but among them all, the first rank, and our special admiration, ought, in justice, to be accorded to bees, which alone, of all the insects, appear to have been created for the benefit of man. they extract honey and collect it, a juicy substance remarkable for its extreme sweetness, lightness, and wholesomeness. they form their combs and collect wax, an article that is useful for a thousand purposes of life; they are patient of fatigue, toil at their labors, form themselves into political communities, hold councils together in private, elect chiefs in common, and, a thing that is the most remarkable of all, have their own code of morals. in addition to this, being as they are neither tame nor wild, so all-powerful is nature, that, from a creature so minute as to be nothing more hardly than the shadow of an animal, she has created a marvel beyond all comparison. what muscular power, what exertion of strength are we to put in comparison with such vast energy and industry as theirs? what display of human genius, in a word, shall we compare with the reasoning powers manifested by them? in this they have, at all events, the advantage of us—they know of nothing but what is for the common benefit of all. away, then, with all questions whether they breathe or no, and let us be ready to agree on the question of their blood.—and now let us form some idea of the instinct they display.
bees keep within the hive during the winter—for whence are they to derive the strength requisite to withstand frosts and snows, and the northern blasts? the same, in fact, is done by all insects, but not to so late a period; as those which conceal themselves in the walls of our houses are much sooner sensible of the returning warmth. with reference to 237 bees, either seasons and climates have considerably changed, or else former writers have been greatly mistaken. they retire for the winter at the setting of the vergili?, and remain shut up till after the rising of that constellation, well past the beginning of spring. they do not come forth to ply their labors until the bean blossoms; but then not a day do they lose in inactivity, while the weather is favorable for their pursuits.
first of all, they set about constructing their combs, and forming the wax, or, in other words, making their dwellings and cells; after this they produce their eggs and then make honey and wax from flowers, and extract bee-glue from the tears of those trees which distil glutinous substances, the juices, gums, and resins, namely, of the willow, the elm, and the reed. with these substances, as well as others of a more bitter nature, they first line the whole inside of the hive, as a sort of protection against the greedy propensities of other small insects, as they are well aware that they are about to form that which will prove an object of attraction to them. having done this, they employ similar substances in narrowing the entrance to the hive, if otherwise too wide.
the bees also form collections of “bee-bread” to serve as the food of the bees while they are at work, and is often found stowed away in the cavities of the cells, being of a bitter flavor. it is produced from the spring dews and the gummy juices of trees, being less abundant while the south-west wind is blowing, and blackened by the prevalence of a south wind. sometimes it is of a reddish color and becomes improved by the north-east wind; it is found in the greatest abundance upon the nut trees in greece.
bees form wax from the blossoms of almost all trees and plants. where olives are in the greatest abundance, the swarms of bees are the most numerous. bees are not injurious to fruit of any kind; they will never settle on a dead flower, much less a dead carcass. they pursue their labors 238 within three-score paces of their hives; and when the flowers in their vicinity are exhausted, they send out scouts from time to time, to discover places for forage at a greater distance. when overtaken by night in their expeditions, they watch till the morning, lying on their backs, in order to protect their wings from the action of the dew.
it is not surprising that there have been persons who have made bees their exclusive study; aristomachus of soli, for instance, who for a period of fifty-eight years did nothing else; philiscus of thasos, also, surnamed agrius, who passed his life in desert spots, tending swarms of bees. both of these have written works on this subject.
