unfortunately the earnest people get drawn off the track of evolution by the illusion of progress. any socialist can convince us easily that the difference between man as he is and man as he might become, without further evolution, under millennial conditions of nutrition, environment, and training, is enormous. he can shew that inequality and iniquitous distribution of wealth and allotment of labor have arisen through an unscientific economic system, and that man, faulty as he is, no more intended to establish any such ordered disorder than a moth intends to be burnt when it flies into a candle flame. he can shew that the difference between the grace and strength of the acrobat and the bent back of the rheumatic field laborer is a difference produced by conditions, not by nature. he can shew that many of the most detestable human vices are not radical, but are mere reactions of our institutions on our very virtues. the anarchist, the fabian, the salvationist, the vegetarian, the doctor, the lawyer, the parson, the professor of ethics, the gymnast, the soldier, the sportsman, the inventor, the political program-maker, all have some prescription for bettering us; and almost all their remedies are physically possible and aimed at admitted evils. to them the limit of progress is, at worst, the completion of all the suggested reforms and the levelling up of all men to the point attained already by the most highly nourished and cultivated in mind and body.
here, then, as it seems to them, is an enormous field for the energy of the reformer. here are many noble goals attainable by many of those paths up the hill difficulty along which great spirits love to aspire. unhappily, the hill will never be climbed by man as we know him. it need not be denied that if we all struggled bravely to the end of the reformers’ paths we should improve the world prodigiously. but there is no more hope in that if than in the equally plausible assurance that if the sky falls we shall all catch larks. we are not going to tread those paths: we have not sufficient energy. we do not desire the end enough: indeed in more cases we do not effectively desire it at all. ask any man would he like to be a better man; and he will say yes, most piously. ask him would he like to have a million of money; and he will say yes, most sincerely. but the pious citizen who would like to be a better man goes on behaving just as he did before. and the tramp who would like the million does not take the trouble to earn ten shillings: multitudes of men and women, all eager to accept a legacy of a million, live and die without having ever possessed five pounds at one time, although beggars have died in rags on mattresses stuffed with gold which they accumulated because they desired it enough to nerve them to get it and keep it. the economists who discovered that demand created supply soon had to limit the proposition to “effective demand,” which turned out, in the final analysis, to mean nothing more than supply itself; and this holds good in politics, morals, and all other departments as well: the actual supply is the measure of the effective demand; and the mere aspirations and professions produce nothing. no community has ever yet passed beyond the initial phases in which its pugnacity and fanaticism enabled it to found a nation, and its cupidity to establish and develop a commercial civilization. even these stages have never been attained by public spirit, but always by intolerant wilfulness and brute force. take the reform bill of 1832 as an example of a conflict between two sections of educated englishmen concerning a political measure which was as obviously necessary and inevitable as any political measure has ever been or is ever likely to be. it was not passed until the gentlemen of birmingham had made arrangements to cut the throats of the gentlemen of st. james’s parish in due military form. it would not have been passed to this day if there had been no force behind it except the logic and public conscience of the utilitarians. a despotic ruler with as much sense as queen elizabeth would have done better than the mob of grown-up eton boys who governed us then by privilege, and who, since the introduction of practically manhood suffrage in 1884, now govern us at the request of proletarian democracy.
at the present time we have, instead of the utilitarians, the fabian society, with its peaceful, constitutional, moral, economical policy of socialism, which needs nothing for its bloodless and benevolent realization except that the english people shall understand it and approve of it. but why are the fabians well spoken of in circles where thirty years ago the word socialist was understood as equivalent to cut-throat and incendiary? not because the english have the smallest intention of studying or adopting the fabian policy, but because they believe that the fabians, by eliminating the element of intimidation from the socialist agitation, have drawn the teeth of insurgent poverty and saved the existing order from the only method of attack it really fears. of course, if the nation adopted the fabian policy, it would be carried out by brute force exactly as our present property system is. it would become the law; and those who resisted it would be fined, sold up, knocked on the head by policemen, thrown into prison, and in the last resort “executed” just as they are when they break the present law. but as our proprietary class has no fear of that conversion taking place, whereas it does fear sporadic cut-throats and gunpowder plots, and strives with all its might to hide the fact that there is no moral difference whatever between the methods by which it enforces its proprietary rights and the method by which the dynamitard asserts his conception of natural human rights, the fabian society is patted on the back just as the christian social union is, whilst the socialist who says bluntly that a social revolution can be made only as all other revolutions have been made, by the people who want it killing, coercing, and intimidating the people who dont want it, is denounced as a misleader of the people, and imprisoned with hard labor to shew him how much sincerity there is in the objection of his captors to physical force.
