democracy not only infuses a taste for letters among the trading classes, but introduces a trading spirit into literature. in aristocracies, readers are fastidious and few in number; in democracies, they are far more numerous and far less difficult to please. the consequence is, that among aristocratic nations, no one can hope to succeed without immense exertions, and that these exertions may bestow a great deal of fame, but can never earn much money; whilst among democratic nations, a writer may flatter himself that he will obtain at a cheap rate a meagre reputation and a large fortune. for this purpose he need not be admired; it is enough that he is liked. the ever-increasing crowd of readers, and their continual craving for something new, insure the sale of books which nobody much esteems.

in democratic periods the public frequently treat authors as kings do their courtiers; they enrich, and they despise them. what more is needed by the venal souls which are born in courts, or which are worthy to live there? democratic literature is always infested with a tribe of writers who look upon letters as a mere trade: and for some few great authors who adorn it you may reckon thousands of idea-mongers.