the books that we re-read the oftenest are not always those that we admire the most; we choose and we re-visit them for many and various reasons, as we choose and revisit human friends. one or two of scott’s novels, shakespeare, moliere, montaigne, the egoist, and the vicomte de bragelonne, form the inner circle of my intimates. behind these comes a good troop of dear acquaintances; the pilgrim’s progress in the front rank, the bible in spain not far behind. there are besides a certain number that look at me with reproach as i pass them by on my shelves: books that i once thumbed and studied: houses which were once like home to me, but where i now rarely visit. i am on these sad terms (and blush to confess it) with wordsworth, horace, burns and hazlitt. last of all, there is the class of book that has its hour of brilliancy — glows, sings, charms, and then fades again into insignificance until the fit return. chief of those who thus smile and frown on me by turns, i must name virgil and herrick, who, were they but

“their sometime selves the same throughout the year,”

must have stood in the first company with the six names of my continual literary intimates. to these six, incongruous as they seem, i have long been faithful, and hope to be faithful to the day of death. i have never read the whole of montaigne, but i do not like to be long without reading some of him, and my delight in what i do read never lessens. of shakespeare i have read all but richard iii, henry vi., titus andronicas, and all’s well that ends well; and these, having already made all suitable endeavour, i now know that i shall never read — to make up for which unfaithfulness i could read much of the rest for ever. of moliere — surely the next greatest name of christendom — i could tell a very similar story; but in a little corner of a little essay these princes are too much out of place, and i prefer to pay my fealty and pass on. how often i have read guy mannering, rob roy, or redgauntlet, i have no means of guessing, having begun young. but it is either four or five times that i have read the egoist, and either five or six that i have read the vicomte de bragelonne.

some, who would accept the others, may wonder that i should have spent so much of this brief life of ours over a work so little famous as the last. and, indeed, i am surprised myself; not at my own devotion, but the coldness of the world. my acquaintance with the vicomte began, somewhat indirectly, in the year of grace 1863, when i had the advantage of studying certain illustrated dessert plates in a hotel at nice. the name of d’artagnan in the legends i already saluted like an old friend, for i had met it the year before in a work of miss yonge’s. my first perusal was in one of those pirated editions that swarmed at that time out of brussels, and ran to such a troop of neat and dwarfish volumes. i understood but little of the merits of the book; my strongest memory is of the execution of d’eymeric and lyodot — a strange testimony to the dulness of a boy, who could enjoy the rough-and-tumble in the place de greve, and forget d’artagnan’s visits to the two financiers. my next reading was in winter-time, when i lived alone upon the pentlands. i would return in the early night from one of my patrols with the shepherd; a friendly face would meet me in the door, a friendly retriever scurry upstairs to fetch my slippers; and i would sit down with the vicomte for a long, silent, solitary lamp-light evening by the fire. and yet i know not why i call it silent, when it was enlivened with such a clatter of horse-shoes, and such a rattle of musketry, and such a stir of talk; or why i call those evenings solitary in which i gained so many friends. i would rise from my book and pull the blind aside, and see the snow and the glittering hollies chequer a scotch garden, and the winter moonlight brighten the white hills. thence i would turn again to that crowded and sunny field of life in which it was so easy to forget myself, my cares, and my surroundings: a place busy as a city, bright as a theatre, thronged with memorable faces, and sounding with delightful speech. i carried the thread of that epic into my slumbers, i woke with it unbroken, i rejoiced to plunge into the book again at breakfast, it was with a pang that i must lay it down and turn to my own labours; for no part of the world has ever seemed to me so charming as these pages, and not even my friends are quite so real, perhaps quite so dear, as d’artagnan.

since then i have been going to and fro at very brief intervals in my favourite book; and i have now just risen from my last (let me call it my fifth) perusal, having liked it better and admired it more seriously than ever. perhaps i have a sense of ownership, being so well known in these six volumes. perhaps i think that d’artagnan delights to have me read of him, and louis quatorze is gratified, and fouquet throws me a look, and aramis, although he knows i do not love him, yet plays to me with his best graces, as to an old patron of the show. perhaps, if i am not careful, something may befall me like what befell george iv. about the battle of waterloo, and i may come to fancy the vicomte one of the first, and heaven knows the best, of my own works. at least, i avow myself a partisan; and when i compare the popularity of the vicomte with that of montro cristo, or its own elder brother, the trois mousquetaires, i confess i am both pained and puzzled.

to those who have already made acquaintance with the titular hero in the pages of vingt ans apres, perhaps the name may act as a deterrent. a man might, well stand back if he supposed he were to follow, for six volumes, so well-conducted, so fine-spoken, and withal so dreary a cavalier as bragelonne. but the fear is idle. i may be said to have passed the best years of my life in these six volumes, and my acquaintance with raoul has never gone beyond a bow; and when he, who has so long pretended to be alive, is at last suffered to pretend to be dead, i am sometimes reminded of a saying in an earlier volume: “enfin, dit miss stewart,” — and it was of bragelonne she spoke — “enfin il a fait quelquechose: c’est, ma foi! bien heureux.” i am reminded of it, as i say; and the next moment, when athos dies of his death, and my dear d’artagnan bursts into his storm of sobbing, i can but deplore my flippancy.

