the difficulties of obtaining military intelligence—native spies—ambuscades—life at nha-nam—doy-tho—de lipthay—a tropical storm—the capture of linh-nghi—monsieur de lanessan—french colonial administration.
owing to the fact that the majority of the population of the yen-thé were partisans of de-nam, and also to the terror with which this chief had inspired the remainder, it was with the greatest difficulty that any information could be obtained concerning the organisation and movements of the rebels.
notwithstanding the proverbial cupidity of the natives, and that all intelligence was well paid for—a special secret service fund being devoted to this purpose—the military authorities found it almost impossible to learn what was going on, or what might be expected to happen. it was not until a regular system of espionage[pg 136] was instituted in april, 1891, that any useful knowledge could be obtained.
a score or so of men from the native regiments who had furnished some proofs of courage were chosen, and these, disguised as travelling musicians, beggars or pedlars, wandered from village to village gleaning in the meantime all the information it was possible to obtain. this they would communicate to the officers commanding the forts at nha-nam and bo-ha, or to the intelligence department of the brigade at bac-ninh. these spies were instructed in certain signs and passwords which they used as a proof of their identity when they came to any of the centres with news; and their arrival at and departure from these places were always effected secretly and at night.
by these means it became possible to the french officers to have some idea of what was going on in the lower yen-thé, but the knowledge obtained concerning the strength and situation of the rebels' fortified positions in the north was extremely vague.
several of the spies had made attempts to penetrate into the region north of ha-thuong.[pg 137] some were turned back; others, who had probably excited suspicion, were tortured and decapitated; but none of them succeeded in obtaining a glimpse of the strongholds, or in gaining any certitude concerning the paths which led to them.
however, thanks to these spies, it became known that important convoys of grain and food stuffs, coming from the villages near bac-ninh, were sent northwards twice a week, by paths which passed a little to the west of our position, and were not visible from it. the usual time for the passage of these supplies near nha-nam was from one to three in the afternoon, at which hour, owing to the heat, the troops were under cover.
acting on orders received from general voyron, who had just taken over the command of the 2nd brigade at bac-ninh, small parties were sent out on several occasions in hopes of surprising the convoy.
they were concealed in one of the deserted villages along the paths supposed to be frequented by the rebels, and at points from which a good view of the track for some distance could[pg 138] be obtained. i took part several times in these small expeditions. one of them is perhaps worthy of mention, since it provided some excitement for all those who assisted in it.
our detachment on this occasion consisted of eight legionaries, and as many tirailleurs, under the order of a corporal of our regiment. we proceeded due south about 3 miles along the high road to cao-thuong to a fine pagoda, the wall of which skirted the highway. just facing the entrance to the building, and at right angles to the main road which it joined, was a small path that ran across the fields to the west, and was visible for about 400 yards, afterwards turning off sharp to the left behind a range of small hillocks covered with long grass.
at the apex of the angle formed by the junction of this path and the main road was a big banyan tree with a clump of bushes at its base.
it was here that our ambuscade was placed, after a scouting party had gone through a big empty village, situated just behind the pagoda, and it was certain that there existed no sign of occupation, or trace of a recent passage of the enemy.
[pg 139]
six legionaries, two natives and the corporal remained behind the pagoda wall, and through the open brickwork in the top part of it they could see across the fields. together with four tirailleurs i was posted on the opposite side of the road. we were a little to the right of the others, our backs towards them, behind the clump of bushes at the foot of the banyan.
perched up on one of the branches of this tree and concealed by its dense foliage was a legionary, who, from the position he occupied, obtained a fine view to the south and west: these being the only directions from which our position could be approached, since the bamboo hedge of the village behind us skirted the road to the east for at least 500 yards, and nothing could come from the north without being seen by our sentries at nha-nam, who had received orders to keep a sharp look-out.
it was ten in the morning before we had settled down. our instructions were to reserve our fire, and, if possible, capture one of the enemy alive.
the heat was terrible—this was in the second week in june, and the rains had not broken—and[pg 140] although, thanks to the shade from the tree above me, i could doff my helmet and profit by the occasional light puffs of breeze, just sufficient to move the airy foliage of the bamboo, it required all my energy to fight against the invading drowsiness.
from time to time i would question the man in the tree in the hope that he would announce the advent of a troop; but he disappointed me each time with a reply in the negative.
my attention was soon drawn to the four natives beside me, for i perceived that they were fast asleep. the natives possess a faculty of dropping into a sound slumber without respect to time or position; and these, though seated, their bodies bolt upright and their legs crossed before them, were snoring. the tonquinese, like the arabs, have a proverb which says: "a man is better sitting than standing, better asleep than sitting, and better dead than asleep." however, this was no time to ponder on the ethics of oriental philosophy, so i applied myself to awakening these weary ones, and, after a good deal of vigorous shaking, succeeded in doing so. the corporal, who from his hiding-place had taken in the situation, adjured me, in low but[pg 141] energetic tones, to make use of the butt of my rifle to infuse enthusiasm into the unfortunate tirailleurs. then all was quiet again, and our weary watching was resumed.
the time seemed to drag along with painful slowness, and the glare and heat increased in intensity. hardly a sound disturbed the drowsy tranquillity, and had it not been for the chirping song of the cicalas and the far-away whistle of a kite, which soared above us and whose shadow flitted occasionally across the open ground in front, one could have imagined that there was nothing living for miles around.
the sun began to move westwards, and its rays struck the white wall behind me, only to be reflected with such force that i was obliged to put on my helmet to protect the back of my head. it was nearly two in the afternoon when we were startled by a short exclamation from the sentry perched above us.
"what is it?" somebody enquired.
"there is something moving," he replied, "a long way off—two kilomètres, perhaps—two men—ah! there are some who carry baskets. nhaques (peasants) going to market, i suppose." then with[pg 142] growing excitement in his tone he continued: "i see a glitter. got for deck!" (he was a belgian). "the two men in front carry rifles—they are the point! yes! yes! the point! further back there are more coolies with baskets, and more men with rifles—now two men on ponies."
"where are they?" i tried to speak quietly, but could have shouted with excitement.
"on the path which runs behind the hillocks—the path which turns in here. they come from the south, and walk very quickly. wheew!" he whistled, "there are quite sixty coolies, and as many men with guns. they have a rear-guard. the first will be on the path before us in ten minutes. prévenez vite le caporal—nous allons rire!"
i ran across the road behind us, through the gateway into the pagoda yard, and informed our "non-com." though he was only half awake when i began—for the heat had been too much for him—he was quite alive to the situation before i had said many words, and almost shook hands with me in his joy at the news.
