hitherto we see young gneschen, in his indivisible case of yellow serge, borne forward mostly on the arms of kind nature alone; seated, indeed, and much to his mind, in the terrestrial workshop, but (except his soft hazel eyes, which we doubt not already gleamed with a still intelligence) called upon for little voluntary movement there. hitherto, accordingly, his aspect is rather generic, that of an incipient philosopher and poet in the abstract; perhaps it would puzzle herr heuschrecke himself to say wherein the special doctrine of clothes is as yet foreshadowed or betokened. for with gneschen, as with others, the man may indeed stand pictured in the boy (at least all the pigments are there); yet only some half of the man stands in the child, or young boy, namely, his passive endowment, not his active. the more impatient are we to discover what figure he cuts in this latter capacity; how, when, to use his own words, “he understands the tools a little, and can handle this or that,” he will proceed to handle it.

here, however, may be the place to state that, in much of our philosopher’s history, there is something of an almost hindoo character: nay perhaps in that so well-fostered and every way excellent “passivity” of his, which, with no free development of the antagonist activity, distinguished his childhood, we may detect the rudiments of much that, in after days, and still in these present days, astonishes the world. for the shallow-sighted, teufelsdrockh is oftenest a man without activity of any kind, a no-man; for the deep-sighted, again, a man with activity almost superabundant, yet so spiritual, close-hidden, enigmatic, that no mortal can foresee its explosions, or even when it has exploded, so much as ascertain its significance. a dangerous, difficult temper for the modern european; above all, disadvantageous in the hero of a biography! now as heretofore it will behoove the editor of these pages, were it never so unsuccessfully, to do his endeavor.

among the earliest tools of any complicacy which a man, especially a man of letters, gets to handle, are his class-books. on this portion of his history, teufelsdrockh looks down professedly as indifferent. reading he “cannot remember ever to have learned;” so perhaps had it by nature. he says generally: “of the insignificant portion of my education, which depended on schools, there need almost no notice be taken. i learned what others learn; and kept it stored by in a corner of my head, seeing as yet no manner of use in it. my schoolmaster, a down-bent, broken-hearted, underfoot martyr, as others of that guild are, did little for me, except discover that he could do little: he, good soul, pronounced me a genius, fit for the learned professions; and that i must be sent to the gymnasium, and one day to the university. meanwhile, what printed thing soever i could meet with i read. my very copper pocket-money i laid out on stall-literature; which, as it accumulated, i with my own hands sewed into volumes. by this means was the young head furnished with a considerable miscellany of things and shadows of things: history in authentic fragments lay mingled with fabulous chimeras, wherein also was reality; and the whole not as dead stuff, but as living pabulum, tolerably nutritive for a mind as yet so peptic.”

that the entepfuhl schoolmaster judged well, we now know. indeed, already in the youthful gneschen, with all his outward stillness, there may have been manifest an inward vivacity that promised much; symptoms of a spirit singularly open, thoughtful, almost poetical. thus, to say nothing of his suppers on the orchard-wall, and other phenomena of that earlier period, have many readers of these pages stumbled, in their twelfth year, on such reflections as the following? “it struck me much, as i sat by the kuhbach, one silent noontide, and watched it flowing, gurgling, to think how this same streamlet had flowed and gurgled, through all changes of weather and of fortune, from beyond the earliest date of history. yes, probably on the morning when joshua forded jordan; even as at the mid-day when caesar, doubtless with difficulty, swam the nile, yet kept his commentaries dry, — this little kuhbach, assiduous as tiber, eurotas or siloa, was murmuring on across the wilderness, as yet unnamed, unseen: here, too, as in the euphrates and the ganges, is a vein or veinlet of the grand world-circulation of waters, which, with its atmospheric arteries, has lasted and lasts simply with the world. thou fool! nature alone is antique, and the oldest art a mushroom; that idle crag thou sittest on is six thousand years of age.” in which little thought, as in a little fountain, may there not lie the beginning of those well-nigh unutterable meditations on the grandeur and mystery of time, and its relation to eternity, which play such a part in this philosophy of clothes?