or perhaps it is la valliere that the reader of vingt ans apres is inclined to flee. well, he is right there too, though not so right. louise is no success. her creator has spared no pains; she is well-meant, not ill-designed, sometimes has a word that rings out true; sometimes, if only for a breath, she may even engage our sympathies. but i have never envied the king his triumph. and so far from pitying bragelonne for his defeat, i could wish him no worse (not for lack of malice, but imagination) than to be wedded to that lady. madame enchants me; i can forgive that royal minx her most serious offences; i can thrill and soften with the king on that memorable occasion when he goes to upbraid and remains to flirt; and when it comes to the “allons, aimez-moi donc,” it is my heart that melts in the bosom of de guiche. not so with louise. readers cannot fail to have remarked that what an author tells us of the beauty or the charm of his creatures goes for nought; that we know instantly better; that the heroine cannot open her mouth but what, all in a moment, the fine phrases of preparation fall from round her like the robes from cinderella, and she stands before us, self-betrayed, as a poor, ugly, sickly wench, or perhaps a strapping market-woman. authors, at least, know it well; a heroine will too often start the trick of “getting ugly;” and no disease is more difficult to cure. i said authors; but indeed i had a side eye to one author in particular, with whose works i am very well acquainted, though i cannot read them, and who has spent many vigils in this cause, sitting beside his ailing puppets and (like a magician) wearying his art to restore them to youth and beauty. there are others who ride too high for these misfortunes. who doubts the loveliness of rosalind? arden itself was not more lovely. who ever questioned the perennial charm of rose jocelyn, lucy desborough, or clara middleton? fair women with fair names, the daughters of george meredith. elizabeth bennet has but to speak, and i am at her knees. ah! these are the creators of desirable women. they would never have fallen in the mud with dumas and poor la valliere. it is my only consolation that not one of all of them, except the first, could have plucked at the moustache of d’artagnan.

or perhaps, again, a proportion of readers stumble at the threshold. in so vast a mansion there were sure to be back stairs and kitchen offices where no one would delight to linger; but it was at least unhappy that the vestibule should be so badly lighted; and until, in the seventeenth chapter, d’artagnan sets off to seek his friends, i must confess, the book goes heavily enough. but, from thenceforward, what a feast is spread! monk kidnapped; d’artagnan enriched; mazarin’s death; the ever delectable adventure of belle isle, wherein aramis outwits d’artagnan, with its epilogue (vol. v. chap. xxviii.), where d’artagnan regains the moral superiority; the love adventures at fontainebleau, with st. aignan’s story of the dryad and the business of de guiche, de wardes, and manicamp; aramis made general of the jesuits; aramis at the bastille; the night talk in the forest of senart; belle isle again, with the death of porthos; and last, but not least, the taming of d’artagnan the untamable, under the lash of the young king. what other novel has such epic variety and nobility of incident? often, if you will, impossible; often of the order of an arabian story; and yet all based in human nature. for if you come to that, what novel has more human nature? not studied with the microscope, but seen largely, in plain daylight, with the natural eye? what novel has more good sense, and gaiety, and wit, and unflagging, admirable literary skill? good souls, i suppose, must sometimes read it in the blackguard travesty of a translation. but there is no style so untranslatable; light as a whipped trifle, strong as silk; wordy like a village tale; pat like a general’s despatch; with every fault, yet never tedious; with no merit, yet inimitably right. and, once more, to make an end of commendations, what novel is inspired with a more unstained or a more wholesome morality?

yes; in spite of miss yonge, who introduced me to the name of d’artagnan only to dissuade me from a nearer knowledge of the man, i have to add morality. there is no quite good book without a good morality; but the world is wide, and so are morals. out of two people who have dipped into sir richard burton’s thousand and one nights, one shall have been offended by the animal details; another to whom these were harmless, perhaps even pleasing, shall yet have been shocked in his turn by the rascality and cruelty of all the characters. of two readers, again, one shall have been pained by the morality of a religious memoir, one by that of the vicomte de bragelonne. and the point is that neither need be wrong. we shall always shock each other both in life and art; we cannot get the sun into our pictures, nor the abstract right (if there be such a thing) into our books; enough if, in the one, there glimmer some hint of the great light that blinds us from heaven; enough if, in the other, there shine, even upon foul details, a spirit of magnanimity. i would scarce send to the vicomte a reader who was in quest of what we may call puritan morality. the ventripotent mulatto, the great cater, worker, earner and waster, the man of much and witty laughter, the man of the great heart and alas! of the doubtful honesty, is a figure not yet clearly set before the world; he still awaits a sober and yet genial portrait; but with whatever art that may be touched, and whatever indulgence, it will not be the portrait of a precision. dumas was certainly not thinking of himself, but of planchet, when he put into the mouth of d’artagnan’s old servant this excellent profession: “monsieur, j’etais une de ces bonnes pates d’hommes que dieu a fait pour s’animer pendant un certain temps et pour trouver bonnes toutes choses qui accompagnent leur sejour sur la terre.” he was thinking, as i say, of planchet, to whom the words are aptly fitted; but they were fitted also to planchet’s creator; and perhaps this struck him as he wrote, for observe what follows: “d’artagnan s’assit alors pres de la fenetre, et, cette philosophie de planchet lui ayant paru solide, il y reva.” in a man who finds all things good, you will scarce expect much zeal for negative virtues: the active alone will have a charm for him; abstinence, however wise, however kind, will always seem to such a judge entirely mean and partly impious. so with dumas. chastity is not near his heart; nor yet, to his own sore cost, that virtue of frugality which is the armour of the artist. now, in the vicomte, he had much to do with the contest of fouquet and colbert. historic justice should be all upon the side of colbert, of official honesty, and fiscal competence.

