the curious conception of tolsto?'s as to the severing and injurious influence of art that does not strive directly to make people more noble, can perhaps be understood only when the collections in the st. petersburg hermitage and alexander museum are examined. striking proof will there be found that the enjoyment of art—nay, the understanding of it—need not necessarily go hand-in-hand with humane and moral sentiments. antiquity and the renaissance prove that, under certain conditions, inhumanity and scandalous immorality can harmonize very well with the understanding of art, or with, at least, a great readiness to make sacrifices for the sake of it. the inference that the greater refinement of the taste for art is the cause of moral degeneration is not far from the truth. it is quite conceivable from the stand-point of an essentially revolutionary philosophy, framed for the struggle against the demoralizing, violent government of st. petersburg, since everything that is apparently entitled to respect in this st. petersburg is unveiled and damned in its nothingness. thus it is with[pg 61] science—that is to say, a university that does not begin its work by denouncing a despotism only seemingly favorable to civilization; so it is with a fancy for art, which possibly may convince czars and their servants that they also have contributed their mite towards the welfare of mankind.
the stranger who does not see things with the eyes of the passionate philanthropist and patriot, and who when gazing at the master-works of art, does not necessarily think of the depravity of the gatherers of these works, is surely permitted to disregard the association of ideas between art and morality, and to give himself over unconstrainedly to the enjoyment of collections that can hold their own with the best museums of the world. to be sure, catherine ii. was not an exemplary empress or woman, yet by her purchases for the hermitage she rendered a real service to her country, a service that will ultimately plead for her at the judgment-seat of the world's history. alexander iii. and his house were misfortunes for his country, but the museum that bears his name will keep alive his memory and will cast light of forgiveness on a soul enshrouded in darkness. besides, it has nowhere been shown that without the diversion of expensive tastes for art, slovenly empresses would have been less slovenly or dull despots less violent. but in the hermitage one may forget for a couple of hours that he is in the capital of the most unfortunate and the most wretchedly governed of all countries.
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on the whole, it is impossible to give in a mere description an adequate conception of the great mass of masterpieces here gathered together. i shall attempt, in the following, to seize only a few meagre rays of the brightest solitaires.
borne by the one-story high—entirely too high—naked atlas of polished black granite, there rises the side roof of the hermitage over a terrace of the "millionnaya" (millionaires' street). we enter the dark, high entrance-hall, from which a high marble staircase, between polished walls, leads to a pillared hall, already seen from below. the attendants, in scarlet uniforms, jokingly known at the court as "lobsters," officiously relieve us of our fur coats, and we hasten into the long ground floor, where await us the world-famous antiquities from kertch, in the crimea. unfortunately, there awaits us also a sad disappointment. the high walls are so dark, even in the middle of the gray winter day, that the beauty of the many charming miniatures must be surmised rather than felt. we could see scarcely anything of the great collection of vases. we breathe with relief when we at last enter a hall that has light and air, now richly rewarded for our tantalus-like sufferings in the preceding rooms. here glitter the gold laurel and acorn crowns that once adorned proud greek foreheads; there sparkles the gold-braided border with which the greek woman trimmed her garments, representing in miniature relief lions' and rams' heads. the gold [pg 63]bracelets and necklaces, ear-rings and brooches tell us that there is nothing new under the sun. before the birth of christ there were worn in chersonesus the same patterns that are now designed anew by diligent artistic craftsmen—nay, even vases and tumblers, the creations of the most modern individualities, had already lain buried under the rubbish of thousands of years. our attention is drawn to a vase in a separate case, which gives an excellent representation of the progress of a bride's toilet from the bath to its finishing touches ready for the bridegroom's reception. who knows what scene of domestic happiness was involved in the presentation of this gift thousands of years ago! sensations which one experiences only in the streets and houses of pompeii are renewed here while looking at the glass cases with their collections of ornaments and of articles of utility that tell us of the refined pleasures and the exquisite taste of times long gone by. the waves of the black sea played about greek patrician houses where to-day the rugged cossack rides with the knout in his hand. a great hall shows us finally the olympian zeus with the eagles at his feet, also with the soaring nike in his right hand. klinger's "beethoven" reminds us involuntarily of this lofty work without attaining its majesty. a torch-bearer, a mighty caryatid of praxiteles with a truly wonderful draping of the garments, a dionysus of the fourth century, an omphale clad in the attributes of hercules, [pg 64]sarcophagi with masterly reliefs, a divine augustus, portrait busts of satyrs, entitle this collection to rank with that of the vatican, not in numbers, but in the great worth of single works. but our wonder and admiration become greater when we enter the splendid halls of the picture-gallery. we hasten past canova and houdon, however; the graceful figures of the one and the characteristic "voltaire" of the other had attracted us at other times. on to murillo, rembrandt, rubens, titian, to be presented to us in unusual completeness. twenty-two murillos, the finest of them carried away by the french from madrid, wrapped around flag-staffs. i must confess that i had not hitherto fully comprehended murillo's fame, for i am not acquainted with the spanish galleries. it was only in st. petersburg that the full greatness of the master dawned upon me. no description can give an adequate idea of the charm of the virgin mother in the two gray-walled pictures of "the conception" and "the assumption." what distinguishes it from the famous louvre picture is, above all, the childlike expression of the sweet girl's head. a mignon as mary! the dark eyes looking up to heaven with such inspired enthusiasm; the full cheeks delicately tinted; the light garment of the maiden, almost a child, enfolding it chastely; the entire figure, to the blue, loosely fluttering cloak bathed in light; the cupids crowding about the knees and carrying her heavenward; sweet rogues on the cloud wall, a part still in the light[pg 65] radiated by her, and a part already immersed in the deep darkness of space—the whole sublime, as on the first day of creation, no note failing in the spaniard's full glow of color.