over his gymnasic and academic years the professor by no means lingers so lyrical and joyful as over his childhood. green sunny tracts there are still; but intersected by bitter rivulets of tears, here and there stagnating into sour marshes of discontent. “with my first view of the hinterschlag gymnasium,” writes he, “my evil days began. well do i still remember the red sunny whitsuntide morning, when, trotting full of hope by the side of father andreas, i entered the main street of the place, and saw its steeple-clock (then striking eight) and schuldthurm (jail), and the aproned or disaproned burghers moving in to breakfast: a little dog, in mad terror, was rushing past; for some human imps had tied a tin kettle to its tail; thus did the agonized creature, loud-jingling, career through the whole length of the borough, and become notable enough. fit emblem of many a conquering hero, to whom fate (wedding fantasy to sense, as it often elsewhere does) has malignantly appended a tin kettle of ambition, to chase him on; which the faster he runs, urges him the faster, the more loudly and more foolishly! fit emblem also of much that awaited myself, in that mischievous den; as in the world, whereof it was a portion and epitome!

“alas, the kind beech-rows of entepfuhl were hidden in the distance: i was among strangers, harshly, at best indifferently, disposed towards me; the young heart felt, for the first time, quite orphaned and alone.” his school-fellows, as is usual, persecuted him: “they were boys,” he says, “mostly rude boys, and obeyed the impulse of rude nature, which bids the deer-herd fall upon any stricken hart, the duck-flock put to death any broken-winged brother or sister, and on all hands the strong tyrannize over the weak.” he admits that though “perhaps in an unusual degree morally courageous,” he succeeded ill in battle, and would fain have avoided it; a result, as would appear, owing less to his small personal stature (for in passionate seasons he was “incredibly nimble”), than to his “virtuous principles:” “if it was disgraceful to be beaten,” says he, “it was only a shade less disgraceful to have so much as fought; thus was i drawn two ways at once, and in this important element of school-history, the war-element, had little but sorrow.” on the whole, that same excellent “passivity,” so notable in teufelsdrockh’s childhood, is here visibly enough again getting nourishment. “he wept often; indeed to such a degree that he was nicknamed der weinende (the tearful), which epithet, till towards his thirteenth year, was indeed not quite unmerited. only at rare intervals did the young soul burst forth into fire-eyed rage, and, with a stormfulness (ungestum) under which the boldest quailed, assert that he too had rights of man, or at least of mankin.” in all which, who does not discern a fine flower-tree and cinnamon-tree (of genius) nigh choked among pumpkins, reed-grass and ignoble shrubs; and forced if it would live, to struggle upwards only, and not outwards; into a height quite sickly, and disproportioned to its breadth?

we find, moreover, that his greek and latin were “mechanically” taught; hebrew scarce even mechanically; much else which they called history, cosmography, philosophy, and so forth, no better than not at all. so that, except inasmuch as nature was still busy; and he himself “went about, as was of old his wont, among the craftsmen’s workshops, there learning many things;” and farther lighted on some small store of curious reading, in hans wachtel the cooper’s house, where he lodged, — his time, it would appear, was utterly wasted. which facts the professor has not yet learned to look upon with any contentment. indeed, throughout the whole of this bag scorpio, where we now are, and often in the following bag, he shows himself unusually animated on the matter of education, and not without some touch of what we might presume to be anger.

“my teachers,” says he, “were hide-bound pedants, without knowledge of man’s nature, or of boy’s; or of aught save their lexicons and quarterly account-books. innumerable dead vocables (no dead language, for they themselves knew no language) they crammed into us, and called it fostering the growth of mind. how can an inanimate, mechanical gerund-grinder, the like of whom will, in a subsequent century, be manufactured at nurnberg out of wood and leather, foster the growth of anything; much more of mind, which grows, not like a vegetable (by having its roots littered with etymological compost), but like a spirit, by mysterious contact of spirit; thought kindling itself at the fire of living thought? how shall he give kindling, in whose own inward man there is no live coal, but all is burnt out to a dead grammatical cinder? the hinterschlag professors knew syntax enough; and of the human soul thus much: that it had a faculty called memory, and could be acted on through the muscular integument by appliance of birch-rods.

