the characteristic attitude of the american mind, as we have seen, is one of idealism. we may now venture to draw a smaller circle within that larger circle of idealistic impulses, and to label the smaller circle "romance." here, too, as with the word "idealism," although we are to make abundant use of literary illustrations of national tendencies, we have no need of a severely technical definition of terms. when we say, "tom is an idealist" and "lorenzo is a romantic fellow," we convey at least one tolerably clear distinction between tom and lorenzo. the idealist has a certain characteristic habit of mind or inclination of spirit. when confronted by experience, he reacts in a certain way. in his individual and social impulses, in the travail of his soul, or in his commerce with his neighbors and the world, he behaves in a more or less well-defined fashion. the romanticist,[pg 129] when confronted by the same objects and experiences, exhibits another type of behavior. lorenzo, though he be tom's brother, is a different fellow; he is—in the opinion of his friends, at least—a rather more peculiar person, a creature of more varying moods, of heightened feelings, of stranger ways. like tom, he is a person of sentiment, but his sentiment attaches itself, not so much to everyday aspects of experience, as to that which is unusual or terrifying, lovely or far away; he possesses, or would like to possess, bodily or spiritual daring. he has the adventurous heart. he is of those who love to go down to the sea in ships and do business in great waters. lorenzo the romanticist is made of no finer clay than tom the idealist, but his nerves are differently tuned. your deep-sea fisherman, after all, is only a fisherman at bottom. that is to say, he too is an idealist, but he wants to catch different species of fish from those which drop into the basket of the landsman. precisely what he covets, perhaps he does not know. i was once foolish enough to ask an old alsatian soldier who was patiently holding his rod over a most unpromising canal near strassburg, what kind of fish he was fishing for.[pg 130] "all kinds," was his rebuking answer, and i took off my hat to the veteran romanticist.
the words "romance" and "romanticism" have been repeated to the ears of our generation with wearisome iteration. not the least of the good luck of wordsworth and coleridge lay in the fact that they scarcely knew that they were "romanticists." aged" target="_blank">middle-aged readers of the present day may congratulate themselves that in their youth they read wordsworth and coleridge simply because it was wordsworth and coleridge and not documents illustrating the history of the romantic movement. but the rising generation is sophisticated. for better or worse it has been taught to distinguish between the word "romance" on the one side, and the word "romanticism" on the other. "romantic" is a useful but overworked adjective which attaches itself indiscriminately to both "romance" and "romanticism." professor vaughan, for example, and a hundred other writers, have pointed out that in the narrower and more usual sense, the words "romance" and "romanticism" point to a love of vivid coloring and strongly marked contrasts; to a craving for the unfamiliar, the marvellous, and the supernatural. in the[pg 131] wider and less definite sense, they signify a revolt from the purely intellectual view of man's nature; a recognition of the instincts and the passions, a vague intimation of sympathy between man and the world around him,—in one word, the sense of mystery. the narrower and the broader meanings pass into one another by imperceptible shades. they are affected by the well-known historic conditions for romantic feeling in the different european countries. the common factor, of course, is the man with the romantic world set in his heart. it is gautier with his love of color, victor hugo enraptured with the sound of words, heine with his self-destroying romantic irony, novalis with his blue flower, and maeterlinck with his blue bird.
but these romantic men of letters, writing in epochs of romanticism, are by no means the only children of romance. sir humphrey gilbert and sir walter raleigh were as truly followers of "the gleam" as were spenser or marlowe. the spirit of romance is found wherever and whenever men say to themselves, as don quixote's niece said of her uncle, that "they wish better bread than is made of wheat," or when they look within their own hearts, and[pg 132] assert, as the poet young said in 1759, long before the english romantic movement had begun, "there is more in the spirit of man than mere prose-reason can fathom."
