i have followed col. garfield through the kentucky campaign, not because it compared in importance with many other military operations of the war, but because in its conduct he displayed in a remarkable degree some of the traits by which he was distinguished. from a military point of view it may be criticised. his attack upon an enemy far his superior in numbers, and in a more favorable position, would scarcely have been undertaken by an officer of more military experience. yet, once undertaken, it was carried through with remarkable dash and brilliancy, and the strategy displayed was of a high order.
i must find room for the address issued to his little army on the day succeeding the battle, for it tells, in brief, the story of the campaign:
"soldiers of the eighteenth brigade: i am proud of you all! in four weeks you have marched, some eighty and some a hundred miles, over almost impassable roads. one night in four you have slept, often in the storm, with only a wintry sky above your heads. you have marched in the face of a foe of more than double your number—led on by chiefs who have won a national reputation under the old flag—intrenched in hills of his own choosing, and strengthened by all the appliances of military art. with no experience but the consciousness of your own manhood, you have driven him from his strongholds, pursued his inglorious flight, and compelled him to meet you in battle. when forced to fight, he sought the shelter of rocks and hills. you drove him from his position, leaving scores of his bloody dead unburied. his artillery thundered against you, but you compelled him to flee by the light of his burning stores, and to leave even the banner of his rebellion behind him. i greet you as brave men. our common country will not forget you. she will not forget the sacred dead who fell beside you, nor those of your comrades who won scars of honor on the field.
"i have recalled you from the pursuit that you may regain vigor for still greater exertions. let no one tarnish his well-earned honor by any act unworthy an american soldier. remember your duties as american citizens, and sacredly respect the rights and property of those with whom you have come in contact. let it not be said that good men dread the approach of an american army.
"officers and soldiers, your duty has been nobly done. for this i thank you."
the battle had been won, but the victorious army was in jeopardy. they had less than three days' rations, and there were great difficulties in the way of procuring a further supply. the rainy season had made the roads impassable for all but horsemen.
still there was the river. but the big sandy was now swollen beyond its banks, and the rapid current was filled with floating logs and uptorn trees. the oldest and most experienced boatmen shook their heads, and would not attempt the perilous voyage.
what was to be done?
col. garfield had with him brown, the scout and ex-canal-boatman, who had returned from reconnoitering marshall's camp, with a bullet through his hat. garfield asked his advice.
"it's which and t'other, general jim," he answered, "starvin' or drownin'. i'd rather drown nur starve. so gin the word, and, dead or alive, i'll git down the river!"
garfield gave the word, but he did not let the brave scout go alone. together in a small skiff they "got down the river." it was no light task. the big sandy was now a raging torrent, sixty feet in depth, and, in many places, above the tops of the tall trees which grew along its margin. in some deep and narrow gorges, where the steep banks shut down upon the stream, these trees had been undermined at the roots, and, falling inward, had locked their arms together, forming a net-work that well-nigh prevented the passage of the small skiff and its two navigators. where a small skiff could scarcely pass, could they run a large steamboat loaded with provisions?
"other men might ask that question, but not the backwoods boy who had learned navigation on the waters of the ohio and pennsylvania canal. he pushed to the mouth of the river, and there took possession of the sandy valley, a small steamer in the quartermaster's service. loading her with supplies, he set about starting up the river, but the captain of the boat declared the thing was impossible. not stopping to argue the point, garfield ordered him and his crew on board, and himself taking the helm, set out up the river.
"brown he stationed at the bow, where, with a long fending-pole in his hand, he was to keep one eye on the floating logs and uprooted trees, the other on the chicken-hearted captain.
"the river surged and boiled and whirled against the boat, tossing her about as if she were a cockle-shell. with every turn of her wheel she trembled from stem to stern, and with a full head of steam could only stagger along at the rate of three miles an hour. when night came the captain begged to tie up till morning, for breasting that flood in the dark was sheer madness; but brown cried out, 'put her ahead, gineral jim,' and garfield clutched the helm and drove her on through the darkness.