and dumas knew it well: three times at least he shows his knowledge; once it is but flashed upon us and received with the laughter of fouquet himself, in the jesting controversy in the gardens of saint mande; once it is touched on by aramis in the forest of senart; in the end, it is set before us clearly in one dignified speech of the triumphant colbert. but in fouquet, the waster, the lover of good cheer and wit and art, the swift transactor of much business, “l’homme de bruit, l’homme de plaisir, l’homme qui n’est que parceque les autres sont,” dumas saw something of himself and drew the figure the more tenderly. it is to me even touching to see how he insists on fouquet’s honour; not seeing, you might think, that unflawed honour is impossible to spendthrifts; but rather, perhaps, in the light of his own life, seeing it too well, and clinging the more to what was left. honour can survive a wound; it can live and thrive without a member. the man rebounds from his disgrace; he begins fresh foundations on the ruins of the old; and when his sword is broken, he will do valiantly with his dagger. so it is with fouquet in the book; so it was with dumas on the battlefield of life.

to cling to what is left of any damaged quality is virtue in the man; but perhaps to sing its praises is scarcely to be called morality in the writer. and it is elsewhere, it is in the character of d’artagnan, that we must look for that spirit of morality, which is one of the chief merits of the book, makes one of the main joys of its perusal, and sets it high above more popular rivals. athos, with the coming of years, has declined too much into the preacher, and the preacher of a sapless creed; but d’artagnan has mellowed into a man so witty, rough, kind and upright, that he takes the heart by storm. there is nothing of the copy-book about his virtues, nothing of the drawing-room in his fine, natural civility; he will sail near the wind; he is no district visitor — no wesley or robespierre; his conscience is void of all refinement whether for good or evil; but the whole man rings true like a good sovereign. readers who have approached the vicomte, not across country, but by the legitimate, five-volumed avenue of the mousquetaires and vingt ans apres, will not have forgotten d’artagnan’s ungentlemanly and perfectly improbable trick upon milady. what a pleasure it is, then, what a reward, and how agreeable a lesson, to see the old captain humble himself to the son of the man whom he had personated! here, and throughout, if i am to choose virtues for myself or my friends, let me choose the virtues of d’artagnan. i do not say there is no character as well drawn in shakespeare; i do say there is none that i love so wholly. there are many spiritual eyes that seem to spy upon our actions — eyes of the dead and the absent, whom we imagine to behold us in our most private hours, and whom we fear and scruple to offend: our witnesses and judges. and among these, even if you should think me childish, i must count my d’artagnan — not d’artagnan of the memoirs whom thackeray pretended to prefer — a preference, i take the freedom of saying, in which he stands alone; not the d’artagnan of flesh and blood, but him of the ink and paper; not nature’s, but dumas’s. and this is the particular crown and triumph of the artist — not to be true merely, but to be lovable; not simply to convince, but to enchant.

there is yet another point in the vicomte which i find incomparable. i can recall no other work of the imagination in which the end of life is represented with so nice a tact. i was asked the other day if dumas made me laugh or cry. well in this my late fifth reading of the vicomte, i did laugh once at the small coquelin de voliere business, and was perhaps a thought surprised at having done so: to make up for it, i smiled continually. but for tears, i do not know. if you put a pistol to my throat, i must own the tale trips upon a very airy foot — within a measurable distance of unreality; and for those who like the big guns to be discharged and the great passions to appear authentically, it may even seem inadequate from first to last. not so to me; i cannot count that a poor dinner, or a poor book, where i meet with those i love; and, above all, in this last volume, i find a singular charm of spirit. it breathes a pleasant and a tonic sadness, always brave, never hysterical. upon the crowded, noisy life of this long tale, evening gradually falls; and the lights are extinguished, and the heroes pass away one by one. one by one they go, and not a regret embitters their departure; the young succeed them in their places, louis quatorze is swelling larger and shining broader, another generation and another france dawn on the horizon; but for us and these old men whom we have loved so long, the inevitable end draws near and is welcome. to read this well is to anticipate experience. ah, if only when these hours of the long shadows fall for us in reality and not in figure, we may hope to face them with a mind as quiet!

but my paper is running out; the siege guns are firing on the dutch frontier; and i must say adieu for the fifth time to my old comrade fallen on the field of glory. adieu — rather au revoir! yet a sixth time, dearest d’artagnan, we shall kidnap monk and take horse together for belle isle.