there are some phenomena of nature which suggest false ideas. for instance, when we look at the broad expanse of ocean on a moonlit night, and see a path of glory on its surface, directed towards the moon's place, we seem to be assured by the sense of sight that that broad track is illuminated while the waters all around are dark. a little consideration, however, assures us that the impression is a false one, that in this case seeing is not believing. the moon's rays really illumine the whole surface which lies before us, and we fail to receive light from other parts than the track below the moon, not because they receive no light, but because the light which they receive is not reflected towards us. an observer, stationed a mile or two towards the right or towards the left of our station, sees a different track of light, while the part which seems bright to us seems dark to him.

the rainbow is another phenomenon of this deceptive kind. we seem to see an arch of many colours suspended in the air,—and when we learn that it is due to the presence of drops of water in the air, we are apt to infer that where we see the red arch there are drops lit up with red light, where the yellow, green, or violet arch, that the drops are aglow with yellow, green, or violet light. but in reality this is not so; the same drops which seem green to us will seem red to another observer, violet to another, and to yet other observers will show none of the prismatic colours, but only the dull grey colour of the cloud on which the rainbow is seen. we have here a pretty emblem of the varied aspects which events of the same real nature present to different persons, or according to the different circumstances under which the same person may see them. one shall see events in rosy tints, or with the freshness of spring hues, or with the melancholy symbolled by the

deeper indigo (as when

the heavy-skirted evening droops with frost)—

while to others the same events shall show only the ordinary tints of common-place life.

the lunar halo is one of the phenomena thus deceptive to the view. we see all around the moon a circle or arc of light, nearly white, though sometimes faint tints of colour can be perceived in it, while the space within the circle seems manifestly darker than the space outside. the appearance of the halo as seen under favourable conditions is shown in fig. 11, on the next page. in this country the dark space round the moon is not generally so well seen as in countries where the air is clearer. but this is in reality the characteristic feature of the halo, as its name shows. for the name is derived from a greek word signifying threshing-floor (the old threshing-floors being round), and thus naturally describes a round space relatively clear, surrounded on all sides by a ring of aggregated matter.

we seem in looking at the lunar halo, then, to see the moon at the centre of a dark space, surrounded by a ring of bright particles, outside which again are particles not quite so brightly illuminated as those forming the ring, but more brightly than those within the ring.

but in reality this impression, which, so far as the sense of sight is concerned, seems forced upon the mind, is entirely erroneous. there is no real distinction between the space which looks dark all round the moon, the space beyond which does not look dark, and the ring between the two spaces which looks bright. these are all equally illuminated by the moon, in the same sense, at least, that we say the surface of a moonlit sea is all equally illuminated, neglecting slight differences which do not concern the point we are specially dealing with. precisely as the path of light on the ocean is not a real path of illumination, bounded on either side by dark spaces, so the ring of light round the moon is not a real ring of light, bounded on one side by a less bright region, and within by a dark space.

fig. 11.—lunar halo

although my object in these essays is not specially to deal with scientific matters, but rather with the thoughts (much more important in my belief) which they suggest—so that, in dealing with my present subject, i wish rather to call attention to the manifold ways in which our senses may deceive us unless their evidence is carefully cross-examined—yet it may be worth while to notice how the particular illusion here considered has deceived even the scientific elect.

it had been noticed by tyndall, in certain experiments, that a very sensitive measurer of heat, when placed under the moon's rays, gathered together by a powerful condenser, seemed to indicate cooling rather than heating, as we should expect. on this a french student of science pointed to the darkening under the moon where the lunar halo is seen as evidence that our satellite possesses a certain power of clearing away vaporous matter from the air. "on peut dire," he said, speaking of the dark space within the halo, "que la lune ouvre alors une porte par laquelle s'échappe le calorique que l'action solaire a emmagasiné dans les couches inférieures." "one may say," that is, "that the moon then opens a door through which the heat escapes, which the sun's action has stored up in the lower layers" (of the air). it will be manifest, if we remember that a lunar halo can often be seen at the same time from stations hundreds of miles apart, that there can be no such opening of clear air. for the cloud layer in which the halo is formed is but a few miles above the observer; and therefore, if one observer saw a circular opening in this layer, with the moon at its centre, another, a hundred miles from him, would see the space in a very different direction. the moon would not only not be at the centre of the space for this second observer, but would not be visible through the space at all. moreover, the space could not possibly seem round to both observers; if it seemed round to one, it would look like a very flat oval of darkness (almost a mere line) to the other.

