whether james, duke of monmouth, would have succeeded in his enterprise had a different fortune attended his army at sedgemoor, is a favourite subject for speculation among historians and others who interest themselves in the consideration of such strange chances as have not infrequently led to the downfall of great hopes. certainly, had victory attended the invader's troops in their first battle, many waverers would have thereby been drawn to his standard, and the ranks of his supporters might have been swelled by that large class of politicians who measure the righteousness of a cause by its success.

but it was not ordained that monmouth should free england from the abuses and injustice under which she struggled during the latter days of the stuart dynasty; not into the hands of such men as this are entrusted the destinies of nations. this slight man, torn by weak hopes, weak fears, weak ambitions, small throughout his life, exceeding small and pitiful in his death, was not the instrument to overthrow the power of even so insecurely throned a monarch as james ii. the history of the world is the history of individuals, and proclaims in all its pages the inexorable justice of god. a cause may be righteous, its vitality may be fanned by the devotion of thousands and watered by the heart's blood of heroes, but if the man in whom are centred the hopes of its supporters be unworthy, if his life be undisciplined, his aims selfish, his own faith weak, the glory of the struggle is clouded by the shadow of his personality, and failure is preordained to wait upon the enterprise.

james monmouth, like his grandfather before him, like his cousin after him, inspired in the hearts of his followers an enthusiastic devotion that recked not of consequences, that gave all and asked nothing with unquestioning loyalty. in him his followers saw the man sent by heaven to protect their religion and to purify the government of their country, the defender of their faith and freedom, and they were ready to lay down their lives at his bidding. but god, who reads the hearts of men, saw in the pretender a man of petty vices, of pitiful ambitions, weak, and selfish as the king he strove to dethrone, and though monmouth offered at the altar of destiny many hundreds of devoted hearts, god refused the sacrifice and scattered his armies like the ashes of the offering of cain.

so duke monmouth failed. the history of the world's triumphs is the history of individuals, but the world's failures are written in blood upon the hearts and lives of thousands; for though the reward of success may be the glory of one man, the suffering of many is the penalty demanded for failure. duke monmouth failed and the story of this abortive rebellion of the west is the story of the suffering of the innocent for the sins of the guilty. many of those who prompted and led the invasion escaped in safety, to win pardon later from william of orange and to live out their lives in peace and prosperity. monmouth indeed died on the scaffold; but his worthless life was not to pay the price of rebellion. it was for the poor misguided peasants who had left their homes to fight for a religion dearer to them than life and happiness; it was for them, by cruel torture and death, or by weary years of suffering in the plantations, to expiate their misplaced trust in a leader unworthy of the cause they cherished.

and where are we to look in this to find the infallible justice that regulates the chances of this life?

not indeed in the fair west country given over to pillage and the sword, her towns shambles, her countryside a waste of ruined crops and deserted farms; not in the attendant heartbreak and despair are the workings of justice transparent to our eyes. but looking across the years that followed is seen the reassuring ray of promise. the sacrifice offered at the hands of monmouth was indeed rejected, but the sacrifice was not therefore vain. the wretched peasants had offered their lives for the establishment of religion and truth, and the offering was accepted. their lives were indeed demanded of them on the battlefield, on the scaffold, in the slave cabins of the plantations—who shall say that they did not receive their reward; and who, having regard to the wonderful growth of religious tolerance, of justice and national honour in england during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, will deny that the seeds sown with blood and tears in that short-lived rebellion of the west have blossomed in fadeless flowers? here is a tale of two who threw in their lot with those who followed monmouth; not for love of the duke, but impelled thereto by an unexpected chain of circumstances. two whose lives drifted together on the fierce tide of war and in whose hearts love was awakened by hatred of tyranny. it is a tale of dangers, of sorrow and of suffering, yet of some merriment, of courage and of great happiness withal, for she who inspired it was not one to let fear of the future darken the present, or present suffering weaken the spirit to endure. rather she accepted whatsoever the fates might send with a quiet courage, laughing in the face of frowning fortune, and found among the ashes of suffering and seeming desolation an exceeding great treasure. if the memory of barbara winslow inspire any to face the monotony of life with the same blithe courage with which she faced the horrors of death, her story will not have been told in vain, but will prove a seed bearing fruit in the life of a brave woman.