"don't shoot," he said, "unless they are alarmed and run, then shoot straight. let them[pg 143] come up on the road here and we can collar one, mais pour l'amour de dieu! keep an eye on your demoiselles—i have no faith in them!"
i went back to my hiding-place. hellincks, the man in the tree, said to me:
"hurry up! the two first will be round the corner in a minute or so."
i glanced at the tirailleurs. they were kneeling now, and throwing eager glances through the foliage. in a low voice i told them to fix bayonets and load, and noticed that the man next to me trembled like a leaf as he did so. excitement, i thought—or was it fear? from a deep bronze his skin had changed to a dirty yellow. i should have known and taken away his weapon, but this was my first experience.
mechanically i slipped my right hand into the pouch of my belt, took out a cartridge, and after wetting the bullet with my tongue, slipped it into the open breech of my rifle and closed it. now nothing moved, and the only sounds that struck the ear were the song of the cicalas, the whistle of the kite, and the gentle rustle of the bamboos in the breeze.
suddenly, round the corner of the last hillock,[pg 144] came a man; then, a yard or so behind, another. though expected, their actual appearance produced an impression of surprise; perhaps because we had waited so long.
both wore a kind of uniform of green cotton cloth, and putties of the same colour. their long hair was rolled in a silken turban of similar hue. hanging on his shoulders, suspended by a string which passed round the front of his neck, each man had a big palm-leaf hat.
the sun glittered on their brass cartridges fixed in a belt round the waist, and on the winchesters which they carried on the shoulder, as a gardener carries his spade; the end of the muzzle in the hand, the butt behind them.
on they came at a sort of jog-trot, and we could hear the pad! pad! pad! of their naked feet on the hot path.
now they were within 100 yards of us, and i fancied i could perceive a look of relief on the ugly flat features of the first as he glanced towards the pagoda.
the first of the long string of bearers with their bamboo and baskets were now visible, coming along at a jerky run. i felt something[pg 145] touch my left elbow, and glanced round to find that hellincks had come down from his perch and was kneeling beside me.
the two armed men were quite near now. we could see a bead of perspiration on the face of the first as it came from his hair and trickled down his forehead. we could hear the regular, short pant of his hard breathing, note his half-open mouth, and distinguish his black-lacquered teeth.
pad! pad! pad!—a soft puff of breeze brought to my nostrils the acrid odour of the perspiring native. another few seconds, and by thrusting my rifle through the leaves i could have touched his breast with the muzzle.
these two will surely be ours; nothing can save them!
unable to control himself, mastered by excitement or fear, the tirailleur on my right suddenly sprang to his feet, and shouted in the vernacular:
"toi!" ("stop!") "adow di?" ("where go you?")
from the pagoda behind us i heard an angry murmur, and could distinguish the corporal's[pg 146] voice: "kill the swine! oh, kill him!"—hellincks cursed and groaned like a man struck with fever. i felt that i had stopped sweating, and a big lump rose from my chest into my throat, and seemed to choke me. i gave a great sob of disappointment and surprise.
the next instant we were on our feet, for hellincks rose with me, and as he shouted, "we can yet catch one," i knew that he had a similar thought to mine. but we had hardly taken the first step forward, prior to forcing our way through the bushes and jumping down into the paddy field, than we were blinded for a second by two bright flashes from a few feet in front of us, and half deafened by the close report of the rebels' winchesters. the linh (native soldier), the cause of all the racket, pitched head foremost into the foliage. there was no time to lose, so both of us rushed through the little cloud of smoke, through the bushes, and the next instant we were down in the field.
fifteen, perhaps twenty, yards away i saw the backs of the two green-clad natives who were running for dear life. they were side by[pg 147] side in the field, for the path was littered with the baskets and bamboos of the coolies, who had disappeared as if by magic. "too late!" i shouted. hellincks jerked up his rifle and covered the native on the left. the next instant, acting on his example, i was peeping along my sights and bringing them in line on to the middle of the palm-leaf hat, which bumped as it hung on the receding back of the man to the right.
before i could press the trigger hellincks had fired, and a cloud of smoke floated across my line of vision. it was gone in a second, and i got my chance. through the white puff from my rifle i saw a dark figure spring into the air with the pose of a marionette of which all the strings have been jerked together; and, as i brought down my weapon, jerked out the empty cartridge and reloaded, i saw a dark mass lying motionless on the damp ground amongst the bright green stalks of young rice.
"vite! vite! you fool, mine is winged, and will escape if you do not hurry!" cried my comrade, as he started off at the double.
on we ran for about 30 yards; then[pg 148] hellincks stopped, and, pointing to the ground, jerked out: "i told you so"; and i saw a small blotch the size of a man's hand, which, as the bright sunshine played upon it, glittered red like a splendid dark ruby.
"these fellows have as many lives as a cat," he continued hurriedly. "he was down and up again in a second; limped away across the path into that tall grass on the right"—pointing in that direction. "come! we may yet have him."
on we went a few more yards, when the belgian came a cropper, having tripped over the foot of the thing spread-eagled in the rice field. in his hurry he had passed too close. i had given it a wide berth. i came back to help him up, and had to look at it. there was a small round hole in the back of the neck, just below the base of the skull.
hellincks scrambled up, panting. how he cursed!
"what are you staring at, man? take his gun—quick!"
bending down, i picked up the winchester. in doing so i almost touched the body, and[pg 149] with difficulty suppressed a murmured, "i beg your pardon," because i was dominated by a sentiment of awesome respect for the thing that had been, and was no more. i wished to walk softly, on tiptoe, and felt so thankful that he had fallen face-downwards.
all this had passed in the space of a few seconds. "come back! come back!" it was the corporal shouting to us, and there was a note of warning in his voice.
before turning to go i glanced up, and saw a puff of white smoke arise, float for a second over the top of the hillock ahead, and i heard a report. something struck the wet ground a little in front and to my right. a speck of mud hit me on the chin; then, along a distance of 50 yards or so, the crest was covered with smoke, and there was a rattle of musketry.
as we ran the ground and the air seemed to me to be alive, and i could not go quickly enough to please myself.
hellincks said between pants: "we forgot the cartridges."