we are familiar, perhaps too remorsefully familiar, with the fact that romance is likely to run a certain course in the individual and then to disappear. looking back upon it afterward, it resembles the upward and downward zigzag of a fever chart. it has in fact often been described as a measles, a disease of which no one can be particularly proud, although he may have no reason to blush for it. southey said that he was no more ashamed of having been a republican than of having been a boy. well, people catch byronism, and get over it, much as southey got over his republicanism. in fact byron himself lived long enough—though he died at thirty-six—to outgrow his purely "byronic" phase, and to smile at it as knowingly as we do. coleridge's blossoming period as a romantic poet was tragically brief. keats and shelley had the good fortune to die in the fulness of their romantic glory. they did not outlive their own poetic sense of the wonder and mystery of the world. yet many an old[pg 133] poet like tennyson and browning has preserved his romance to the end. tennyson dies at eighty-three with the full moonlight streaming through the oriel window upon his bed, and with his fingers clasping shakespeare's cymbeline.
with most of us commonplace persons, however, a reaction from the romantic is almost inevitable. the romantic temperament cannot long keep the pitch. poe could indeed do it, although he hovered at times near the border of insanity. hawthorne went for relief to his profane sea-captains and the carnal-minded superannuated employees of the salem custom house. "the weary weight of all this unintelligible world" presses too hard on most of those who stop to think about it. the simplest way of relief is to shrug one's shoulders and let the weight go. that is to say, we cease being poets, we are no longer the children of romance, although we may remain idealists. perhaps it is external events that change, rather than we ourselves. the restoration of the bourbons, the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, make and unmake romantics. often society catches up with the romanticist; he is no longer a[pg 134] soldier of revolt; he has become a "respectable." or, while remaining a poet, he shifts his attention to some more familiar segment of the idealistic circle. he sings about his wife instead of the wife of somebody else. like wordsworth, he takes for his theme a mary hutchinson instead of the unknown and hauntingly alluring figure of lucy. to put it differently, the high light, the mysterious color of dawn or sunset disappears from his picture of human life. or, the high light may be diffused in a more tranquil radiance over the whole surface of experience. such an artist may remain a true painter or poet, but he is not a romantic poet or painter any longer. he has, like the aging emerson, taken in sail; the god terminus has said to him, "no more."
one must of course admit that the typical romanticist has often been characterized by certain intellectual and moral weaknesses. but the great romance men, like edmund spenser, for example, may not possess these weaknesses at all. robert louis stevenson was passionately in love with the romantic in life and with romanticism in literature; but it did not make him eccentric, weak, or empty. his instinct for enduring[pg 135] romance was so admirably fine that it brought strength to the sinews of his mind, light and air and fire to his soul. among the writers of our own day, it is mr. kipling who has written some of the keenest satire upon romantic foibles, while never ceasing to salute his real mistress, the true romance.
"who wast, or yet the lights were set, a whisper in the void, who shalt be sung through planets young when this is clean destroyed."
what are the causes of american romance, the circumstances and qualities that have produced the romantic element in american life and character? precisely as with the individual artist or man of letters, we touch first of all upon certain temperamental inclinations. it is a question again of the national mind, of the differentiation of the race under new climatic and physical conditions. we have to reckon with the headiness and excitability of youth. it was young men who emigrated hither, just as in the eighteen-sixties it was young men who filled the northern and the southern armies. the first generations of american immigration were made up chiefly of vigorous, imaginative,[pg 136] and daring youth. the incapables came later. it is, i think, safe to assert that the colonists of english stock, even as late as 1790,—when more than ninety per cent of the population of america had in their veins the blood of the british isles,—were more responsive to romantic impulses than their english cousins. for that matter, an irishman or a welshman is more romantic than an englishman to-day.
from the very beginning of the american settlements, likewise, there were evidences of the weaker, the over-excitable side of the romantic temper. there were volatile men like morton of merrymount; there were queer women like anne hutchinson, admirable woman as she was; among the wives of the colonists there were plenty of emily dickinsons in the germ. among the men, there were schemes that came to nothing. there were prototypes of colonel sellers; a temperamental tendency toward that recklessness and extravagance which later historical conditions stimulated and confirmed. the more completely one studies the history of our forefathers on american soil, the more deeply does one become conscious of the prevailing atmosphere of emotionalism.[pg 137]
furthermore, as one examines the historic conditions under which the spirit of american romance has been preserved and heightened from time to time, one becomes aware that although ours is rather a romance of wonder than of beauty, the spirit of beauty is also to be found. the first fervors of the romance of discovery were childlike in their eagerness. hakluyt's voyages, john smith's true relation of virginia, thomas morton's new england's canaan, all appeal to the sense of the marvellous.