are we then to repudiate fabian methods, and return to those of the barricader, or adopt those of the dynamitard and the assassin? on the contrary, we are to recognize that both are fundamentally futile. it seems easy for the dynamitard to say “have you not just admitted that nothing is ever conceded except to physical force? did not gladstone admit that the irish church was disestablished, not by the spirit of liberalism, but by the explosion which wrecked clerkenwell prison?” well, we need not foolishly and timidly deny it. let it be fully granted. let us grant, further, that all this lies in the nature of things; that the most ardent socialist, if he owns property, can by no means do otherwise than conservative proprietors until property is forcibly abolished by the whole nation; nay, that ballots, and parliamentary divisions, in spite of their vain ceremony, of discussion, differ from battles only as the bloodless surrender of an outnumbered force in the field differs from waterloo or trafalgar. i make a present of all these admissions to the fenian who collects money from thoughtless irishmen in america to blow up dublin castle; to the detective who persuades foolish young workmen to order bombs from the nearest ironmonger and then delivers them up to penal servitude; to our military and naval commanders who believe, not in preaching, but in an ultimatum backed by plenty of lyddite; and, generally, to all whom it may concern. but of what use is it to substitute the way of the reckless and bloodyminded for the way of the cautious and humane? is england any the better for the wreck of clerkenwell prison, or ireland for the disestablishment of the irish church? is there the smallest reason to suppose that the nation which sheepishly let charles and laud and strafford coerce it, gained anything because it afterwards, still more sheepishly, let a few strongminded puritans, inflamed by the masterpieces of jewish revolutionary literature, cut off the heads of the three? suppose the gunpowder plot had succeeded, and set a fawkes dynasty permanently on the throne, would it have made any difference to the present state of the nation? the guillotine was used in france up to the limit of human endurance, both on girondins and jacobins. fouquier tinville followed marie antoinette to the scaffold; and marie antoinette might have asked the crowd, just as pointedly as fouquier did, whether their bread would be any cheaper when her head was off. and what came of it all? the imperial france of the rougon macquart family, and the republican france of the panama scandal and the dreyfus case. was the difference worth the guillotining of all those unlucky ladies and gentlemen, useless and mischievous as many of them were? would any sane man guillotine a mouse to bring about such a result? turn to republican america. america has no star chamber, and no feudal barons. but it has trusts; and it has millionaires whose factories, fenced in by live electric wires and defended by pinkerton retainers with magazine rifles, would have made a radical of reginald front de boeuf. would washington or franklin have lifted a finger in the cause of american independence if they had foreseen its reality?
no: what caesar, cromwell, napoleon could not do with all the physical force and moral prestige of the state in their hands, cannot be done by enthusiastic criminals and lunatics. even the jews, who, from moses to marx and lassalle, have inspired all the revolutions, have had to confess that, after all, the dog will return to his vomit and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire; and we may as well make up our minds that man will return to his idols and his cupidities, in spite of “movements” and all revolutions, until his nature is changed. until then, his early successes in building commercial civilizations (and such civilizations, good heavens!) are but preliminaries to the inevitable later stage, now threatening us, in which the passions which built the civilization become fatal instead of productive, just as the same qualities which make the lion king in the forest ensure his destruction when he enters a city. nothing can save society then except the clear head and the wide purpose: war and competition, potent instruments of selection and evolution in one epoch, become ruinous instruments of degeneration in the next. in the breeding of animals and plants, varieties which have arisen by selection through many generations relapse precipitously into the wild type in a generation or two when selection ceases; and in the same way a civilization in which lusty pugnacity and greed have ceased to act as selective agents and have begun to obstruct and destroy, rushes downwards and backwards with a suddenness that enables an observer to see with consternation the upward steps of many centuries retraced in a single lifetime. this has often occurred even within the period covered by history; and in every instance the turning point has been reached long before the attainment, or even the general advocacy on paper, of the levelling-up of the mass to the highest point attainable by the best nourished and cultivated normal individuals.
we must therefore frankly give up the notion that man as he exists is capable of net progress. there will always be an illusion of progress, because wherever we are conscious of an evil we remedy it, and therefore always seem to ourselves to be progressing, forgetting that most of the evils we see are the effects, finally become acute, of long-unnoticed retrogressions; that our compromising remedies seldom fully recover the lost ground; above all, that on the lines along which we are degenerating, good has become evil in our eyes, and is being undone in the name of progress precisely as evil is undone and replaced by good on the lines along which we are evolving. this is indeed the illusion of illusions; for it gives us infallible and appalling assurance that if our political ruin is to come, it will be effected by ardent reformers and supported by enthusiastic patriots as a series of necessary steps in our progress. let the reformer, the progressive, the meliorist then reconsider himself and his eternal ifs and ans which never become pots and pans. whilst man remains what he is, there can be no progress beyond the point already attained and fallen headlong from at every attempt at civilization; and since even that point is but a pinnacle to which a few people cling in giddy terror above an abyss of squalor, mere progress should no longer charm us.