"oh! d—- the cartridges!" i replied, and it was as if some one else had said it.... how far[pg 150] it seemed!—there were not more than 40 yards. how hot the sun was! i believe i was terribly afraid during the few seconds it took us to get back to shelter again.
how we got back i don't remember; i only know that i felt quite surprised to find myself standing, somewhat blown, behind the big tree, telling my "non-com" what had happened, and feeling very anxious not to appear flustered.
hellincks lay panting and laughing on the grass beside the other men—three legionaries, who were making caustic remarks concerning our running powers, and five tirailleurs. the latter were either kneeling sheltered by the tree, or extended flat on the road, their rifles ready to reply to the enemy's fire, which was increasing in intensity.
to my explanation the corporal replied:
"bon! bon! it was the fault of that dog of a native. pity he was not hit—killed. they shot off his sakalo, and he fainted. three of our fellows and two tirailleurs are behind the pagoda wall to the right; they can see the enemy's position from there. go and take command of them" (i was an élève-caporal—i.e.,[pg 151] lance-corporal—at this time), "and follow up each volley we fire from here by another—distance, 300 yards."
i went over to my little command, my nerves steadied by the thought of the responsibility which was now mine.
i lined the men up, each before an aperture in the open brickwork of the wall, and recommended them to aim carefully, and wait for the word of command before firing.
half sitting, half lying, with his head against the wall, was the tirailleur who had been the cause of our abortive ambuscade. the upper half of his face was scorched and blackened, and a little red stream trickled down from forehead to chin. he looked dazed and stupid, and his eyes were half closed. from his lips came a continual moan, which he interrupted every few seconds to murmur: "tiet! tiet!" ("dead! dead!")
my attention was called from him by the crash of a volley from the corporal's party.
as soon as the smoke had risen the smart rattle of our volley rang out. three times i gave the same commands, and each detonation[pg 152] seemed an echo to the one from the rifles of our comrades. then there was a pause.
the enemy's fire had slackened considerably, and the noise of the projectiles as they struck the wall and roof of the pagoda, sang overhead or clattered through the branches of the banyan, was hardly noticeable when compared to the racket they had kept up a few minutes before. from the hillocks before us only occasional puffs of smoke arose, followed by isolated reports from their rifles.
at his call i went out to our "non-com," who said:
"they seem to be sick of it, and certainly show no disposition to rush us. i wish they would try, sacré bleu! the ground is too open for them. if we could depend on the linhs—but we can't—we might make a dash for the convoy; without them the odds are too great, so i have decided to withdraw. i will start off with this lot. when we have got away give them a volley to keep them still; and if they show any signs of moving, a little independent firing. don't be extravagant, though. you understand?"
"yes," i answered. "but you must take that wounded linh; he would hamper me."
[pg 153]
"of course," he replied. "sacré bon dieu! i had forgotten the coward. can he stand?"
"i don't think so."
thereupon he told two men off to fetch the poor beggar, and i felt sorry for him when he appeared tottering, though supported by the two legionaries.
as already explained, the banyan tree and the bushes masked the pagoda gateway, so that these movements could not be seen by the enemy.
"he'll do," said the corporal. "you two men hold on to him, and help him to keep up. here you"—this to another tirailleur—"tell him to run his best when we go."
this was explained; and he nodded, mumbled, and would have started off alone if he had not been held. he seemed in a hurry to get away, and we all laughed.
"now," said our chief, "the brigade will retire by echelons." then, with a grin and a bow to me: "you, monsieur, will cover our withdrawal with your battalion. when you hear a volley from us, double out and rejoin with your party. good luck to you!"
"bonne chance!" i replied, and went back to my men.
[pg 154]
a couple of sharp orders, and the others clattered by at the double. the next minute the enemy's fire broke out with renewed vigour. they probably thought that everybody had left, for no bullets came our way.
crash! went our volley at them, but they still kept it up: the running white men were too tempting a target.
i waited half a minute, and ordered independent firing of four cartridges per man, and joined in the fun.
this calmed them a little, and i got my men outside, sheltered behind the friendly banyan, ready for the run, as it was probable that the others would soon halt.
the road went off slightly to the right, and was hidden from view by the corner of the wall. we had not long to wait, for in a few seconds the rattle of the rifles told me it was time to start, so away we went in single file at the run. we found the first detachment sheltered behind a ridge between two fields, from whence they had fired two volleys to cover our withdrawal. no one had been hit, the only damage done being to the stock of a rifle belonging to a man[pg 155] who had retreated with me, which had been smashed by a rifle bullet.
there can be no doubt that the rebels were very poor shots at anything over 100 yards; and it is doubtful if any of them knew how to hit a running object. it was not for us to grumble at this, however.
their fire ceased completely, as soon as we had joined forces. this was due, probably, to the fact that, owing to the continued sound of firing, the picquet from nha-nam had been sent out to meet us—though we were unaware of this, as a slight rise of the ground hid the fort from us. we moved off cautiously, and very soon met the relief. this detachment, about fifty strong, went on in hope of engaging the enemy, but were disappointed; for, although they occupied the hillocks from which we had been fired upon, the rebels had not waited for them but retreated, together with the convoy, leaving behind them but a few baskets of rice. so terminated my first experience under fire from a visible enemy.
that night we were awakened, and remained under arms for an hour, for the enemy amused themselves by treating us to a long range fire.[pg 156] it was a waste of ammunition, for nobody was hurt, and we did not reply. some of my comrades suggested that this was a reprisal for our ambuscade of the afternoon. personally, i am inclined to believe that it was a feinted attack on our position, designed to engage our attention, and ensure the passage of the belated convoy which had escaped us.
the weather now grew hotter every day, and several cases of heat, apoplexy and fever occurred in our little garrison. it is probable that the fever was due to the digging which had taken place during the construction of our fortifications. this was inevitable, of course; but it is always very dangerous to break new soil in these districts, since the surface to the depth of 3 or 4 feet is mainly composed of decayed vegetation in which the malaria microbe is abundant.
all the newcomers were, of course, victims to prickly-heat, in addition to which many of us were afflicted with small boils. these would not come one or two at a time, but sufferers were literally covered with them. i was one of the first to pay toll to this extremely painful[pg 157] malady. in addition to these unavoidable inconveniences, the whole company suffered from another discomfort which was a cause of deep complaint on the part of the men, since it was due to the neglect of our commissariat department. because some trifling formality had not been executed, mosquito-nets were not served out to us till late in july, and the lack of them caused many hours of sleepless agony during the hot nights.
a surprising amount of red-tapeism still remained in the commissariat department of france's colonial army; and, though this branch was remodelled at the beginning of 1901, it is generally acknowledged that the authorities responsible for the new order of things have obtained little or no improvement in this respect.
in july the heat became tremendous; the afternoons, which were the hottest part of the day, averaging 110 degrees in the shade. the men were kept indoors from nine in the morning until three in the afternoon, and operations were restricted to short reconnaissances, which took place either in the early morning or in the evening.