listen to morton's description of cape ann. i can never read it without thinking of botticelli's picture of spring, so na?vely does this picturesque rascal suffuse his landscape with the feeling for beauty:—
"in the moneth of june, anno salutis 1622, it was my chaunce to arrive in the parts of new england with 30. servants, and provision of all sorts fit for a plantation: and whiles our howses were building, i did indeavour to take a survey of the country: the more i looked, the more i liked it. and when i had more seriously considered of the bewty of the place, with all her faire indowments, i did not thinke that in all the knowne world it could be paralel'd,[pg 138] for so many goodly groves of trees, dainty fine round rising hillucks, delicate faire large plaines, sweete cristall fountaines, and cleare running streames that twine in fine meanders through the meads, making so sweete a murmering noise to heare as would even lull the sences with delight a sleepe, so pleasantly doe they glide upon the pebble stones, jetting most jocundly where they doe meete and hand in hand runne downe to neptunes court, to pay the yearely tribute which they owe to him as soveraigne lord of all the springs. contained within the volume of the land, fowles in abundance, fish in multitude; and discovered, besides, millions of turtledoves on the greene boughes, which sate pecking of the full ripe pleasant grapes that were supported by the lusty trees, whose fruitful loade did cause the armes to bend: while here and there dispersed, you might see lillies and the daphnean-tree: which made the land to mee seeme paradice: for in mine eie t'was natures masterpeece; her cheifest magazine of all where lives her store: if this land be not rich, then is the whole world poore."
this is the morton who, a few years later, settled at merrymount. let me condense the[pg 139] story of his settlement, from the narrative of the stout-hearted governor william bradford's history of plymouth plantation:—
[pg 140]
"and morton became lord of misrule, and maintained (as it were) a schoole of athisme. and after they had gott some good into their hands, and gott much by trading with the indeans, they spent it as vainly, in quaffing & drinking both wine & strong waters in great exsess, and, as some reported 10￡. worth in a morning. they allso set up a may-pole, drinking and dancing aboute it many days togeather, inviting the indean women, for their consorts, dancing and frisking togither, (like so many fairies, or furies rather,) and worse practises. as if they had anew revived & celebrated the feasts of the roman goddes flora, or the beasly practieses of the madd bacchinalians. morton likewise (to shew his poetrie) composed sundry rimes & verses, some tending to lasciviousnes, and others to the detraction & scandall of some persons, which he affixed to this idle or idoll may-polle. they chainged allso the name of their place, and in stead of calling it mounte wollaston, they call it merie-mounte, as if this joylity would have lasted ever."
but it did not last long. bradford and other leaders of the plantations "agreed by mutual consent" to "suppress morton and his consorts." "in a friendly and neighborly way" they admonished him. "insolently he persisted." "upon which they saw there was no way but to take him by force." "so they mutually resolved to proceed," and sent captain standish to summon him to yield. but, says bradford, morton and some of his crew came out, not to yield, but to shoot; all of them rather drunk; morton himself, with a carbine almost half filled with powder and shot, had thought to have shot captain standish, "but he stepped to him and put by his piece and took him."
it is not too fanciful to say that with those stern words of governor bradford the english renaissance came to an end. the dream of a lawless liberty which has been dreamed and dreamed out so many times in the history of the world was over, for many a day. it was only a hundred years earlier that rabelais had written over the doors of his ideal abbey, the motto "do what thou wilt." it is true that rabelais proposed to admit to his abbey of thélème only such men and women as were[pg 141] virtuously inclined. we do not know how many persons would have been able and willing to go into residence there. at any rate, two hundred years went by in new england after the fall of morton before any notable spirit dared to cherish once more the old renaissance ideal. at last, in emerson's doctrine that all things are lawful because nature is good and human nature is divine, we have a curious parallel to the doctrine of rabelais. it was the old romance of human will under a new form and voiced in new accents. yet in due time the hard facts of human nature reasserted themselves and put this romantic transcendentalism by, even as the implacable myles standish put by that heavily loaded fowling-piece of the drunken morton.