“alas, so is it everywhere, so will it ever be; till the hod-man is discharged, or reduced to hod-bearing; and an architect is hired, and on all hands fitly encouraged: till communities and individuals discover, not without surprise, that fashioning the souls of a generation by knowledge can rank on a level with blowing their bodies to pieces by gunpowder; that with generals and field-marshals for killing, there should be world-honored dignitaries, and were it possible, true god-ordained priests, for teaching. but as yet, though the soldier wears openly, and even parades, his butchering-tool, nowhere, far as i have travelled, did the schoolmaster make show of his instructing-tool: nay, were he to walk abroad with birch girt on thigh, as if he therefrom expected honor, would there not, among the idler class, perhaps a certain levity be excited?”

in the third year of this gymnasic period, father andreas seems to have died: the young scholar, otherwise so maltreated, saw himself for the first time clad outwardly in sables, and inwardly in quite inexpressible melancholy. “the dark bottomless abyss, that lies under our feet, had yawned open; the pale kingdoms of death, with all their innumerable silent nations and generations, stood before him; the inexorable word, never! now first showed its meaning. my mother wept, and her sorrow got vent; but in my heart there lay a whole lake of tears, pent up in silent desolation. nevertheless the unworn spirit is strong; life is so healthful that it even finds nourishment in death: these stern experiences, planted down by memory in my imagination, rose there to a whole cypress-forest, sad but beautiful; waving, with not unmelodious sighs, in dark luxuriance, in the hottest sunshine, through long years of youth:— as in manhood also it does, and will do; for i have now pitched my tent under a cypress-tree; the tomb is now my inexpugnable fortress, ever close by the gate of which i look upon the hostile armaments, and pains and penalties of tyrannous life placidly enough, and listen to its loudest threatenings with a still smile. o ye loved ones, that already sleep in the noiseless bed of rest, whom in life i could only weep for and never help; and ye, who wide-scattered still toil lonely in the monster-bearing desert, dyeing the flinty ground with your blood, — yet a little while, and we shall all meet there, and our mother’s bosom will screen us all; and oppression’s harness, and sorrow’s fire-whip, and all the gehenna bailiffs that patrol and inhabit ever-vexed time, cannot thenceforth harm us any more!”

close by which rather beautiful apostrophe, lies a labored character of the deceased andreas futteral; of his natural ability, his deserts in life (as prussian sergeant); with long historical inquiries into the genealogy of the futteral family, here traced back as far as henry the fowler: the whole of which we pass over, not without astonishment. it only concerns us to add, that now was the time when mother gretchen revealed to her foster-son that he was not at all of this kindred; or indeed of any kindred, having come into historical existence in the way already known to us. “thus was i doubly orphaned,” says he; “bereft not only of possession, but even of remembrance. sorrow and wonder, here suddenly united, could not but produce abundant fruit. such a disclosure, in such a season, struck its roots through my whole nature: ever till the years of mature manhood, it mingled with my whole thoughts, was as the stem whereon all my day-dreams and night-dreams grew. a certain poetic elevation, yet also a corresponding civic depression, it naturally imparted: i was like no other; in which fixed idea, leading sometimes to highest, and oftener to frightfullest results, may there not lie the first spring of tendencies, which in my life have become remarkable enough? as in birth, so in action, speculation, and social position, my fellows are perhaps not numerous.”

in the bag sagittarius, as we at length discover, teufelsdrockh has become a university man; though how, when, or of what quality, will nowhere disclose itself with the smallest certainty. few things, in the way of confusion and capricious indistinctness, can now surprise our readers; not even the total want of dates, almost without parallel in a biographical work. so enigmatic, so chaotic we have always found, and must always look to find, these scattered leaves. in sagittarius, however, teufelsdrockh begins to show himself even more than usually sibylline: fragments of all sorts: scraps of regular memoir, college–exercises, programs, professional testimoniums, milkscores, torn billets, sometimes to appearance of an amatory cast; all blown together as if by merest chance, henceforth bewilder the sane historian. to combine any picture of these university, and the subsequent, years; much more, to decipher therein any illustrative primordial elements of the clothes–philosophy, becomes such a problem as the reader may imagine.