[pg 158]
these excursions were always made to the south, east or west, but not northwards, as orders had been received from the brigade to abstain from penetrating into the enemy's country until the summer months had passed. in consequence, the garrison of nha-nam disposed of a good deal of leisure time, which the men made use of according to their varied tastes.
making cloth belts embroidered with flags and other warlike devices was a favourite pastime with many; books and newspapers were in great demand, and a fortnightly convoy from phulang-thuong, which brought the european mail, was an incident of importance to all. a rifle range had been built about 500 yards to the west of our position, and each morning saw some unit of the garrison at practice.
close to the fort, on the south-west side, was a small village inhabited by the camp followers, wives and children of some of the native troops. it contained one small store kept by a chinaman, at which the troops could obtain tobacco, tinned goods, and strong drinks.
the sale of intoxicants was, however, sub[pg 159]jected to strict regulation, any infringement of which would have entailed the peremptory closing of the storekeeper's establishment. the men not on duty were allowed to go into the village from 5 to 7 p.m. only, so that would-be topers had small facilities for over-indulgence, and cases of drunkenness were few and far between. thirsty souls could obtain good wine from the government stores in the fort at a very reasonable price, though this supply was with reason restricted to half a litre (a little more than a pint) a day per man.
our diet was good, for the natives from some of the surrounding villages brought in a plentiful supply of eggs, poultry, pork, fruit and yams, which were readily purchased, as the troops received a mess-grant in addition to their daily ration of bread, fresh meat, coffee, sugar, rice and salt.
during the period of comparative inaction, and profiting by the leisure at my disposal, i made an attempt at learning the annamese language. progress was very slow, for the vernacular, like chinese, is composed of a multitude of sounds, many of which are so similar to each other that[pg 160] only a well-trained ear can distinguish the difference; also, there exists neither alphabet nor grammar to aid the student, and success depends entirely on the possession of a good memory, and inexhaustible patience.
in writing this language the natives use the chinese characters, each representing a sound; and the extent of knowledge of their literati class is gauged by the number of these each individual has succeeded in retaining. thus a native who has passed examinations which prove that he possesses five thousand characters, is said to be clever; and one who has shown that he can make use of double that quantity is considered to have reached a very high standard of education indeed.
as in the chinese and japanese languages many words possess an honorific as well as a common form. thus an official, in speaking to an inferior, will refer to himself by using the word tao (i); but in conversing with a superior this form of pronoun in the first person becomes toy (i). it is needless to state that this peculiarity adds considerably to the difficulties the student has to reckon with.
[pg 161]
during my search for an insight into the native tongue i came in contact with one of the native sergeants, known as doy-tho (doy—sergeant, and tho—a mountaineer). this non-commissioned officer belonged to the hardy and brave mountain tribes of northern tonquin, mention of which has already been made.
he had distinguished himself on several occasions, and especially so during the operations against hou-thué in december and january.
in appearance, and in his love of danger, he bore a strong resemblance to a gurkah; and the following account of an incident which took place during one of the attacks on the rebel stronghold, related to me by a legionary who was present, will give the reader some insight into the character of this plucky little soldier, and indeed into that of his fellow-tribesmen, of whom he was a good example.
during one of the first engagements a section of the native regiment under the orders of a lieutenant succeeded in reaching the first palisade. from behind the trees, or lying flat on the ground, the men opened a smart fire on the rebel[pg 162] position, which was returned with vigour and punctuated by oriental abuse, composed of rude remarks concerning the individual family of each tirailleur, and the graves of his ancestors.
doy-tho, maddened by these insults, stood up in full view of the enemy, and poured forth upon them a torrent of curses and invective.
in their admiration of his daring, and their surprise at the volubility and scope of his abuse, most of the combatants forgot to fire, and a momentary lull took place in the engagement. it lasted a few seconds only, for, lashed to fury by the stinging retorts of the speaker, every rifle on that side of the rampart was turned upon him.
his sakalo and cartridge-cases were shot away, and his clothes riddled with bullet holes; and it is probable that his body would have resembled a sieve had not his lieutenant sprung forward and dragged the howling mountaineer into safety behind a big tree. after this the rebels' fire slackened, and they shouted friendly invitations to the native troops to kill their officers and join them, saying that de-nam would treat them well, and give one hundred[pg 163] dollars for every head of a french officer they would bring in.
tho replied with renewed invective from behind the tree, where he had been ordered to remain, and each pause, made through want of breath, he punctuated with a shot from his rifle.
when the engagement was over, and the troops were retiring to nha-nam, the lieutenant aforementioned asked the little sergeant if he thought the promises of the rebels were bona fide ones. the nearest translation of doy-tho's reply in bad french was something after the following:
"hum! they belong big liars. suppose i bring your head, mon lieutenant, perhaps i get ten dollars only."
he and i soon became fast friends, and of an evening, before the door of the fort was closed, i would sometimes go for an hour to his caigna (native hut), and sit and talk with him whilst his wife prepared his evening meal of rice, dried fish, prawns and native salad.
while we discussed the topics of the day, his sons—two sturdy, pot-bellied brats, aged[pg 164] respectively five and seven, naked as they were born—would squat down on the floor of beaten clay and stare open-mouthed at me.
his meal despatched, the little sergeant would stretch himself out on a clean rice straw mat placed on a platform-like bed made of split bamboo which covered half the room. his wife would then bring in a hardwood tray, whereon was a diminutive lamp, a bamboo opium pipe with a blue clay bowl, some little skewer-like implements of silver, and a tiny box of the same metal containing the daily ration of this seductive drug.
tho would lie on his right side, a hollow block of green-enamelled earthenware, serving as a pillow, beneath his head. his wife would stretch out opposite to and facing him. between them was placed the tray with its little implements, and the lamp was lit.
this was the solemn moment of the day.
tho reached out his skinny little brown hand and picked up his pipe, fondling it an instant prior to warming the bowl in the flames, his keen black eyes glancing over his favourite with the fond look of satisfaction and[pg 165] gratitude one sees on the face of a man who greets a well-beloved wife.
this pipe, if such it can be called (for neither in bowl nor stem did it resemble the instrument we give that name to), was of similar form to that used by all orientals who inhale opium fumes. it consisted of a stem, about 2 feet long, of polished bamboo, about 1? inches in diameter, the lower end being closed by an ivory cap, while the other extremity was covered by a disc of silver with a small round hole in the centre of it. to this the lips were placed when the fumes were inhaled.
about 6 inches from the lower end of the stem the bamboo was pierced to receive the neck of the bowl, shaped like a hollow, flat bulb. the top had a diameter of about 3 inches, and was well polished and slightly convex. in the middle was a tiny hole about as big as a pin's head.
it is, perhaps, as well to explain that no opium gets into the bowl, for it is consumed over the hole in the smooth convex surface on the top, owing to the air in the bulb having been inhaled and the consequent creation of[pg 166] a temporary vacuum. thus only the fumes pass through the little orifice, up the stem and into the lungs of the smoker.
now tho was warming his pipe over the flame of the lamp, withdrawing it now and again to gently polish the surface of the bulb upon the sleeve of his khaki jacket. his better-half dipped one of the little silver skewers into the tiny pot, and after turning it round drew it out covered with a coating of the rich brown drug, which looked like thick treacle.
this she held over the flame for a second. it frizzled and gained in consistency; she withdrew it, and dipped it again into the drug, and it increased in volume. three or four times this operation was repeated, until there was sufficient opium on the skewer to make a good pipe.
