i

there is a certain graveyard, looked upon on the one side by a prison, on the other by the windows of a quiet hotel; below, under a steep cliff, it beholds the traffic of many lines of rail, and the scream of the engine and the shock of meeting buffers mount to it all day long. the aisles are lined with the inclosed sepulchres of families, door beyond door, like houses in a street; and in the morning the shadow of the prison turrets, and of many tall memorials, fall upon the graves. there, in the hot fits of youth, i came to be unhappy. pleasant incidents are woven with my memory of the place. i here made friends with a plain old gentleman, a visitor on sunny mornings, gravely cheerful, who, with one eye upon the place that awaited him, chirped about his youth like winter sparrows; a beautiful housemaid of the hotel once, for some days together, dumbly flirted with me from a window and kept my wild heart flying; and once — she possibly remembers — the wise eugenia followed me to that austere inclosure. her hair came down, and in the shelter of the tomb my trembling fingers helped her to repair the braid. but for the most part i went there solitary and, with irrevocable emotion, pored on the names of the forgotten. name after name, and to each the conventional attributions and the idle dates: a regiment of the unknown that had been the joy of mothers, and had thrilled with the illusions of youth, and at last, in the dim sick-room, wrestled with the pangs of old mortality. in that whole crew of the silenced there was but one of whom my fancy had received a picture; and he, with his comely, florid countenance, bewigged and habited in scarlet, and in his day combining fame and popularity, stood forth, like a taunt, among that company of phantom appellations. it was then possible to leave behind us something more explicit than these severe, monotonous and lying epitaphs; and the thing left, the memory of a painted picture and what we call the immortality of a name, was hardly more desirable than mere oblivion. even david hume, as he lay composed beneath that “circular idea,” was fainter than a dream; and when the housemaid, broom in hand, smiled and beckoned from the open window, the fame of that bewigged philosopher melted like a raindrop in the sea.

and yet in soberness i cared as little for the housemaid as for david hume. the interests of youth are rarely frank; his passions, like noah’s dove, come home to roost. the fire, sensibility, and volume of his own nature, that is all that he has learned to recognise. the tumultuary and gray tide of life, the empire of routine, the unrejoicing faces of his elders, fill him with contemptuous surprise; there also he seems to walk among the tombs of spirits; and it is only in the course of years, and after much rubbing with his fellow-men, that he begins by glimpses to see himself from without and his fellows from within: to know his own for one among the thousand undenoted countenances of the city street, and to divine in others the throb of human agony and hope. in the meantime he will avoid the hospital doors, the pale faces, the cripple, the sweet whiff of chloroform — for there, on the most thoughtless, the pains of others are burned home; but he will continue to walk, in a divine self-pity, the aisles of the forgotten graveyard. the length of man’s life, which is endless to the brave and busy, is scorned by his ambitious thought. he cannot bear to have come for so little, and to go again so wholly. he cannot bear, above all, in that brief scene, to be still idle, and by way of cure, neglects the little that he has to do. the parable of the talent is the brief epitome of youth. to believe in immortality is one thing, but it is first needful to believe in life. denunciatory preachers seem not to suspect that they may be taken gravely and in evil part; that young men may come to think of time as of a moment, and with the pride of satan wave back the inadequate gift. yet here is a true peril; this it is that sets them to pace the graveyard alleys and to read, with strange extremes of pity and derision, the memorials of the dead.

books were the proper remedy: books of vivid human import, forcing upon their minds the issues, pleasures, busyness, importance and immediacy of that life in which they stand; books of smiling or heroic temper, to excite or to console; books of a large design, shadowing the complexity of that game of consequences to which we all sit down, the hanger-back not least. but the average sermon flees the point, disporting itself in that eternity of which we know, and need to know, so little; avoiding the bright, crowded, and momentous fields of life where destiny awaits us. upon the average book a writer may be silent; he may set it down to his ill-hap that when his own youth was in the acrid fermentation, he should have fallen and fed upon the cheerless fields of obermann. yet to mr. arnold, who led him to these pastures, he still bears a grudge. the day is perhaps not far oft when people will begin to count moll flanders, ay, or the country wife, more wholesome and more pious diet than these guide-books to consistent egoism.

but the most inhuman of boys soon wearies of the inhumanity of obermann. and even while i still continued to be a haunter of the graveyard, i began insensibly to turn my attention to the grave-diggers, and was weaned out of myself to observe the conduct of visitors. this was dayspring, indeed, to a lad in such great darkness. not that i began to see men, or to try to see them, from within, nor to learn charity and modesty and justice from the sight; but still stared at them externally from the prison windows of my affectation. once i remember to have observed two working-women with a baby halting by a grave; there was something monumental in the grouping, one upright carrying the child, the other with bowed face crouching by her side. a wreath of immortelles under a glass dome had thus attracted them; and, drawing near, i overheard their judgment on that wonder. “eh! what extravagance!”

