doing has been made easy for a king. any student of the period and of the race of plantagenet may easily accept it as fact that the trend of likelihood if not of evidence is that perkin warbeck was a natural son of edward iv. three hundred years later the infamous british royal marriage act made such difficulties or inconveniences as beset a king in the position of edward iv unnecessary: but in the fifteenth century the usual way out of such messes was ultimately by the sword. horace walpole, who was a clever and learned man, was satisfied that the person who was known as perkin warbeck was in reality that richard duke of york who was supposed to have been murdered in the tower in 1483 by sir james tyrrell, in furtherance of the ambitious schemes of his uncle. at any rate the people in cork in 1491 insisted on receiving perkin as of the house of york—at first as a son of the murdered duke of clarence. warbeck took oath to the contrary before the mayor of cork; whereupon the populace averred that he was a natural son of richard iii. this, too, having been denied by the newcomer, it was stated that he was the son of the murdered duke of york.
9 it cannot be denied that the irish people were in this matter as unstable as they were swift in their judgments, so that their actions are really not of much account. five years before they had received the adventurer lambert simnel as their king, and he had been crowned at dublin. in any case the allegations of warbeck’s supporters did not march with established facts of gynecology. the murdered duke of york was born in 1472, and, as not twenty years elapsed between this period and warbeck’s appearance in ireland, there was not time in the ordinary process of nature, for father and son to have arrived at such a quality of manhood that the latter was able to appear as full grown. even allowing for an unusual swiftness of growth common sense evidently rebelled at this, and in 1492 perkin warbeck was received in his final semblance of the duke of york, himself younger son of edward iv. many things were possible at a period when the difficulties of voyage and travel made even small distances insuperable. at the end of the fifteenth century ireland was still so far removed from england that even warbeck’s irish successes, emphasised though they were by the earls of desmond and kildare and a numerous body of supporters, were unknown in england till considerably later. this is not strange if one will consider that not until centuries later was there a regular postal system, and that nearly two centuries later the lord chief justice sir matthew10 hale, who was a firm believer in witchcraft, would have condemned such a thing as telegraphy as an invention of the devil.
in the course of a historical narrative like the present it must be borne in mind (amongst other things) that in the fifteenth century, men ripened more quickly than in the less strenuous and more luxurious atmosphere of our own day. especially in the tudor epoch physical gifts counted for far more than is now possible; and as early (and too often sudden) death was the general lot of those in high places, the span of working life was prolonged rather by beginning early than by finishing late. even up to the time of the napoleonic wars, promotion was often won with a rapidity that would seem like an ambitious dream to young soldiers of to-day. perkin warbeck, born in 1474, was nineteen years of age in 1493, at which time the earl of kildare spoke of “this french lad,” yet even then he was fighting king henry vii, the harry richmond who had overthrown at bosworth the great and unscrupulous richard iii. it must also be remembered for a proper understanding of his venture, that perkin warbeck was strongly supported and advised with great knowledge and subtlety by some very resolute and influential persons. amongst these, in addition to his irish “cousins” kildare and desmond, was margaret, duchess of burgundy, sister of edward iv, who helped the young adventurer in his plot by “coaching” him up11 in the part which he was to play, to such an extent that, according to lord bacon, he was familiar with the features of his alleged family and relatives and even with the sort of questions likely to be asked in this connection. in fact he was, in theatrical parlance, not only properly equipped but “letter-perfect” in his part. contemporary authority gives as an additional cause for this personal knowledge, that the original jehan de warbecque was a converted jew, brought up in england, of whom edward iv was the godfather. in any case it may in this age be accepted as a fact that there was between edward iv and perkin warbeck so strong a likeness as to suggest a prima facie possibility, if not a probability, of paternity. other possibilities crowd in to the support of such a guess till it is likely to achieve the dimensions of a belief. even without any accuracy of historical detail there is quite sufficient presumption to justify guess-work on general lines. it were a comparatively easy task to follow the lead of walpole and create a new “historic doubt” after his pattern, the argument of which would run thus:
after the battles of barnet and tewkesbury in 1471, edward iv had but little to contend against. his powerful foes were all either dead or so utterly beaten as to be powerless for effective war. the lancastrian hopes had disappeared with the death of henry vi in the tower. margaret of anjou (wife of henry vi) defeated at tewkesbury,12 was in prison. warwick had been slain at barnet, and so far as fighting was concerned, king edward had a prolonged holiday. it was these years of peace—when the coming and going of even a king was unrecorded with that precision which marks historical accuracy—that made the period antecedent to perkin’s birth. perkin bore an unmistakable likeness to edward iv. not merely that resemblance which marks a family or a race but an individual likeness. moreover the young manhood of the two ran on parallel lines. edward was born in 1442, and in 1461, before he was nineteen, won the battle of mortimer’s cross which, with towton, placed him on the throne. perkin warbeck at seventeen made his bid for royalty. it is hardly necessary to consider what is a manifest error in perkin’s confession—that he was only nine years old, not eleven, at the time of the murder of edward v. nineteen was young enough in all conscience to begin an intrigue for a crown; but if the confession is to be accepted as gospel this would make him only seventeen at the time of his going to ireland—a manifest impossibility. any statement regarding one’s own birth is manifestly not to be relied on. at best such can only be an assertion minus the possibility of testing whence an error might come. regarding his parentage, in case it may be alleged that there is no record of the wife of jehan warbecque having been in england, it may be allowed to recall13 a story which alfred, lord tennyson used to say was amongst the hundred best stories. it ran thus:
a noble at the court of louis xiv was extremely like the king, who on its being pointed out to him sent for his double and asked him:
“was your mother ever at court?”