the real explanation of the lunar halo is very different. when you see such a halo, you may be certain that there is, high up in the air, a layer of light feathery cloud—the cirrus cloud, as it is called—composed of tiny crystals of ice. these crystals, as we know from those which in winter sometimes fall (not as snow, but as little ice-stars), have all a definite shape. they are in fact little prisms of ice, with angles like those of an equilateral triangle. these little prisms deflect the light which falls upon them, just as one of the drops of a chandelier deflects any light which falls upon it. if you hold a prism-drop of a chandelier between the eye and a light, you will see that the prism looks dark; it is really lit up, but it sends the light away in such a direction that the eye receives none. now move it gradually away from the line of sight to the light, and at a certain distance it appears full of light; or, to speak more correctly, it sends the light it receives directly towards your eye. beyond that position it again looks dark, but not so dark as when it was nearly between the eye and the light.

the little crystals of ice perform the same part with respect to the moon, when we see a lunar halo. those between us and the moon, or within a certain distance from the line of sight to the moon, are, in reality, lit up by the moon's rays; but they send off those rays in such directions that we do not receive the light. thus, all the space lying towards the moon, and for a certain distance all round, looks dark. but, at a certain distance, these little crystals send us light. if we could see them separately, they would seem to be full of light. that is the distance where ice-crystals of their known shape act most favourably in deflecting light,—that is, send off most for all the varying positions (not places) they can be in. at greater distances, a small proportion send us light. thus, at that distance we have a ring of light, and outside the ring we have a gradual falling off in the quantity of light.

but the reader will be apt, perhaps, to say, how can all this be proved? no one has ever been among the ice-crystals of the feathery clouds when they are performing this work. when coxwell and glaisher made their highest ascent, the feather-clouds seemed almost as high above them as ever. nor, if any one could reach those clouds, could he see the ice-crystals at their work. yet there are few points about which science is more certainly assured than about this explanation of the halo. for we know the shape constantly assumed by ice-crystals; we know according to what precise law ice bends rays of light falling upon it; hence we can calculate quite certainly where, if ice-crystals make the halo, its rings should be seen. and the halo has the precise position thus calculated from the known laws of optics, and the known facts about ice and ice-crystals. the diameter of the halo should be, and is, about eighty times the apparent diameter of the moon, or somewhat less than half the arc which separates the point overhead from the horizon.

there is, however, yet stronger evidence. haloes form around the sun as well as round the moon,—in fact, more frequently. solar haloes have so much more light in them that we can recognise varieties of tint. now, it follows from the laws of optics that, for the red part of the sun's light, the halo ring should have a smaller diameter than the halo ring for the violet part, intermediate colours having their corresponding intermediate halo rings. thus, the halo ring, as a whole, should be rainbow-tinted, red on the inside, then orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet; and these colours are shown (under favourable conditions) in this order.

the student looking out for haloes, solar or lunar, must be careful not to confound them with solar and lunar coronas, that is, not the corona of astronomy, but rings of light around the sun and moon, much smaller than the true halo rings. what i have said above about the size of the true halo will suffice to prevent such a mistake. coronas are not nearly so easily, though they have been quite as thoroughly, explained by science, as haloes.

it is singular to observe how utterly unlike the interpretation of the halo by science is from the natural interpretation. the observer would say, there surely is a dark space all round the moon, and round that a ring of light,—i see these things, and seeing is believing. science says there is no dark space, and there is no ring of light; while the eye of science perceives something where the lunar halo shines which ordinary vision cannot recognise. up yonder, many miles above the earth, science sees millions of crystals of ice, carried hither and thither—so light are they—by every movement of the air. science sees these ice crystals deflecting the rays of moonlight, sifting the red rays from the orange, and these from the yellow, yellow from green, green from blue, blue from indigo, and indigo from violet. science, in fine, perceives processes taking place in those higher regions of air compared with which the most delicate analyses of the laboratory are utterly coarse and imperfect.

there is a purer and nobler poetry in the lunar halo as thus understood than in its mere visible phenomena, attractive and beautiful though these are. idle indeed is the fear that the interpretation of this special mystery of nature will leave the number of nature's mysteries diminished by one. on the contrary, for the one mystery explained many deeper mysteries are suggested. the phenomena discernible by the sense of sight are explained, but only by bringing into the range of a purer and more piercing vision phenomena infinitely more wonderful. if one could see through some amazing extension of visual power, or if even the imagination could adequately picture, the rush of light waves of all orders of length upon the line of crystal breakers, their deflection in all directions, their separation into their various orders of wave-length; if one could perceive the actual illumination of the ice-crystals, even where they seem dark to us, and the continual fluctuations of the troubled sea of ether between the crystal breakers and the earth below,—the scene would infinitely transcend in interest and mystery, the picture would be infinitely more suggestive of solemn thoughts, than the scene—beautiful though it doubtless is—presented by the halo-girt moon to ordinary vision. truly they know little of the real meaning of science who regard it as depriving natural phenomena of their effect on the imagination, as robbing nature of her poetic influence.