but men believed in miracles in the first century of colonization, and they will continue at intervals to believe in them until human nature is no more. the marvellous happenings recorded in cotton mather's magnalia no longer excite us to any "suspension of disbelief." we doubt the story of pocahontas. the fresh romantic enthusiasm of a settler like crèvec?ur seems curiously juvenile to-day, as does[pg 142] the romantic curiosity of chateaubriand concerning the mississippi and the choctaws, or the zeal of wordsworth and coleridge over their dream of a "panti-socratic" community in the unknown valley of the musically-sounding susquehanna. inexperience is a perpetual feeder of the springs of romance. john wesley, it will be remembered, went out to the colony of georgia full of enthusiasm for converting the indians; but as he na?vely remarks in his journal, he "neither found or heard of any indians on the continent of america, who had the least desire of being instructed." the sense of fact, in other words, supervenes, and the glory disappears from the face of romance. the humor of mark twain's innocents abroad turns largely upon this sense of remorseless fact confronting romantic inexperience.
american history, however, has been marked by certain great romantic passions that seem endowed with indestructible vitality. the romance of discovery, the fascination of the forest and sea, the sense of danger and mystery once aroused by the very word "redskin," have all moulded and will continue to mould the national imagination. how completely the[pg 143] romance of discovery may be fused with the glow of humanitarian and religious enthusiasm has been shown once for all in the brilliant pages of parkman's story of the jesuit missions in canada. pictorial romance can scarcely go further than this. in the crisis of chateaubriand's picturesque and passionate tale of the american wilderness, no one can escape the thrilling, haunting sound of the bell from the jesuit chapel, as it tolls in the night and storm that were fatal to the happiness of atala. one scarcely need say that the romance of missions has never faded from the american mind. i have known a sober new england deacon aged eighty-five, who disliked to die because he thought he should miss the monthly excitement of reading the missionary herald. the deacon's eyes, like the eyes of many an old sea-captain in salem or newburyport, were literally upon the ends of the earth. no one can reckon how many starved souls, deprived of normal outlet for human feeling, have found in this passionate curiosity and concern for the souls of black and yellow men and women in the antipodes, a constant source of beneficent excitement.[pg 144]
nor is there any diminution of interest in the mere romance of adventure, in the stories of hunter and trapper, the journals of lewis and clarke, the narratives of boone and crockett. in writing his superb romances of the northern lakes, the prairie and the sea, fenimore cooper had merely to bring to an artistic focus sentiments that lay deep in the souls of the great mass of his american readers. students of our social life have pointed out again and again how deeply our national temperament has been affected by the existence, during nearly three hundred years, of an alien aboriginal race forever lurking upon the borders of our civilization. "playing indian" has been immensely significant, not merely in stimulating the outdoor activity of generations of american boys, but in teaching them the perennial importance of certain pioneer qualities of observation, resourcefulness, courage, and endurance which date from the time when the indians were a daily and nightly menace. even when the indian has been succeeded by the cowboy, the spirit of romance still lingers,—as any collection of cowboy ballads will abundantly prove. and when the cowboys pass,[pg 145] and the real-estate dealers take possession of the field, one is tempted to say that romance flourishes more than ever.
in short, things are what we make them at the moment, what we believe them to be. in my grandfather's youth the west was in the neighborhood of port byron, new york, and when he journeyed thither from massachusetts in the eighteen-twenties, the glory of adventure enfolded him as completely as the boys of the preceding generation had been glorified in the war of the revolution, or the boys of the next generation when they went gold-seeking in california in 1849. the west, in short, means simply the retreating horizon, the beckoning finger of opportunity. like boston, it has been not a place, but a "state of mind."
"we must go, go, go away from here, on the other side the world we're overdue."
that is the song which sings itself forever in the heart of youth. champlain and cartier heard it in the sixteenth century, bradford no less than morton in the seventeenth. some eldorado has always been calling to the more adventurous spirits upon american soil. the[pg 146] passion of the forty-niner neither began nor ended with the discovery of gold in california. it is within us. it transmutes the harsh or drab-colored everyday routine into tissue of fairyland. it makes our "winning of the west" a magnificent national epic. it changes to-day the black belt of texas, or the wheat-fields of dakota, into pots of gold that lie at the end of rainbows, only that the pot of gold is actually there. the human hunger of it all, the gorgeous dream-like quality of it all, the boundlessness of the vast american spaces, the sense of forest and prairie and sky, are all inexplicably blended with our notion of the ideal america. henry james once tried to explain the difference between turgenieff and a typical french novelist by saying that the back door of the russian's imagination was always open upon the endless russian steppe. no one can understand the spirit of american romance if he is not conscious of this ever-present hinterland in which our spirits have, from the beginning, taken refuge and found solace.