to a youth afflicted with the callosity of sentiment, this quaint and pregnant saying appeared merely base.

my acquaintance with grave-diggers, considering its length, was unremarkable. one, indeed, whom i found plying his spade in the red evening, high above allan water and in the shadow of dunblane cathedral, told me of his acquaintance with the birds that still attended on his labours; how some would even perch about him, waiting for their prey; and in a true sexton’s calendar, how the species varied with the season of the year. but this was the very poetry of the profession. the others whom i knew were somewhat dry. a faint flavour of the gardener hung about them, but sophisticated and dis-bloomed. they had engagements to keep, not alone with the deliberate series of the seasons, but with man-kind’s clocks and hour-long measurement of time. and thus there was no leisure for the relishing pinch, or the hour-long gossip, foot on spade. they were men wrapped up in their grim business; they liked well to open long-closed family vaults, blowing in the key and throwing wide the grating; and they carried in their minds a calendar of names and dates. it would be “in fifty-twa” that such a tomb was last opened for “miss jemimy.” it was thus they spoke of their past patients — familiarly but not without respect, like old family servants. here is indeed a servant, whom we forget that we possess; who does not wait at the bright table, or run at the bell’s summons, but patiently smokes his pipe beside the mortuary fire, and in his faithful memory notches the burials of our race. to suspect shakespeare in his maturity of a superficial touch savours of paradox; yet he was surely in error when he attributed insensibility to the digger of the grave. but perhaps it is on hamlet that the charge should lie; or perhaps the english sexton differs from the scotch. the “goodman delver,” reckoning up his years of office, might have at least suggested other thoughts. it is a pride common among sextons. a cabinet-maker does not count his cabinets, nor even an author his volumes, save when they stare upon him from the shelves; but the grave-digger numbers his graves. he would indeed be something different from human if his solitary open-air and tragic labours left not a broad mark upon his mind. there, in his tranquil aisle, apart from city clamour, among the cats and robins and the ancient effigies and legends of the tomb, he waits the continual passage of his contemporaries, falling like minute drops into eternity. as they fall, he counts them; and this enumeration, which was at first perhaps appalling to his soul, in the process of years and by the kindly influence of habit grows to be his pride and pleasure. there are many common stories telling how he piques himself on crowded cemeteries. but i will rather tell of the old grave-digger of monkton, to whose unsuffering bedside the minister was summoned. he dwelt in a cottage built into the wall of the church-yard; and through a bull’s-eye pane above his bed he could see, as he lay dying, the rank grasses and the upright and recumbent stones. dr. laurie was, i think, a moderate: ’tis certain, at least, that he took a very roman view of deathbed dispositions; for he told the old man that he had lived beyond man’s natural years, that his life had been easy and reputable, that his family had all grown up and been a credit to his care, and that it now behoved him unregretfully to gird his loins and follow the majority. the grave-digger heard him out; then he raised himself upon one elbow, and with the other hand pointed through the window to the scene of his life-long labours. “doctor,” he said, “i ha’e laid three hunner and fower-score in that kirkyaird; an it had been his wull,” indicating heaven, “i would ha’e likit weel to ha’e made out the fower hunner.” but it was not to be; this tragedian of the fifth act had now another part to play; and the time had come when others were to gird and carry him.

ii

i would fain strike a note that should be more heroical; but the ground of all youth’s suffering, solitude, hysteria, and haunting of the grave, is nothing else than naked, ignorant selfishness. it is himself that he sees dead; those are his virtues that are forgotten; his is the vague epitaph. pity him but the more, if pity be your cue; for where a man is all pride, vanity, and personal aspiration, he goes through fire unshielded. in every part and corner of our life, to lose oneself is to be gainer; to forget oneself is to be happy; and this poor, laughable and tragic fool has not yet learned the rudiments; himself, giant prometheus, is still ironed on the peaks of caucasus. but by-and-by his truant interests will leave that tortured body, slip abroad and gather flowers. then shall death appear before him in an altered guise; no longer as a doom peculiar to himself, whether fate’s crowning injustice or his own last vengeance upon those who fail to value him; but now as a power that wounds him far more tenderly, not without solemn compensations, taking and giving, bereaving and yet storing up.

the first step for all is to learn to the dregs our own ignoble fallibility. when we have fallen through storey after storey of our vanity and aspiration, and sit rueful among the ruins, then it is that we begin to measure the stature of our friends: how they stand between us and our own contempt, believing in our best; how, linking us with others, and still spreading wide the influential circle, they weave us in and in with the fabric of contemporary life; and to what petty size they dwarf the virtues and the vices that appeared gigantic in our youth. so that at the last, when such a pin falls out — when there vanishes in the least breath of time one of those rich magazines of life on which we drew for our supply — when he who had first dawned upon us as a face among the faces of the city, and, still growing, came to bulk on our regard with those clear features of the loved and living man, falls in a breath to memory and shadow, there falls along with him a whole wing of the palace of our life.

