(discusses the idea of the management of industry by the state, and the idea of its management by the trade unions.)

let us now assume that we desire to abolish the wastes of the competitive method, and to put our industry on a basis of co-operation. how should we effect the change, and how should we run our industry after it was done?

let us take the united states steel corporation. what change would be necessary to the socializing of this concern? united states steel is owned by a group of stockholders, and governed by a board of directors elected by them. the owners are now to be bought out with government bonds, and the board of directors retired. it may also be necessary to replace a certain number of the higher executive officials, who are imbued entirely with the point of view of this board, and have to do with finance, rather than with production. of course, some other governing authority would have to be put in control. what would this authority be? there are several plans before the world, several different schools of thought, which we shall consider one by one.

first, the socialist program. the socialist says, "consider the postoffice, how that is run. it is run by the president, who appoints a postmaster-general as his executive. let us therefore turn the steel industry over to the government, and let the president appoint another member of his cabinet, a director of steel; or let there be a commission, similar to the interstate commerce commission, or the various war industry boards." any form of management of the steel industry which provides for its control and operation by our united states government is socialism of one sort or another.

there has been, of late, a great deal of dissatisfaction with government, on the part of the general public, and also of labor. the postoffice clerks, for example, complain that they are inadequately paid and autocratically managed, deprived of their rights not merely as workers but as citizens. the steel workers complain that when they go on strike against their masters, the government sends in troops and crushes their strike, regardless of the rights or wrongs of it. in order to meet such tactics, labor goes into politics, and elects here and there its own representatives; but these representatives become mysteriously affected by the bureaucratic point of view, and even where they try hard, they do not accomplish much for labor. therefore, labor becomes disgusted with the political process, and labor men do not welcome the prospect of being managed by government.

if you ask such men, they will say: "no; the politicians don't know anything about industry, and can't learn. the people who know about industry are those who work in it. the true way to run an industry is through an organization of the workers, both of hand and brain. the true way to run the steel trust is for all the workers in it, men and women, high and low, to be recognized by law as citizens of that industry; each shop must elect its own delegates to run that shop, and elect a delegate to a central parliament of the industry, and this industry in turn must elect delegates to a great parliament or convention of all the delegates of all the industries. in such a central gathering every one would be represented, because every person would be a producer of some sort, and whether he was a steel worker or a street sweeper or a newsboy, he would have a vote at the place where he earns his living, and would have a say in the management of his job. the great central parliament would elect an executive committee and a president, and so we should have a government of the workers, by the workers, for the workers." this idea is known as syndicalism, derived from the french word "syndicat," meaning a labor union. since the russian revolution it has come to be known as soviet government, "soviet" being the russian word for trade council.

now, taking these two ideas of socialism and syndicalism, it is evident that they may be combined in various ways, and applied in varying degrees. it is perfectly conceivable, for example, that the people of the united states might elect a president pledged to call a parliament of industry, and to delegate the control of industry to this parliament. he might delegate the control to a certain extent, and provide for its extension, step by step; so our society might move into syndicalism by the way of socialism. you have only to put your mind on the possibilities of the situation to realize that one method shades into the other with a great variety of stages.

consider next the stages between capitalism and socialism. we have in the united states some industries which are purely capitalistic; for example, the steel trust, which is privately owned, and has been powerful enough, not merely to suppress every effort of its workers to organize, but every effort of the government to regulate it. on the other hand, the united states postoffice represents state socialism; although the workers have been forbidden to organize, and the management of the industry is so arbitrary that i have always preferred to call it state capitalism. likewise the united states army and navy represent state socialism. when we had the job of putting the kaiser out of business, we did not hire mr. rockefeller to do it; it never once occurred to our advocates of "individualism," of "capitalist enterprise and initiative," to suggest that we should hire out our army and navy, or employ the steel trust or the powder trust to organize its own army and navy to do the fighting for us. likewise, for the most part, we run the job of educating our children by the method of municipal socialism. we run our libraries in the same way, and likewise our job of fire protection.

it is interesting to note how in every country the line between capitalism and socialism is drawn in a different place. in america we run practically all our libraries for ourselves, but it would seem to us preposterous to think of running our theatres. in europe, however, they have state-owned theatres, which set a far higher standard of art than anything we know at home. also, they have state-owned orchestras and opera-houses, something we americans leave to the subscriptions of millionaires. in europe it seems perfectly natural to the people that the state should handle their telegrams in connection with the postoffice; but if you urge government ownership of the telegraphs in the united states, they tell you that the proposition is "socialistic," and that saves the need of thinking about it. we take it for granted that our cities could run the libraries—even though we were glad when carnegie came along and saved us the need of appropriating money for buildings. just why a city should be able to run a library, and should not be able to run an opera-house, or a newspaper, is something which has never been made clear to me.

let us next examine the stages between capitalism and syndicalism. a great many large corporations are making experiments in what they call "shop management," allowing the workers membership in the boards of directors and a voice in the conditions of their labor. this is syndicalism so far as it goes. likewise it is syndicalism when the clothing workers and the clothing manufacturers meet together and agree to the setting up of a permanent committee to work out a set of rules for the conduct of the industry, and to fix wages from time to time. obviously, these things are capable of indefinite extension, and in europe they are being developed far more rapidly. for example, in italy the agricultural workers are organized, and are gradually taking possession of the great estates, which are owned by absentee landlords. they wage war upon these estates by means of sabotage and strikes, and then they buy up the estates at bargain prices and develop them by co-operative labor. this has been going on in italy for ten years, and has become the most significant movement in the country. it is a triumph of pure syndicalism; and such is the power of pure capitalism in the united states that the american people have not been allowed to know anything about this change.

next, what are the stages between socialism and syndicalism? these also are infinite in number and variety. as a matter of fact, there are very few socialists who advocate state socialism without any admixture of syndicalism. the regular formula of the socialist party is "the social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production;" and what the phrase "democratic control" means is simply that you introduce into your socialist mixture a certain flavoring of syndicalism, greater or less, according to your temperament. in the same way there are many syndicalists who are inclined toward socialism. in every convention of radical trade unionists, such as, for example, the i. w. w., you find some who favor political action, and these will have the same point of view as the more radical members of the socialist party, who urge a program of industrial as well as political action.