we have already noticed, in the chapter on idealism, how swiftly the american imagination modifies the prosaic facts of everyday[pg 147] experience. the idealistic glamour which falls upon the day's work changes easily, in the more emotional temperaments, and at times, indeed, in all of us, into the fervor of true romance. then, the prosaic buying and selling becomes the "game." a combination of buyers and sellers becomes the "system." the place where these buyers and sellers most do congregate and concentrate becomes "wall street"—a sort of anthropomorphic monster which seems to buy and sell the bodies and souls of men. seen half a continent away, through the mists of ignorance and prejudice and partisan passion, "wall street" has loomed like some vast gibraltar. to the broker's clerk who earns his weekly salary in that street, the nebraska notion of "wall street" is too grotesque for discussion.
how easily every phase of american business life may take on the hues of romance is illustrated by the history of our railroads. no wonder that bret harte wrote a poem about the meeting of the eastward and westward facing engines when the two sections of the union pacific railroad at last drew near each other on the interminable plains and the two engines[pg 148] could talk. of course what they said was poetry. there was a time when even the erie canal was poetic. the panama canal to-day, in the eyes of most americans, is something other than a mere feat of engineering. we are doing more than making "the dirt fly." the canal represents victory over hostile forces, conquest of unwilling nature, achievement of what had long been deemed impossible, the making not of a ditch, but of history.
so with all that american zest for camping, fishing, sailing, racing, which lies deep in the anglo-saxon, and which succeeds to the more primitive era of actual struggle against savage beasts or treacherous men or mysterious forests. it is at once an outlet and a nursery for romantic emotion. the out-of-doors movement which began with thoreau's hut on walden pond, and which has gone on broadening and deepening to this hour, implies far more than mere variation from routine. it furnishes, indeed, a healthful escape from the terrific pressure of modern social and commercial exigencies. yet its more important function is to provide for grown-ups a chance to "play indian" too.[pg 149]
but outdoors and indoors, after all, lie in the heart and mind, rather than in the realm of actual experience. the romantic imagination insists upon taking its holiday, whether the man who possesses it gets his holiday or not. i have never known a more truly romantic figure than a certain tin-pedler in connecticut who, in response to the question, "do you do a good business?" made this perfectly stevensonian reply: "well, i make a living selling crockery and tinware, but my business is the propagation of truth."
this wandering idealist may serve to remind us again of the difference between romance and romanticism. the true romance is of the spirit. romanticism shifts and changes with external fortunes, with altering emotions, with the alternate play of light and shade over the vast landscape of human experience. the typical romanticist, as we have seen, is a man of moods. it is only a poe who can keep the pitch through the whole concert of experience. but the deeper romance of the spirit is oblivious of these changes of external fortune, this rising or falling of the emotional temperature. the moral life of america furnishes striking illustrations of the[pg 150] steadfastness with which certain moral causes have been kept, as it were, in the focus of intense feeling. poetry, undefeated and unwavering poetry, has transfigured such practical propaganda as the abolition of slavery, the emancipation of woman, the fight against the liquor traffic, the emancipation of the individual from the clutches of economic and commercial despotism. men like colonel thomas wentworth higginson, women like julia ward howe, fought for these causes throughout their lives. colonel higginson's attitude towards women was not merely chivalric (for one may be chivalrous without any marked predisposition to romance), but nobly romantic also. james russell lowell, poet as he was, outlived that particular phase of romantic moral reform which he had been taught by maria white. but in other men and women bred in that old new england of the eighteen-forties, the moral fervor knew no restraint. garrison, although in many respects a most unromantic personality, was engaged in a task which gave him all the inspiration of romance. a romantic "atmosphere," fully as highly colored as any of the romantic atmospheres that we are accustomed[pg 151] to mark in literature, surrounded as with a luminous mist the figures of the new england transcendentalists. they, too, as heine said of himself, were soldiers. they felt themselves enlisted for a long but ultimately victorious campaign. they were willing to pardon, in their comrades and in themselves, those imaginative excesses which resemble the physical excesses of a soldier's camp. transcendentalism was thus a militant philosophy and religion, with both a destructively critical and a positively constructive creed. channing, parker, alcott, margaret fuller, were warrior-priests, poets and prophets of a gallant campaign against inherited darkness and bigotry, and for the light.