no less splendid and inspired is "repose during the flight to egypt," where the mother of the lord again awakens the most fervent sensations. she is no longer the half-childlike virgin of the conception and the assumption; she is the mother, tenderly and rapturously gazing at the sleeping child surrounded by a halo of heavenly light. angels crowd forward in na?ve curiosity; the saintly joseph looks with emotion on the contented infant; the thick foliage gives to the entire group shade and coolness. even the ass looks comfortable and pious. the color and composition are entirely beyond comparison.
a painting brimful of roguishness is "jacob's ladder," where angels ascending and descending, making up the dreams of the sleeper, amuse themselves in most innocent fashion. well known is the charming christ-child in the painting of "st. joseph," and the charming little "john" often fondly painted by him, his arms entwined about his lambkin. hardy peasant types are not wanting; and that the inspiration of the great spaniard may not exceed all bounds, there are a few pictures which, with all their artistic excellence make us realize what a chasm separates us from the passionate catholic murillo. we believe that full artistic justice may be done to[pg 66] the poetry of biblical legend without being obliged to glorify a peter aubry. however, other lands, other customs!
of velasquez's work there should be mentioned, in the first place, his paintings of philip iv. and the duke of olivarez, both of striking characterization in their grotesque ugliness—the master will survive even the one-sided and exclusive cult of which he has been made the victim. we will not set our minds against velasquez's or leonardo's "mona lisa" just because they are to be found in all the exercises of enraptured modern goslings.
i will not say anything about the "madonna conestabile," the "st. george," and the wonderful "madonna alba" of raphael, for i consider it entirely superfluous to combat the affected underestimates of the master of urbino, which is insisted upon as a matter of party obligation by every imitator of fashion. if herr muther prescribes the botticelli cult for the last years of one century, the rediscovery of the joyous andrea del sarto for the first years of a new century, he will, if we live to see the day, prescribe for the century noonday the return to the master of perfection, raffaelo sanzio, as the inevitable requirement of fashion, and his disciples will add here their solemn amen. but the eternal masters are above the gossip of salons and fashions.
sebastiano del piombo is represented here by a most extraordinary "descent from the cross,"[pg 67] correggio by the "madonna del latte," leonardo da vinci by the light blonde "madonna litta," which, like all the works of this master, is questioned, but which bears his imprint as much as any of his works. of botticelli there is a very well-preserved "adoration of the magi," similar to the florentine painting. likewise, here in all the minor figures of the kneeling kings and shepherds, and even of the horses, there is a perfection in the mastery of drawing, the madonna archaically overslender, with the thin neck of the primitivists, which, out of respect for sacred tradition, the otherwise bold master did not dare meddle with. naturally, the modern art mockery sees in this defect of botticelli's, accounted for by respect for tradition, his chief superiority, and goes into affected raptures at the sensitive figures of his "primavera," and imitates the studied gestures of those foolish airs which our higher bourgeoisie affect in order to resemble the decadent nobility. but botticelli really deserves a better fate than to be the fashion painter of the snobs.
bronzino's picture of a young woman, with quite modern bronze-colored hair and exceptionally small hands, might well be substituted, if fashion chose, for "mona lisa" in the modern feuilletons. a renaissance could easily dedicate a piquant novel to her dreamy, roguish eyes, her soft chin, and her sensual mouth, which would not be contradicted by the rich pearl ornaments in her hair and ears. there is a judith by the highly beloved master[pg 68] giorgione, which is far superior in the majesty of her bearing and the beauty of her head to her sisters of earlier and later times. by the side of this noble and historical figure the other judith, the creation of the wanton and diseased fancy of klimt—the otherwise prominent but misguided master—appears absolutely odious.