the doy now held his pipe to his mouth, and the tip of the flame licked the smooth, warm surface of the bowl on which his spouse began to roll the opium, holding the other end of the pipe in her left hand to steady it.
her dexterity was marvellous. in a few seconds the drug was detached from the skewer,[pg 167] and was rolled into a little ball about the size of a pea.
she threw a glance at tho which meant, "are you ready?" he nodded, and started drawing at the bamboo. a gentle movement, and the skewer pushed the ball of opium on to the tiny hole, and it was held just over the lamp.
there was a frizzle as the drug began to burn, continuing under the steady prolonged suction of the smoker. there was no smoke, for it was all going up the pipe into the little brown man's lungs. his eyes were half closed, and his features expressed a gentle beatitude, but his chest was swelling, swelling. soon he could not continue the steady suction, and he drew at the bamboo with a succession of quick, small pants. his wife, in the meanwhile, held the bowl well over the flame, and pushed up to the orifice the tiny particles of the drug still adhering to the convex surface. presently all was consumed. i, on seeing this for the first time, sighed with relief, as one who had escaped from witnessing a catastrophe, when the smoker opened his mouth, and allowed[pg 168] the black smoke to escape slowly from between his lacquered teeth, which shone like ebony in the dim light of the tiny lamp.
tho watched the opaque column as it climbed slowly upwards to the bamboo cross-poles of his hut, and, forming into a little cloud, clung to the thatch of the roof. "biet!" (good) he exclaimed, and then prepared for another.
the air in the tiny room was now heavy with the odour of the drug, which at first seemed acrid and unpleasant, but it improved on acquaintance, and soon became soothing and enjoyable.
the doy liked to smoke his opium in peace, and, knowing this, i sat waiting until he should see fit to break the silence. outside, the day was fast drawing to a close, and the short eastern sunset would in a few minutes be changed into night.
from the chinaman's shanty a few paces away came the sound of a rollicking ditty sung by some of my comrades over a pint of wine or a glass of absinthe. the noise seemed to wake all the cicalas in the neighbourhood, for they started at once a concert of chirping whistles. in the half-dried-up pools outside the village[pg 169] thousands of noisy members of the batrachian tribe broke into an endless chorus of complaint at the unwonted dryness of the season, while from time to time their big uncles, the bull-frogs, added a booming croak of approval. the matting hanging before the doorway of the hut swung back a little, moved by a hot breeze which brought to the nostrils a whiff of flowers and vegetation in decay; and i could see the fireflies already circling down the little street or about the thatch-covered caignas.
the heat was terrific, and seemed, if possible, less supportable now than it had done during the hours of blinding, scorching sunshine. all the earth seemed to radiate the caloric it had been stoking up during the day.
when would the rains break? those rains the other men who knew had told me of. rains that chilled you to the bone, and made your teeth chatter.
the thought that in the past—it seemed years ago—i had somewhere shivered with the cold, made me laugh aloud, as, after throwing off my light cotton jacket and rolling up my shirt-sleeves, i sat mopping the perspiration from my forehead.[pg 170] the veins of my neck seemed to swell, and my breath came in gasps.
thinking that it might be somewhat cooler there, i stepped into the street, and taking out my pouch, tried to roll a cigarette. three times the thin paper broke in my sticky, perspiring fingers before i succeeded in obtaining a damp and flabby apology for a smoke. this slight exertion had caused me to perspire from every pore, and it seemed hotter outside than within. my light clothes clung to my limbs like those of a man pulled out of a pond. disgusted, i returned and sat down again on the edge of the bed, and, after endless difficulty, succeeded in lighting my damp cigarette with a still damper match.
the tiny twinkle of the opium-lamp deepened the darkness outside the small circle of its light. tho's brownish-yellow features, on which it shone, reminded me of a quaint and clever old japanese ivory i had once seen; and the dark background of the night was like the black velvet-lined case which had contained it.
from where i sat i could see the arm of the sergeant's wife—bare from the elbow—and i[pg 171] watched with a kind of sleepy fascination her small and nimble fingers as they manipulated the drug. the soft light gave to her skin a rich gold tint, and made the arm and hand look graceful and comely. the rembrandt-like effect of the picture gripped me, and for the moment the heat was forgotten.
tho's voice brought me from a waking dream when, after laying down his pipe, he said:
"patience, camarade! it will come. when the bull-frogs join in the song the great waters are not far off. were you on sentry to-night you would hear the dreary note of the rain-bird, for i'd stake a week's pay she will be out. ba (his wife) tells me it sang to-day before sunrise; but women were ever dreamers."
the little woman looked up from her task of cleaning the silver skewer, and retorted:
"dreamers! oh, great slaughterer of men, and dost thou give me time to dream? is not my life as full of work as our mountain rise is full of fat? am i not still a tho from the tam-dao? (a group of mountains to the west of tha?-nguyen). are not my teeth white, though i have a husband who has blackened his and become a plainsman?"
[pg 172]
as she smiled at her own wit i caught a flash of ivory between her red lips, and noticed for the first time the regularity of her small features. the doy smiled good-naturedly, and replied:
"oh, thou silly one! thou art pretty as an angry parrakeet, and talkest faster." then to me: "had i not lacquered my poor teeth—though my ancestors know the grief i suffered from it—how could i have gone, dressed like a pedlar, to spy in the villages for the government? had i tried so to do, the de-nam would have eaten my liver long since. as it is, some day i shall probably eat his. ba, get ready another pipe for me."
"nay! nay!" she answered, as she lit a small kerosine lamp of german make, and placed it on the bed; "thou hast eaten ten times of the drug, and it is thy just ration." she blew out the small light and carried away the tray, saying to me as she did so: "were i to listen to this man he would turn all the government dollars he gets into black smoke, and i and my sons would have to go in shame to my father and beg for food."