the atmosphere of that score of years in new england was now superheated, now rarefied, thin, and cold; but it was never quite the normal atmosphere of every day. on the purely literary side, it is needless to say, these men and women sought inspiration in coleridge and carlyle and other english and german romanticists. in fact, the most enduring literature of new england between 1830 and 1865 was distinctly a romantic literature.[pg 152] it was rooted, however, not so much in those swift changes of historic condition, those startling liberations of the human spirit which gave inspiration to the romanticism of the continent, as it was in the deep and vital fervor with which these new englanders envisaged the problems of the moral life.
other illustrations of the american capacity for romance lie equally close at hand. take, for instance, the stout volume in which mr. burton stevenson has collected the poems of american history. here are nearly seven hundred pages of closely printed patriotic verse. while stedman's anthology reveals no doubt national aspirations and national sentiment, as well as the emotional fervor of individuals, mr. stevenson's collection has the advantage of focussing this national feeling upon specific events. stedman's anthology is an enduring document of american idealism, touching in the sincerity of its poetic moods, pathetic in its long lists of men and women who are known by one poem only, or who have never, for one reason or another, fulfilled their poetic promise. the thousand poems which it contains are more striking, in fact, for their promise than for their[pg 153] performance. they are intimations of what american men and women would have liked to do or to be. in this sense, it is a precious volume, but it is certainly not commensurate, either in passion or in artistic perfection, with the forces of that american life which it tries to interpret. indeed, mr. stedman, after finishing his task of compilation, remarked to more than one of his friends that what this country needed was some "adult male verse."
the poems of american history collected by mr. stevenson are at least vigorous and concrete. one aspect of our history which especially lends itself to mr. stevenson's purpose is the romance which attaches itself to war. it is scarcely necessary to say nowadays that all wars, even the noblest, have had their sordid, grimy, selfish, bestial aspect; and that the intelligence and conscience of our modern world are more and more engaged in the task of making future wars impossible. but the slightest acquaintance with american history reveals the immense reservoir of romantic emotion which has been drawn upon in our national struggles. war, of course, is an immemorial source of romantic feeling. william james's[pg 154] notable essay on "a moral substitute for war" endeavored to prove that our modern economic and social life, if properly organized, would give abundant outlet and satisfaction to those romantic impulses which formerly found their sole gratification in battle. many of us believe that he was right; but for the moment we must look backward and not forward. we must remember the stern if rude poetry inspired by our revolutionary struggle, the romantic halo that falls upon the youthful figure of nathan hale, the baleful light that touches the pale face of benedict arnold, the romance of the bennington fight to the followers of stark and ethan allen, the serene voice of the "little captain," john paul jones:—"we have not struck, we have just begun our part of the fighting." the colors of romance still drape the chesapeake and the shannon, tecumseh and tippecanoe. the hunters of kentucky, the explorers of the yellowstone and the columbia, the emigrants who left their bones along the old santa fé trail, are our homeric men.
the mexican war affords pertinent illustration, not only of romance, but of reaction. the[pg 155] earlier phases of the texan struggle for independence have much of the daring, the splendid rashness, the glorious and tragic catastrophes of the great romantic adventures of the old world. it is not the texans only who still "remember the alamo," but when those brilliant and dramatic adventures of border warfare became drawn into the larger struggle for the extension of slavery, the poetic reaction began. the physical and moral pretence of warfare, the cheap splendors of epaulets and feathers, shrivelled at the single touch of the satire of the biglow papers. lowell, writing at that moment with the instinct and fervor of a prophet, brought the whole vainglorious business back to the simple issue of right and wrong:
"'taint your eppyletts an' feathers make the thing a grain more right; 'taint afollerin' your bell-wethers will excuse ye in his sight; ef you take a sword an' dror it, an' go stick a feller thru, guv'ment aint to answer for it, god'll send the bill to you."