so much we can see; darkly, as through the foliage of some wavering thicket: a youth of no common endowment, who has passed happily through childhood, less happily yet still vigorously through boyhood, now at length perfect in “dead vocables,” and set down, as he hopes, by the living fountain, there to superadd ideas and capabilities. from such fountain he draws, diligently, thirstily, yet never or seldom with his whole heart, for the water nowise suits his palate; discouragements, entanglements, aberrations are discoverable or supposable. nor perhaps are even pecuniary distresses wanting; for “the good gretchen, who in spite of advices from not disinterested relatives has sent him hither, must after a time withdraw her willing but too feeble hand.” nevertheless in an atmosphere of poverty and manifold chagrin, the humor of that young soul, what character is in him, first decisively reveals itself; and, like strong sunshine in weeping skies, gives out variety of colors, some of which are prismatic. thus, with the aid of time and of what time brings, has the stripling diogenes teufelsdrockh waxed into manly stature; and into so questionable an aspect, that we ask with new eagerness, how he specially came by it, and regret anew that there is no more explicit answer. certain of the intelligible and partially significant fragments, which are few in number, shall be extracted from that limbo of a paper-bag, and presented with the usual preparation.

as if, in the bag scorpio, teufelsdrockh had not already expectorated his antipedagogic spleen; as if, from the name sagittarius, he had thought himself called upon to shoot arrows, we here again fall in with such matter as this: “the university where i was educated still stands vivid enough in my remembrance, and i know its name well; which name, however, i, from tenderness to existing interests and persons, shall in nowise divulge. it is my painful duty to say that, out of england and spain, ours was the worst of all hitherto discovered universities. this is indeed a time when right education is, as nearly as may be, impossible: however, in degrees of wrongness there is no limit: nay, i can conceive a worse system than that of the nameless itself; as poisoned victual may be worse than absolute hunger.

“it is written, when the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch: wherefore, in such circumstances, may it not sometimes be safer, if both leader and led simply — sit still? had you, anywhere in crim tartary, walled in a square enclosure; furnished it with a small, ill-chosen library; and then turned loose into it eleven hundred christian striplings, to tumble about as they listed, from three to seven years: certain persons, under the title of professors, being stationed at the gates, to declare aloud that it was a university, and exact considerable admission-fees, — you had, not indeed in mechanical structure, yet in spirit and result, some imperfect resemblance of our high seminary. i say, imperfect; for if our mechanical structure was quite other, so neither was our result altogether the same: unhappily, we were not in crim tartary, but in a corrupt european city, full of smoke and sin; moreover, in the middle of a public, which, without far costlier apparatus than that of the square enclosure, and declaration aloud, you could not be sure of gulling.

“gullible, however, by fit apparatus, all publics are; and gulled, with the most surprising profit. towards anything like a statistics of imposture, indeed, little as yet has been done: with a strange indifference, our economists, nigh buried under tables for minor branches of industry, have altogether overlooked the grand all-overtopping hypocrisy branch; as if our whole arts of puffery, of quackery, priestcraft, kingcraft, and the innumerable other crafts and mysteries of that genus, had not ranked in productive industry at all! can any one, for example, so much as say, what moneys, in literature and shoeblacking, are realized by actual instruction and actual jet polish; what by fictitious-persuasive proclamation of such; specifying, in distinct items, the distributions, circulations, disbursements, incomings of said moneys, with the smallest approach to accuracy? but to ask, how far, in all the several infinitely complected departments of social business, in government, education, in manual, commercial, intellectual fabrication of every sort, man’s want is supplied by true ware; how far by the mere appearance of true ware:— in other words, to what extent, by what methods, with what effects, in various times and countries, deception takes the place of wages of performance: here truly is an inquiry big with results for the future time, but to which hitherto only the vaguest answer can be given. if for the present, in our europe, we estimate the ratio of ware to appearance of ware so high even as at one to a hundred (which, considering the wages of a pope, russian autocrat, or english game–preserver, is probably not far from the mark), — what almost prodigious saving may there not be anticipated, as the statistics of imposture advances, and so the manufacturing of shams (that of realities rising into clearer and clearer distinction therefrom) gradually declines, and at length becomes all but wholly unnecessary!