[pg 173]
it was very evident that madame ba ruled the roost, and it was probably better so.
tho growled a little, and protested to me:
"was ever man burdened with such a wife? she has no respect for me—the senior sergeant in the company. now, had i married——" here he was interrupted by the first notes of the bugle calling us back to the fort, and we rose together and hurried out of the hut. it was quite dark outside. tho did not speak until we had nearly reached the gate, then he said: "camarade, when the time comes, i hope you will find for yourself a white woman with a heart like ba's. bonne nuit!" and he ran off to his section.
lying on my bed that night i communicated to my neighbour, lipthay, a hungarian, the incidents of the evening, and together we laughed over the recital of little tho's domestic worries. this room-mate of mine had come out with our detachment on the bien-hoa. on our arrival at nha-nam we had been given beds next each other, and our acquaintance was fast ripening into a close friendship.
lipthay had joined in april of the preceding year. shortly before this he held a[pg 174] commission in the austrian army, which he had resigned. a braver, more loyal and upright nature i have never met. i have never learnt the reasons which brought him into the legion, but am convinced they were honourable, for during the four years we were almost continually together his speech and conduct were always those of a gentleman in the truest sense of the word.
he was an adept at military topography, and, to while away the time, would give me further lessons in this useful art, of which i had already some slight knowledge.
this having reached the ears of our captain, we accompanied in turns the occasional reconnoitring parties, and made topos of the route taken. his work was of the first quality, and his draughtsmanship of a very high order.
the following morning i came across tho, who was conducting the sick men of his detachment to the doctor. he halted an instant to ask me if i was coming to see him that evening, and i told him i should be deprived of that pleasure, as my section was on picquet duty at 5 p.m. at this he grinned, and said:
[pg 175]
"well, then, we shall meet later, for there will be some fun to-night." he then left me, and trotted off to rejoin his men.
i knew it was no good trying to obtain further information from him, for the doy was like the majority of orientals, from whom torture will not wring a secret they have decided to keep, so i did not attempt to see him again that day.
however, as i knew that he served as interpreter to our commander when spies were interrogated, i inferred from the hint he had given me that some movement was to be made that night.
my section assembled, and were inspected with the guard that evening, and afterwards we were dismissed, but had to remain dressed and armed in our room in the event of our services being required. i took lipthay into my confidence, and told him of the "tip" i had received. i induced him to do as i did, and fill his water-bottle with cold coffee in case of necessity.
fully dressed, with our belt and cartridge-cases on, we lay down on our cots to snatch a few hours' rest. at 1 a.m. our squad corporal shook us out of our slumbers, and,[pg 176] together with the other men of our section, we snatched up our rifles and assembled outside as quietly as possible.
here we found a half-section of native troops under the orders of tho, who nodded to me and grinned as i stepped up and took my place in the ranks. two hard-boiled eggs and a slice of bread were served out to each man, which we were told to put in our wallet for future use.
a few minutes later captain plessier came upon the scene, and noticing that he was not mounted, i surmised that our coming peregrinations were to take place over difficult ground.
so indeed it proved, for, after the gate had been opened by the sentry, our little column went out in silence, like a troop of ghosts, in indian file, turned to the right, and proceeded to the south-west across the paddy fields by the narrow ridges which served as paths.
the night was stifling and pitch-dark—so dark, indeed, that each man had to hold on to the wallet of his comrade in front so as not to lose his way. thus progress was very slow. when we had been walking about an hour, and had covered, perhaps, a mile and a half,[pg 177] the blackness of the night was of a sudden lit up by a brilliant flash of lightning which illuminated, for the fraction of a second, the surrounding country. the weird aspect of it, with the tall outlines of the palms and bamboo silhouetted against the sky, remained with a strange vividness as if photographed upon the retina, for several minutes. this was succeeded by a peal of thunder so deafening that it seemed to split the ear-drums and shake the ground beneath us, and the rain came down as it only can do in the tropics.
for a few seconds our little troop was thrown into confusion, and some of the men, temporarily blinded by the sudden light, stepped into the fields, where they floundered about with water and mud almost up to their knees. after this interruption we proceeded on our way.
very slowly though, for the lightning continued, flash following flash, in quick succession for an hour, and our ears were weary with the crashing of the thunder. the track, which was of clay, was sodden and slippery. we were all wet through to the skin, and our boots, full of water, emitted a curious squashing noise at each step.
[pg 178]
fortunately the din of the thunder and the continued thresh of the rain more than covered the noisy advance of our column.
ten minutes before, wet through with perspiration, i had mentally cursed the heat; now my teeth were chattering and my fingers were numbed with the cold. i felt a strange joy at it, smiled to myself at the evident truth of tho's recent prophecy anent the "great waters," and thought how appropriate was his term for the downpour.
for two hours we continued on our slippery way, and were then halted on a patch of grass covered with little mounds—a village graveyard.
here our expedition was broken up into little parties, the one to which i belonged being composed of ten legionaries and a sergeant, and as many tirailleurs, with tho at their head.
we proceeded a short distance, and were ordered to be down in some long grass, behind a clump of cactus and hibiscus shrubs. as we did so, i heard the doy say to our sergeant:
"when it will be light we shall see the door of the village from here; the path to it is a little to our left."
[pg 179]
from this, and the movements i could hear on our right and left, i gathered that the remainder of the column was surrounding a village which lay before us, but owing to the darkness and the rain i could distinguish nothing ahead of me.
we had been lying on the ground some minutes, and, notwithstanding the chill dampness, i was almost falling into a doze, for the walk had tired me, when from the surrounding darkness a figure came noiselessly and crouched beside me. the next instant tho's voice whispered in my ear:
"i told you so; it has come."
"yes"—i shivered—"and i think i have had enough of it."
"no! say not so! a few more hours and you will grumble at the heat once more, camarade! 'tis a fool who ever complains. our land had sore need of the rain; the crops will drink this as the mandarin does his yunan tea. when the sun rises all the earth will rejoice. the voice of the tempest has shut the ears of our enemy to the noisy approach of the linhtap lanxa (european soldier). this time we shall[pg 180] surely surprise the brigands; therefore we should thank our lord bhouddah for his great mercy."
"what village is before us, friend?"
"yen-trieu," he answered; "and in it is a linh-binh (sergeant) of the de-nam with twenty men. they are collecting the taxes, and were to have left it this morning. but they will never leave it," he added, with a low chuckle. "yesterday the spies came and told the captain. i was there. last night they surely feasted, drank much choum-choum (rice alcohol), and smoked many pipes, for the headman is a great traitor, and in secret a partisan of ham-nghi."
"we shall have much trouble to enter," i ventured, "for we have not brought axes."
tho chuckled again, and said:
"let not that trouble thee. i have advised the ong-quang-ba (the captain—literally, 'lord of three stripes'), and these fools will open the door themselves; even as i said to him."
i turned to chide him for his presumption, but he had glided away silently into the night.
the rain had ceased now almost as suddenly as it had commenced, and the smell of the[pg 181] damp earth and vegetation reeked in the nostrils. turning, i glanced behind me, and saw that towards the east the sky was grey. in a few minutes the forms of my comrades near by could be dimly distinguished. the nearest—he was barely a yard away—was a boy of twenty, an alsatian. he was fast asleep, his head pillowed on his arm, and dreaming pleasantly, for on his lips, which bore no trace of a moustache, i could discern a smile. fearing lest the sergeant should find him thus, i awoke him, and he thanked me.
it was now so light that a few paces away to the left i recognised our captain, seated on the ground. he was chewing the end of an unlit cigar. in a low voice he called the sergeant, and talked for some moments to him.