bowing low, he replied:
“no, sire; but my father was!”
of course perkin warbeck’s real adventures, in the sense of dangers, began after his claim to be the brother of edward v was put forward. henry vii was not slow in taking whatever steps might be necessary to protect his crown; there had been but short shrift for lambert simnel, and perkin warbeck was a much more dangerous aspirant. when charles viii invited him to paris, after the war with france had broken out, henry besieged boulogne and made a treaty under which perkin warbeck was dismissed from france. after making an attempt to capture waterford, the adventurer transferred the scene of his endeavours from ireland to scotland which offered him greater possibilities for intrigue on account of the struggles between james iv and henry vii. james, who finally found it necessary to hasten his departure, seemed to believe really in his pretensions,14 for he gave him in marriage a kinswoman of his own, catherine gordon, daughter of the earl of huntly—who by the way was re-married no less than three times after perkin warbeck’s death. through the influence of henry vii, direct or indirect, perkin had to leave scotland as he had been previously forced from burgundy and the low countries. country after country having been closed to him, he made desperate efforts in cornwall, where he captured st. michael’s mount, and in devon, where he laid siege to exeter. this however being raised by the royal forces, he sought sanctuary in beaulieu in the new forest where, on promise of his life, he surrendered. he was sent to the tower and well treated; but on attempting to escape thence a year later, 1499, he was taken. he was hanged at tyburn in the same year.
pierrequin warbecque’s enterprise was in any case a desperate one and bound to end tragically—unless, of course, he could succeed in establishing his (alleged) claim to the throne in law and then in supporting it at great odds. the latter would necessitate his vanquishing two desperate fighting men both of them devoid of fear or scruples—richard iii and henry vii. in any case he had the houses of lancaster, plantagenet and tudor against him and he fought with the rope round his neck.
15 an act of parliament, 1 richard iii, cap. 15, made at westminster on the 23 jan., 1485, precluded all possibility—even if warbeck should have satisfied the nation of his identity—of a legal claim to the throne, for it forbade any recognition of the offspring of lady elizabeth grey to whom edward iv was secretly married, in may, 1464, the issue of which marriage were edward v and his brother, richard. the act is short and is worth reading, if only for its quaint phraseology.
cap xv. item for certayn great causes and consideracions touchynge the suretye of the kynges noble persone as of this realme, by the advyce and assente of his lordes spirituall and temporal, and the commons in this present parliament assembled, and by the auctorite of the same. it is ordeined established and enacted, that all letters patentes, states confrymacions and actes of parlyament of anye castels seignowries, maners, landes, tenementes, fermes, fee fermes, franchises, liberties, or other hereditamentes made at any tyme to elizabeth late wyfe of syr john gray knight; and now late callinge her selfe queene of england, by what so ever name or names she be called in the same, shalbe from the fyrst day of may last past utterly voyd, adnulled and of no strengthe nor effecte in the lawe. and that no person or persons bee charged to our sayde soveraygne lord the kynge, nor to the sayde elyzabeth, of or for any issues, prifites, or revenues of any of the sayde seignowries, castelles, maners, landes, tenementes, fermes or other hereditamentes nor for any trespas or other intromittynge in the same, nor for anye by suretye by persone or16 persones to her or to her use—made by them before the sayde fyrst daie of may last passed, but shalbe therof agaynste the sayd kynge and the sayde elizabeth clerly discharged and acquyte forever.1
1 in the above memorandum no statement is made regarding jane shore, though it may be that she had much to do with perkin warbeck.