but far more interesting is the revelation of the american capacity for romance which was[pg 156] made possible by the war between the states. stevenson's poems of american history and stedman's anthology give abundant illustration of almost every aspect of that epical struggle. the south was in a romantic mood from the very beginning. the north drifted into it after sumter. i have already said that no one can examine a collection of civil war verse without being profoundly moved by its evidence of american idealism. in specific phases of the struggle, in connection with certain battle-fields and certain leaders of both north and south, this idealism is heightened into pure romance, so that even our novelists feel that they can give no adequate picture of the war without using the colors of poetry. most critics, no doubt, agree in feeling that we are still too near to that epoch-making crisis of our national existence to do it any justice in the terms of literature. perhaps we must wait for the perfected romance of the years 1861-65, until the men and the events of that struggle are as remote as the heroes of greece and troy. certainly no one can pass a final judgment upon the verse occasioned by recent struggles in arms. any one who has studied the english[pg 157] poetry inspired by the south-african war will be painfully conscious of the emotional and moral complexity of all such issues, of the bitter injustice which poets, as well as other men, render to one another, of the impossibility of transmuting into the pure gold of romance the emotions originating in the stock market, in race-hatred, and in national vainglory.
we have lingered too long, perhaps, over these various evidences of the romantic temper of america. we must now glance at the forces of reaction, the recoil to fact. what is it which contradicts, inhibits, or negatives the romantic tendency? among other forces, there is certainly humor. humor and romance often go hand in hand, but humor is commonly fatal to romanticism. there is satire, which rebukes both romanticism and romance, which exposes the fallacies of the one, and punctures the exuberance of the other. more effective, perhaps, than either humor or satire as an antiseptic against romance, is the overmastering sense of fact. this is what emerson called the instinct for the milk in the pan, an instinct which emerson himself possessed extraordinarily on his purely yankee side, and which a[pg 158] pioneer country is forced continually to develop and to recognize. camping, for instance, develops both the romantic sense and the fact sense. supper must be cooked, even at walden pond. there must be hewers of wood and drawers of water, and the dishes ought to be washed.
on a higher plane, also, than this mere sense of physical necessity, there are forces limiting the influence of romance. schiller put it all into one famous line:—
"und was uns alle b?ndigt, das gemeine."
or listen to keats:—
"'t is best to remain aloof from people, and like their good parts, without being eternally troubled with the dull process of their everyday lives.... all i can say is that standing at charing cross, and looking east, west, north and south, i can see nothing but dullness."
and henry james, describing new york in his book, the american scene, speaks of "the overwhelming preponderance of the unmitigated 'business-man' face ... the consummate monotonous commonness of the pushing male crowd, moving in its dense mass—with[pg 159] the confusion carried to chaos for any intelligence, any perception; a welter of objects and sounds in which relief, detachment, dignity, meaning, perished utterly and lost all rights ... the universal will to move—to move, move, move, as an end in itself, an appetite at any price."
one need not be a poet like keats or an inveterate psychologist like henry james, in order to become aware how the commonplaceness of the world rests like a fog upon the mind and heart. no one goes to his day's work and comes home again without a consciousness of contact with an unspiritual atmosphere, or incompletely spiritualized forces, not merely with indifference, to what emerson would term "the over-soul," but with a lack of any faith in the things which are unseen. take those very forces which have limited the influence of emerson throughout the united states; they illustrate the universal forces which clip the wings of romance. the obstacles in the path of emerson's influence are not merely the religious and denominational differences which dr. george a. gordon portrayed in a notable article at the time of the emerson centenary.[pg 160] the real obstacles are more serious. it is true that dr. park of andover, dr. bushnell of hartford, and dr. hodge of princeton, could say in emerson's lifetime: "we know a better, a more scriptural and certificated road toward the very things which emerson is seeking for. we do not grant that we are less idealistic than he. we think him a dangerous guide, following wandering fires. it is better to journey safely with us."
but i have known at least two livery-stable keepers and many college professors who would unite in saying: "hodge and park and bushnell and emerson are all following after something that does not exist. one is not much more mistaken than the others. we can get along perfectly well in our business without any of those ideas at all. let us stick to the milk in the pan, the horse in the stall, the documents which you will find in the library."