then our "non-com" came from one to the other of us and communicated the instructions he had just received. these were:
"load, and fix bayonets as quietly as possible. lie still until the signal is given by the captain with his whistle, then rise at once and rush for the village gateway, and on into the houses beyond; weapons not to be used until resistance[pg 182] is offered; and every effort must be made to capture an enemy alive."
by looking through the foliage before us, we could now see in the yet dim light that we were close to a pond or moat, covered with rank duck-weed and lotus plants. on the other side of this was a big village, surrounded by the usual embankment and bamboo hedge. presently we could hear the crowing of cocks, barking of dogs, and other sounds of awakening life.
the pond was crossed by a dyke about 6 feet wide, forming a path leading to the heavy gateway of the hamlet. this was yet closed.
by this time the eastern sky was a bright red violet, and against it the great leaves of the plantains, the spiky foliage of the macaw palms, and the delicate leafage of the bamboo seemed to be cut out of tinfoil, reminding me of a tropical scene from a drama staged in one of our large london theatres. the birds were out: troops of white-breasted jays scurried from tree to tree, with an uncouth cry; sparrows darted about with an endless twittering; and several carrion-crows started a concert among the areca palms inside the village. suddenly on the[pg 183] horizon there was a glitter, and a convex curve of fire appeared. the mighty ball of the blinding sun rose inch by inch from the rice fields, the wet surface reflecting its light with dazzling vividness.
it was already hot, and our sodden linen grew stiffer and drier each instant.
all attention was now turned to the village, and behind the gate came the noise of withdrawal of bolts and bars. the heavy ironwood portals swung open, and out stepped a water-buffalo, on whose back straddled a naked youngster, gripping tightly a cord attached to the iron ring in the animal's nostrils. just outside the unwieldy beast halted its big head, and, throwing its great horns right back, sniffed the air. its eyes seemed turned towards our hiding-place. but there were others behind who were impatient to get out, and a native woman darted forward, and beat the beast's buttocks with a hoe. the boy on his back, unconscious of the danger in front, drummed his little heels on the black, hairless sides, and the animal moved slowly and reluctantly forward.
one, two, three of the beasts stepped out; a[pg 184] fourth was already in the doorway, when suddenly came the shrill order from the whistle.
in an instant we were up and racing like madmen for the causeway, almost before the natives with their cattle had realised what had happened.
lipthay was in front, leading me by 6 feet; we had been lying nearest to the path. tho was panting along at my side. my hungarian chum was now on the dyke, but he slipped on the wet clay, and came down with a crash. both of us jumped clear of him, and went sliding along for several paces on the slippery surface. soon we were up to the first buffalo, which was trying to turn. tho leaned forward, and drove his bayonet into its hind quarters. with a roar it leaped off the path, and fell with a mighty splash into the pond, the boy still clinging to its back. i heard a peal of laughter somewhere behind me. on we went again, and the next instant were at the door, in which two of the beasts were wedged. again the doy's steel darted out, and one of the animals, with a bellow of pain, was forced through, like a cork pushed into a bottle.
in our ears rang the yells of the natives, beseeching each other to close the way.
the next instant we were through, and i saw a native heroically striving to pull away a bamboo pole, so as to let fall an inner gate; but before he could do so the rearmost buffalo, which was lumbering along in headlong flight, cannoned against him, and he was knocked sprawling. tho had slipped in front, for we were now running in a narrow lane, where only one could pass at a time. the sides were walls of thick, sun-dried clay, in which, at irregular intervals, were little round loopholes. no one fired from them, though a few seconds had passed since the first alarm was given.
behind us came the clatter of nailed boots, and i turned to see that lipthay, his khaki and accoutrements caked with mud, had caught up with us. he laughed and puffed as my eye caught his. every few yards the narrow way twisted and turned. we saw nothing, but could hear the cries of alarm of the natives and the thumping gallop of the terrified buffaloes just ahead. suddenly the doy turned off to the left, through a door in the wall, and the[pg 186] next instant we were in a kind of courtyard, covered with red tiles. in the middle was a guava tree in full bloom, and facing us a thatch-covered native house, with green blinds of split bamboo hanging from the roof.
as we advanced one of these was lifted, and a tall, lank native, holding a winchester at the "ready," confronted us. his hair was long, and hung over his shoulders; his eyes, still full of sleep, had a fierce, wild glare in them.
we spread out and advanced towards him.
"the lu-thuong! (headman). opium drunk," said tho. "surrender to us!"
the native spat at him, jerked up his weapon, fired at the doy, and missed him.
already he had pulled back the lever, preparing to shoot again, when lipthay's rifle spoke. his weapon fell with a clang to the tiles, and, his two hands clasped to his breast, he staggered back against the screen, which gave way, and fell doubled up under the verandah. with his back against the wall of the house, he watched us as we came to the door. his mouth opened, and he tried to curse:
"de-oh!... de-oh!" then he coughed,[pg 187] and a rush of blood choked his words. he toppled over on his side as our three rifle-butts, descending on its surface, splintered the wooden door of his abode. he had done his best to defend his guest.
the scene inside was a strange one. we had expected resistance, but found none, and were perhaps disappointed in consequence.
on a big wooden couch, and inside a green mosquito-curtain, lay a man, dressed in cream-coloured silk. beside him was a tray on which i saw the little silver box, the skewers and the lamp. the latter was burning, and the brilliant stream of sunshine pouring through the broken door seemed to drown its flicker.
the man's face was long and emaciated, and, as the light struck it, i noticed that his skin was very fair for a native, that he wore a green silk turban, and that his hair was carefully rolled. the finger-nails of his left hand, which held the pipe over the flame, were very long; that of the little finger being at least 4 inches.
on the index finger of the same hand was a massive gold ring.
beside him lay a woman, who was tending[pg 188] the opium, even as i had seen ba do a few hours earlier. she was dressed in a long stole-like garment of bright green.
neither of the pair moved or looked towards us, and for a few seconds their indifference to our presence seemed complete and contemptuous. when he had finished the pipe he had been smoking, he sat up and nodded to tho, who saluted him in the vernacular, saying as he did so:
"linh-binh, you must surrender and come with us. fools, but not grave men, resist the inevitable."
there was a tremor in his voice, and a gleam in the little sergeant's eye that said only too plainly how gladly he would have slain the rebel then and there.
i noticed a glitter on the floor near the bed, bent down and picked up a spencer carbine and a belt full of cartridges. attached to it was a hunting-knife in a leather sheath, and a holster containing a revolver of an american pattern.
the linh-binh slid off the couch and stood before us.
[pg 189]
"cannot i die now?" he said to tho.