"soon they came to a sudden bend in the stream, where the swift current formed a furious whirlpool, and this catching the laboring boat, whirled her suddenly round, and drove her, head on, into the quicksands. mattocks were plied, and excavations made round the imbedded bow, and the bowman uttered oaths loud enough to have raised a small earthquake; but still the boat was immovable. she was stuck fast in the mud, and every effort to move her was fruitless. garfield ordered a small boat to be lowered, and take a line to the other bank, by which to warp the steamer free; but the captain and now the crew protested it was certain death to attempt to cross that foaming torrent at midnight.
"they might as well have repeated to him the creed and the ten commandments, for garfield himself sprang into the boat and called to brown to follow. he took the helm and laid her bow across the stream, but the swift current swept them downward. after incredible labor they made the opposite bank, but far below the steamboat. closely hugging the shore, they now crept up the stream, and fastening the line to a tree, rigged a windlass, and finally warped the vessel again into deep water.
"all that night, and all the next day, and all the following night they struggled with the furious river, garfield never but once leaving the helm, and then for only a few hours' sleep, which he snatched in his clothes in the day-time. at last they rounded to at the union camp, and then went up a cheer that might have been heard all over kentucky. his waiting men, frantic with joy, seized their glorious commander, and were with difficulty prevented from bearing him on their shoulders to his quarters."
the little army was saved from starvation by the canal-boy, who had not forgotten his old trade. he had risked his life a dozen times over in making the perilous trip, which has been so graphically described in the passages i have quoted. but for his early and humble experience, he never would have been able to bring the little steamer up the foaming river. little did he dream in the days when, as a boy, he guided the evening star, that fifteen years hence, an officer holding an important command he would use the knowledge then acquired to save a famishing army. we can not wonder that his men should have been devotedly attached to such a commander.
i have said that the kentucky campaign was not one of the most important operations of the civil war, but its successful issue was most welcome, coming at the time it did. it came after a series of disasters, which had produced wide-spread despondency, and even dimmed the courage of president lincoln. it kindled hope in the despondent, and nerved patriotic arms to new and vigorous efforts.
"why did garfield, in two weeks, do what it would have taken one of you regular folks two months to accomplish?" asked the president, of a distinguished army officer.
"because he was not educated at west point," answered the officer, laughing.
"no," replied mr. lincoln; "that wasn't the reason. it was because, when a boy, he had to work for a living."
this was literally true. to his struggling boyhood and early manhood, and the valuable experience it brought him, garfield was indebted for the strength and practical knowledge which brought him safely through a campaign conducted against fearful odds.
his country was not ungrateful. he received the thanks of the commanding general for services which "called into action the highest qualities of a soldier—fortitude, perseverance, courage," and a few weeks later a commission as brigadier-general of volunteers, to date from the battle of middle creek.
so jim garfield, the canal-boy, has become a general. it is an important step upward, but where are others to come?
if this were designed to be a complete biography of general garfield, i should feel it my duty to chronicle the important part he took in the battle of chickamauga, where he acted as chief of staff to general rosecranz, aiding his superior officer at a most critical point in the battle by advice which had an important influence in saving the day. i should like to describe the wonderful and perilous ride of three miles which he took, exposing his life at every moment, to warn general thomas that he is out-flanked, and that at least seventy thousand men are closing down upon his right wing, to crush his twenty-five thousand to fragments. sometimes i hope a poet, of fitting inspiration, will sing of that ride, and how, escaping from shot and shell, he plunged down the hill through the fiery storm, reaching thomas in safety, though his noble horse at that moment fell dead at his feet. i can not spare time for the record, but must refer my young reader to the pages of edmund kirke, or general james s. brisbin.
other duties, and another important field of action, await garfield, and we must hurry on. but, before doing so, i must not fail to record that the war department, recognizing his important services at the battle of chickamauga, sent him a fortnight later the commission of a major-general.