there exists, in other words, in all classes of american society to-day, just as there existed during the revolution, during the transcendental movement, or the civil war, an immense mass of unspiritualized, unvitalized american manhood and womanhood. no literature[pg 161] comes from it and no religion, though there is much human kindness, much material progress, and some indestructible residuum of that idealism which lifts man above the brute.
yet the curious and the endlessly fascinating thing about these forces of reaction is that they themselves shift and change. we have seen that external romance depending upon strangeness of scene, novelty of adventure, rich atmospheric distance of space or time, disappears with the changes of civilization. the farm expands over the wolf's den, the indian becomes a blacksmith, but do the gross and material instincts ultimately triumph? he would be a hardy prophet who should venture to assert it. we must reckon always with the swing of the human pendulum, with the reaction against reaction. here, for example, during the last decade, has been book after book written about the reaction against democracy. all over the world, it is asserted, there are unmistakable signs that democracy will not practically work in the face of the modern tasks to which the world has set itself. one reads these books, one persuades himself that the hour for democracy is passing, and then one goes out on the street[pg 162] and buys a morning newspaper and discovers that democracy has scored again. so is it with the experience of the individual. you may fancy that the romance of the seas passes, for you, with the passing of the square-sailed ship. if mr. kipling's poetry cannot rouse you from that mood of reaction, walk down to the end of the pier to-morrow and watch the ocean liner come up the harbor. if there is no romance there, you do not know romance when you see it!
take the case of the farmer; his prosaic life is the butt of the newspaper paragraphers from one end of the country to the other. but does romance disappear from the farm with machinery and scientific agriculture? there are farmers who follow luther burbank's experiments with plants, with all the fascination which used to attach to alchemy and astrology. the farmer has no longer indians to fight or a wilderness to subdue, but the soils of his farm are analyzed at his state university by men who live in the daily atmosphere of the romance of science, and who say, as a professor in the university of chicago said once, that "a flower is so wonderful that if you knew[pg 163] what was going on within its cell-structure, you would be afraid to stay alone with it in the dark."
the reaction from romance, therefore, real as it is, and dead weight as it lies upon the soul of the nation, often breeds the very forces which destroy it. in other words, the reaction against one type of romance produces inevitably another type of romance, other aspects of wonder, terror, and beauty. following the romance of adventure comes, after never so deep a trough in the sea, the romance of science, like the crest of another wave; and then comes what we call, for lack of a better word, the psychological romance, the old mystery and strangeness of the human soul, ?schylus and job, as victor hugo says, in the poor crawfish gatherer on the rocks of brittany.
we must remember that we are endeavoring to measure great spaces and to take account of the "amplitude of time." the individual "fact-man," as coleridge called him, remains perhaps a fact-man to the end, just as the dreamer may remain a dreamer. but no single generation is compounded all of fact or all of dream. longfellow felt, no doubt, that there[pg 164] was an ideal united states, which dickens did not discover during that first visit of 1842; he would have set the cambridge which he knew over against the cincinnati viewed by mrs. trollope; he would have asserted that the homes characterized by refinement, by cultivation, by pure and simple sentiment, made up the true america. but even among longfellow's own contemporaries there was whitman, who felt that the true america was something very different from that exquisitely tempered ideal of longfellow. there was thoreau, who, over in concord, had been pushing forward the frontier of the mind and senses, who had opened his back-yard gate, as it were, upon the boundless and mysterious territory of nature. there was emerson, who was preaching an intellectual independence of the old world which should correspond to the political and social independence of the western hemisphere. there was parkman, whose hatred of philanthropy, whose lack of spirituality, is a striking illustration of the rebound of new england idealism against itself, of the reaction into stoicism. what different worlds these men lived in, and yet they were all inhabitants, so to[pg 165] speak, of the same parish; most of them met often around the same table! the lesson of their variety of experience and differences of gifts as workmen in that great palace of literature which is so variously built, is that no action and reaction in the imaginative world is ever final. least of all do these actions and reactions affect the fortunes of true romance. the born dreamer may fall from one dream into another, but he still murmurs, in the famous line of william ellery channing,—
"if my bark sinks, 't is to another sea."
no line in our literature is more truly american,—unless it be that other splendid metaphor, by david wasson, which says the same thing in other words:—
"life's gift outruns my fancies far, and drowns the dream in larger stream, as morning drinks the morning-star."