"no! no! we are to take you alive. such are the orders which must be obeyed." then to me: "camarade, you who are as strong as an ox, will you hold his arms behind his back one little moment?"
i did as he requested, and the doy took the green turban from the head of our prisoner, and tied his elbows together, leaving about a yard of the silk loose, the end of which he wound round his own wrist.
then we left the hut with our captive. as we passed under the verandah i saw that the lu-thuong was lying on his side, and seemed to be sleeping peacefully. he was quite dead. lipthay picked up the winchester, and walked with me behind tho, before whom was the prisoner. we noticed that they were talking together in quite a friendly manner. the woman was following us, and i could hear the low sobbing complaint which she kept up as she trotted behind. we could hear much shouting, and the explosion of firearms in the village not far from us, and it was evident that the rebels were offering a stubborn but tardy resistance.
[pg 190]
guessing the importance of our capture, and fearing a rescue, both lipthay and myself shouted to tho to hurry on, and we all started off at a trot.
outside, we found the captain attended by a bugler. our commanding officer was seated on a mound watching the gateway, and smoking his cigar. when we got up to him, he said:
"what have we here?"
"a rebel, mon capitaine," answered lipthay.
"the linh-binh, mon capitaine," i replied.
"linh-nghi, mon capitaine," added tho, who had learnt the name of the prisoner.
"and two rifles, and a pretty girl," added the officer with a laugh. then he continued: "leave all here in charge of calvet (the bugler). you, doy, go back to your section. you two men rejoin sergeant bevan in the village, and tell him to get his detachment together and rejoin me here."
when we reached the sergeant, all resistance had terminated, and the men were foraging in the huts or securing the prisoners.
we communicated the orders.
the little column assembled outside again,[pg 191] and we learned that two of our men had been slightly wounded; we had captured six prisoners, taken nine rifles, and five of the enemy had been killed. the surprise had been complete. although few, if any, of us realised the importance of the capture we had made, it will presently be seen that our morning's work produced results which eventually aided not a little towards the success of the operations on a large scale undertaken against the rebels at the beginning of the following year. we reached nha-nam at eleven that morning, and an extra ration of wine was served out to us, as a compensation for the drenching we had received.
our prisoners were lodged under the verandah of the house occupied by the native troops, where there was a barre de justice—heavy ironwood stocks—in which the right leg of each of the captives was secured. a guard, furnishing two sentries, was placed over them. they were well fed, and suffered no cruelty or insult; but, having been captured in armed rebellion, there existed no doubt as to what their ultimate fate would be.
it is now necessary to give some details[pg 192] concerning the important changes which were taking place at this time in the administration of the country.
the government in paris, influenced, no doubt by the growth of rebellion and rapine in the colony, had decided upon the appointment of a governor-general armed with greater power than his predecessors.
for this purpose a decree, dated 20th april, 1891, was issued by the french cabinet, which accorded that functionary great freedom of action. according to the new order of things, the governor was vested with absolute power in the colony, and both the civil and military authorities therein were entirely under his control. all appeals or reports made by the heads of departments in indo-china to the minister in the metropolis were to pass through his hands.
at this time m. picquet, the governor, was just returning to france, and the ministry appointed m. de lanessan, a radical deputy, who had already given proofs of superior ability in parliamentary circles, and who was acknowledged to be a man possessing great initiative energy and activity.
[pg 193]
the new governor-general arrived in the east in may; and although his enemies have reproached him—and not without some cause—with want of tact and conciliation towards the military authorities, there can be no doubt that from his administration dates the era of commercial progress, which still continues in indo-china.
he was the first to insist on the necessity of constructing railways and good roads in the colony, and, much as he did in this respect—for the first railway to lang-son owes its origin to him—he would undoubtedly have done more had he not been hampered by the restricted finances at his disposal.
as it was, by his vehement insistence on the subject, he caused the investing public of france to realise the latent wealth existing in tonquin, for the development of which it was absolutely necessary to construct good means of communication. he thus paved the way for his successors, mm. rousseau and doumer, who, thanks to his propaganda, eventually secured large loans, guaranteed by the government, enabling them to construct a system of railways now almost[pg 194] terminated, traversing the whole of france's eastern empire, and penetrating into two of china's wealthiest provinces, kwang-si and yunan.
the first care of m. de lanessan was to put an end to the intrigues existing at the court of hué, having for their object the dethronement of the young king than-thai, and the restoration of the exiled ham-nghi to power. also he took urgent measures to restore order in tonquin.
to obtain these results he enquired into the grievances of the natives, and adopted pacific methods when possible; but when these were of no avail, he did not hesitate to employ rigorous and repressive measures. he undoubtedly possessed the necessary qualities for an administrator and organiser; and a few months after his arrival the residents and local mandarins vied with each other in stamping out, with the aid of the native militia, the seeds of revolt and discord sown in the delta, so that he was able to turn his attention to the central, northern and eastern districts of the colony, where rebellion and piracy existed in an armed and rampant state.
to ensure success in this work of pacification, m. de lanessan made every effort to do away[pg 195] with the rivalry among the regular troops and the native militia, the latter being controlled by the civil residents. to obtain this result he created in the unsettled provinces military zones—districts wholly administered by officers in the army—so that the powers and responsibilities of the different authorities were clearly divided and defined. the all-powerful military authorities were alone responsible for all that went on in the region committed to their care, and to the civil authorities was entrusted the administration of the delta provinces.
this system proved such an excellent one that it has been maintained to this day, with few modifications; and at the beginning of 1903 there were, in tonquin, four military zones divided up into nine districts, with a total population of about 2,000,000, and a superficial area of 20,000 square miles.[2]
[2] 1. territoire militaire, headquarters lang-son, close to kwang-si and kwang-tung frontier.
2. territoire militaire, headquarters cao-bang, close to kwang-si frontier.
3. territoire militaire, headquarters ha-giang, on the yunan frontier.
4. territoire militaire, headquarters lao-kay, on the yunan frontier.
thanks to the system introduced by m. de[pg 196] lanessan, organised rebellion no longer exists in the colony, and, although the provinces bordering on kwang-si and kwang-tung are occasionally ravaged by the chinese bands which cross the frontier, the pacification of the country may be said to be complete.
that the commercial progress of the colony was a slow one at this period there can be no doubt, but it was owing principally to the want of means of communication with the interior, and also to the prohibitive customs tariff and exorbitant transit rates on goods passing through to china, which had been adopted by the french government.
to-day things have considerably improved, thanks to the railways already built, and they will go on improving when all the lines are completed. but unless the authorities adopt a broader policy with regard to transit duties on foreign goods imported into yunan through tonquin, reduce the railway freights and modify the existing scale of duties, the realisation of the full value of the country as a speedy and safe route to the central chinese markets, with the consequent prosperity which would result, will[pg 197] be lost to france; and private enterprise, which as yet has developed but slowly, notwithstanding the undisputed agricultural and mineral wealth of the tonquin, will be brought to a standstill.