iii

one such face i now remember; one such blank some half-a-dozen of us labour to dissemble. in his youth he was most beautiful in person, most serene and genial by disposition; full of racy words and quaint thoughts. laughter attended on his coming. he had the air of a great gentleman, jovial and royal with his equals, and to the poorest student gentle and attentive. power seemed to reside in him exhaustless; we saw him stoop to play with us, but held him marked for higher destinies; we loved his notice; and i have rarely had my pride more gratified than when he sat at my father’s table, my acknowledged friend. so he walked among us, both hands full of gifts, carrying with nonchalance the seeds of a most influential life.

the powers and the ground of friendship is a mystery; but, looking back, i can discern that, in part, we loved the thing he was, for some shadow of what he was to be. for with all his beauty, power, breeding, urbanity and mirth, there was in those days something soulless in our friend. he would astonish us by sallies, witty, innocent and inhumane; and by a misapplied johnsonian pleasantry, demolish honest sentiment. i can still see and hear him, as he went his way along the lamplit streets, la ci darem la mano on his lips, a noble figure of a youth, but following vanity and incredulous of good; and sure enough, somewhere on the high seas of life, with his health, his hopes, his patrimony and his self-respect, miserably went down.

from this disaster, like a spent swimmer, he came desperately ashore, bankrupt of money and consideration; creeping to the family he had deserted; with broken wing, never more to rise. but in his face there was a light of knowledge that was new to it. of the wounds of his body he was never healed; died of them gradually, with clear-eyed resignation; of his wounded pride, we knew only from his silence. he returned to that city where he had lorded it in his ambitious youth; lived there alone, seeing few; striving to retrieve the irretrievable; at times still grappling with that mortal frailty that had brought him down; still joying in his friend’s successes; his laugh still ready but with kindlier music; and over all his thoughts the shadow of that unalterable law which he had disavowed and which had brought him low. lastly, when his bodily evils had quite disabled him, he lay a great while dying, still without complaint, still finding interests; to his last step gentle, urbane and with the will to smile.

the tale of this great failure is, to those who remained true to him, the tale of a success. in his youth he took thought for no one but himself; when he came ashore again, his whole armada lost, he seemed to think of none but others. such was his tenderness for others, such his instinct of fine courtesy and pride, that of that impure passion of remorse he never breathed a syllable; even regret was rare with him, and pointed with a jest. you would not have dreamed, if you had known him then, that this was that great failure, that beacon to young men, over whose fall a whole society had hissed and pointed fingers. often have we gone to him, red-hot with our own hopeful sorrows, railing on the rose-leaves in our princely bed of life, and he would patiently give ear and wisely counsel; and it was only upon some return of our own thoughts that we were reminded what manner of man this was to whom we disembosomed: a man, by his own fault, ruined; shut out of the garden of his gifts; his whole city of hope both ploughed and salted; silently awaiting the deliverer. then something took us by the throat; and to see him there, so gentle, patient, brave and pious, oppressed but not cast down, sorrow was so swallowed up in admiration that we could not dare to pity him. even if the old fault flashed out again, it but awoke our wonder that, in that lost battle, he should have still the energy to fight. he had gone to ruin with a kind of kingly abandon, like one who condescended; but once ruined, with the lights all out, he fought as for a kingdom. most men, finding themselves the authors of their own disgrace, rail the louder against god or destiny. most men, when they repent, oblige their friends to share the bitterness of that repentance. but he had held an inquest and passed sentence: mene, mene; and condemned himself to smiling silence. he had given trouble enough; had earned misfortune amply, and foregone the right to murmur.

thus was our old comrade, like samson, careless in his days of strength; but on the coming of adversity, and when that strength was gone that had betrayed him — “for our strength is weakness” — he began to blossom and bring forth. well, now, he is out of the fight: the burden that he bore thrown down before the great deliverer. we

“in the vast cathedral leave him;

god accept him,

christ receive him!”

iv

if we go now and look on these innumerable epitaphs, the pathos and the irony are strangely fled. they do not stand merely to the dead, these foolish monuments; they are pillars and legends set up to glorify the difficult but not desperate life of man. this ground is hallowed by the heroes of defeat.

i see the indifferent pass before my friend’s last resting-place; pause, with a shrug of pity, marvelling that so rich an argosy had sunk. a pity, now that he is done with suffering, a pity most uncalled for, and an ignorant wonder. before those who loved him, his memory shines like a reproach; they honour him for silent lessons; they cherish his example; and in what remains before them of their toil, fear to be unworthy of the dead. for this proud man was one of those who prospered in the valley of humiliation; — of whom bunyan wrote that, “though christian had the hard hap to meet in the valley with apollyon, yet i must tell you, that in former times men have met with angels here; have found pearls here; and have in this place found the words of life.”