“this for the coming golden ages. what i had to remark, for the present brazen one, is, that in several provinces, as in education, polity, religion, where so much is wanted and indispensable, and so little can as yet be furnished, probably imposture is of sanative, anodyne nature, and man’s gullibility not his worst blessing. suppose your sinews of war quite broken; i mean your military chest insolvent, forage all but exhausted; and that the whole army is about to mutiny, disband, and cut your and each other’s throat, — then were it not well could you, as if by miracle, pay them in any sort of fairy-money, feed them on coagulated water, or mere imagination of meat; whereby, till the real supply came up, they might be kept together and quiet? such perhaps was the aim of nature, who does nothing without aim, in furnishing her favorite, man, with this his so omnipotent or rather omnipatient talent of being gulled.

“how beautifully it works, with a little mechanism; nay, almost makes mechanism for itself! these professors in the nameless lived with ease, with safety, by a mere reputation, constructed in past times, and then too with no great effort, by quite another class of persons. which reputation, like a strong brisk-going undershot wheel, sunk into the general current, bade fair, with only a little annual re-painting on their part, to hold long together, and of its own accord assiduously grind for them. happy that it was so, for the millers! they themselves needed not to work; their attempts at working, at what they called educating, now when i look back on it, fill me with a certain mute admiration.

“besides all this, we boasted ourselves a rational university; in the highest degree hostile to mysticism; thus was the young vacant mind furnished with much talk about progress of the species, dark ages, prejudice, and the like; so that all were quickly enough blown out into a state of windy argumentativeness; whereby the better sort had soon to end in sick, impotent scepticism; the worser sort explode (crepiren) in finished self-conceit, and to all spiritual intents become dead. — but this too is portion of mankind’s lot. if our era is the era of unbelief, why murmur under it; is there not a better coming, nay come? as in long-drawn systole and long-drawn diastole, must the period of faith alternate with the period of denial; must the vernal growth, the summer luxuriance of all opinions, spiritual representations and creations, be followed by, and again follow, the autumnal decay, the winter dissolution. for man lives in time, has his whole earthly being, endeavor and destiny shaped for him by time: only in the transitory time–symbol is the ever-motionless eternity we stand on made manifest. and yet, in such winter-seasons of denial, it is for the nobler-minded perhaps a comparative misery to have been born, and to be awake and work; and for the duller a felicity, if, like hibernating animals, safe-lodged in some salamanca university or sybaris city, or other superstitious or voluptuous castle of indolence, they can slumber through, in stupid dreams, and only awaken when the loud-roaring hailstorms have all alone their work, and to our prayers and martyrdoms the new spring has been vouchsafed.”

that in the environment, here mysteriously enough shadowed forth, teufelsdrockh must have felt ill at ease, cannot be doubtful. “the hungry young,” he says, “looked up to their spiritual nurses; and, for food, were bidden eat the east-wind. what vain jargon of controversial metaphysic, etymology, and mechanical manipulation falsely named science, was current there, i indeed learned, better perhaps than the most. among eleven hundred christian youths, there will not be wanting some eleven eager to learn. by collision with such, a certain warmth, a certain polish was communicated; by instinct and happy accident, i took less to rioting (renommiren), than to thinking and reading, which latter also i was free to do. nay from the chaos of that library, i succeeded in fishing up more books perhaps than had been known to the very keepers thereof. the foundation of a literary life was hereby laid: i learned, on my own strength, to read fluently in almost all cultivated languages, on almost all subjects and sciences; farther, as man is ever the prime object to man, already it was my favorite employment to read character in speculation, and from the writing to construe the writer. a certain groundplan of human nature and life began to fashion itself in me; wondrous enough, now when i look back on it; for my whole universe, physical and spiritual, was as yet a machine! however, such a conscious, recognized groundplan, the truest i had, was beginning to be there, and by additional experiments might be corrected and indefinitely extended.”

thus from poverty does the strong educe nobler wealth; thus in the destitution of the wild desert does our young ishmael acquire for himself the highest of all possessions, that of self-help. nevertheless a desert this was, waste, and howling with savage monsters. teufelsdrockh gives us long details of his “fever-paroxysms of doubt;” his inquiries concerning miracles, and the evidences of religious faith; and how “in the silent night-watches, still darker in his heart than over sky and earth, he has cast himself before the all-seeing, and with audible prayers cried vehemently for light, for deliverance from death and the grave. not till after long years, and unspeakable agonies, did the believing heart surrender; sink into spell-bound sleep, under the nightmare, unbelief; and, in this hag-ridden dream, mistake god’s fair living world for a pallid, vacant hades and extinct pandemonium. but through such purgatory pain,” continues he, “it is appointed us to pass; first must the dead letter of religion own itself dead, and drop piecemeal into dust, if the living spirit of religion, freed from this its charnel-house, is to arise on us, new-born of heaven, and with new healing under its wings.”

to which purgatory pains, seemingly severe enough, if we add a liberal measure of earthly distresses, want of practical guidance, want of sympathy, want of money, want of hope; and all this in the fervid season of youth, so exaggerated in imagining, so boundless in desires, yet here so poor in means, — do we not see a strong incipient spirit oppressed and overloaded from without and from within; the fire of genius struggling up among fuel-wood of the greenest, and as yet with more of bitter vapor than of clear flame?

from various fragments of letters and other documentary scraps, it is to be inferred that teufelsdrockh, isolated, shy, retiring as he was, had not altogether escaped notice: certain established men are aware of his existence; and, if stretching out no helpful hand, have at least their eyes on him. he appears, though in dreary enough humor, to be addressing himself to the profession of law; — whereof, indeed, the world has since seen him a public graduate. but omitting these broken, unsatisfactory thrums of economical relation, let us present rather the following small thread of moral relation; and therewith, the reader for himself weaving it in at the right place, conclude our dim arras-picture of these university years.

“here also it was that i formed acquaintance with herr towgood, or, as it is perhaps better written, herr toughgut; a young person of quality (von adel), from the interior parts of england. he stood connected, by blood and hospitality, with the counts von zahdarm, in this quarter of germany; to which noble family i likewise was, by his means, with all friendliness, brought near. towgood had a fair talent, unspeakably ill-cultivated; with considerable humor of character: and, bating his total ignorance, for he knew nothing except boxing and a little grammar, showed less of that aristocratic impassivity, and silent fury, than for most part belongs to travellers of his nation. to him i owe my first practical knowledge of the english and their ways; perhaps also something of the partiality with which i have ever since regarded that singular people. towgood was not without an eye, could he have come at any light. invited doubtless by the presence of the zahdarm family, he had travelled hither, in the almost frantic hope of perfecting his studies; he, whose studies had as yet been those of infancy, hither to a university where so much as the notion of perfection, not to say the effort after it, no longer existed! often we would condole over the hard destiny of the young in this era: how, after all our toil, we were to be turned out into the world, with beards on our chins indeed, but with few other attributes of manhood; no existing thing that we were trained to act on, nothing that we could so much as believe. ‘how has our head on the outside a polished hat,’ would towgood exclaim, ‘and in the inside vacancy, or a froth of vocables and attorney–logic! at a small cost men are educated to make leather into shoes; but at a great cost, what am i educated to make? by heaven, brother! what i have already eaten and worn, as i came thus far, would endow a considerable hospital of incurables.’ — ‘man, indeed,’ i would answer, ‘has a digestive faculty, which must be kept working, were it even partly by stealth. but as for our miseducation, make not bad worse; waste not the time yet ours, in trampling on thistles because they have yielded us no figs. frisch zu, bruder! here are books, and we have brains to read them; here is a whole earth and a whole heaven, and we have eyes to look on them: frisch zu!’

“often also our talk was gay; not without brilliancy, and even fire. we looked out on life, with its strange scaffolding, where all at once harlequins dance, and men are beheaded and quartered: motley, not unterrific was the aspect; but we looked on it like brave youths. for myself, these were perhaps my most genial hours. towards this young warm-hearted, strong-headed and wrong-headed herr towgood i was even near experiencing the now obsolete sentiment of friendship. yes, foolish heathen that i was, i felt that, under certain conditions, i could have loved this man, and taken him to my bosom, and been his brother once and always. by degrees, however, i understood the new time, and its wants. if man’s soul is indeed, as in the finnish language, and utilitarian philosophy, a kind of stomach, what else is the true meaning of spiritual union but an eating together? thus we, instead of friends, are dinner-guests; and here as elsewhere have cast away chimeras.”

so ends, abruptly as is usual, and enigmatically, this little incipient romance. what henceforth becomes of the brave herr towgood, or toughgut? he has dived under, in the autobiographical chaos, and swims we see not where. does any reader “in the interior parts of england” know of such a man?