when near the frontier angus sold the camels. he had already parted with all the goods that he had carried, and he now bought peasant dresses, such as those worn by the afghan cultivators, for himself and azim. it was but some seventy miles on to herat, but the persian army was on the direct road, having just laid siege to ghorian, and it was necessary to make a detour to avoid both the plundering parties of the persians and the afghan horsemen who would be hovering round the enemy's camp. before crossing the frontier he purchased sufficient food to last for four days, as it would be dangerous to enter any place where they might be accosted, as their ignorance of the language would seem to prove that they were persian spies.
both carried swords and long knives, as a protection rather from the attacks of village dogs than from trouble with men. as it was now november and the weather was becoming cold at night, they were glad of the long coats lined with sheep-skin. the country through which they were passing was fertile, and when on the afternoon of the third day they came in sight of herat, even azim was struck with the richness and fertility of the country. it was well watered by several small streams; fortified villages were scattered here and there over the plain. round these were gardens, orchards, and vineyards, the intervening spaces being in summer covered by wide expanses of corn. as they neared the city they saw that numbers of people from the villages were making their way towards it, many with bullock waggons carrying stores of grain and household[pg 20] goods, while women and men were alike loaded. they entered the gate of the city unquestioned and unnoticed in the crowd of horse and footmen, cattle, bullock-carts, sheep, and goats.
striking as was the appearance of the town without, inside everything showed signs of neglect and poverty. herat contained some forty-five thousand inhabitants; the majority of these were persian sheeahs. once the capital of the great empire of tamerlane, it had greatly fallen from its former splendour, its decline having been rapid since its capture from the persians by the afghans in 1715. it had been retaken by the persians, and recaptured by the afghans, under whose savage rule its prosperity had greatly diminished. it was still an important trading centre, being situated on the one great thoroughfare between india and russia, and being celebrated for the beauty of its carpets and for the temper of its sword-blades. its trade was principally in the hands of hindoos, who numbered no fewer than a thousand, some of whom were traders, while others were occupied in the various branches of work to which they had been accustomed in india. there were several families of armenians and a few jews.
the city had for years suffered under the horrible tyranny of shah kamran, now an old and feeble man, and of his wuzeer or minister, yar mahomed khan, who held the post of governor of the city. under these men neither life nor property was respected; men and women were seized and sold into slavery under the smallest pretext, often without any attempt whatever to justify the action. armed bands of ruffians broke into the houses and plundered at their will, and the peaceful portion of the population were in a state of utter misery and despair.
on entering the gate, angus proceeded along the bazaar, an arched street about a mile long, which extended from[pg 21] one side of the city to the other. this was crossed at right angles by another bazaar of equal length, and the city, which was built in the form of a square, was thus divided into four quarters. round the wall was a wide ditch, which was at all times kept full of water from springs rising in the town.
when he had proceeded some distance, angus heard two traders in one of the shops speaking in armenian. he at once entered. "effendi," he said in that language, "i am a stranger here and but newly arrived. can you tell me where i can procure a lodging?"
the two men looked in surprise at this afghan peasant who addressed them in their own tongue, and one of them, after a moment's hesitation, bade him come into his private apartment behind the shop.
"who are you?" he said; "and how come you to speak our language?"
"i learned it in conversation with some of your people in tabriz, and especially from one who was the british vice-consul there. i also speak persian and arabic."
the trader's surprise increased as angus spoke. "but who are you, then, who have travelled so far, and how is it that having learned so many languages you are now here as a peasant?"
"it is a disguise," angus said. "my father was a british merchant at tabriz, and i myself am in the service of the british minister at teheran, and am the bearer of a letter from him to shah kamran."
"you are young indeed, my son, to be engaged on so difficult and dangerous a mission. surely i can find you a lodging. all trade is at a stand-still now, and we armenians suffer like the rest. my brother, whom you saw in the shop, is a weaver of carpets; but none will buy carpets now. he has a house larger than his needs, and would, i am sure, gladly take you in."
[pg 22]
he called his brother in from the front, and explained to him who this strange visitor was and what he wanted.
"i have money," angus said, "and am prepared to pay well for my accommodation. i have a servant with me, he is the son of a door-keeper at the embassy, and is altogether faithful and trustworthy. unfortunately, i do not speak the afghan tongue."
"that will matter little in the town; the majority of the people still speak persian, although they may know pushtoo. it is the same with many of the fugitives who have come in from the plain. you will have difficulty in seeing the prince. he is old and feeble, and for the greater part of his time he is drunk. everything is therefore in the hands of the wuzeer, who is one of the worst of men—cruel, avaricious, and unscrupulous. we have had many tyrants, but he is the worst; and i can assure you that the success of the persians would fill all but the afghan portion of the population with the deepest joy. it will be necessary for you to see him first before you see shah kamran. the hour is getting late, and i shall close my shop shortly. if you will go round with my brother to his house i will join you there presently. we all love and respect the english. they have always been our good friends, and glad indeed should we be were they masters here as they are in india; for i have been there, and know how just is their rule—how they oppress no one, and will not suffer others to do so. this would be a happy city indeed if your people were our masters."
a short walk brought angus and azim to the house of the carpet-weaver. it was of some size, but bore a neglected and poverty-stricken aspect, which was not belied by its appearance when they entered. the doors stood open, and it could be seen that looms stood idle now in all the rooms. the man led the way upstairs, and unlocking a door there[pg 23] entered the family apartments. the contrast between these and the floor below was great indeed. afghan carpets covered the passages and floors, well-stuffed divans ran round the rooms, and although there were no signs of wealth, everything pointed to comfort. the armenian led them into a room, where his wife and two daughters were seated. they rose in some surprise at seeing him enter accompanied by an afghan peasant. azim had remained in the passage without.
"do not be surprised," the trader said; "this person is not what he looks, but is an english effendi, the bearer of a letter from his minister at teheran to shah kamran. he is going to do us the honour to lodge here for a time. he speaks our language as well as persian."
"he is welcome," his wife said courteously; "and indeed his presence here will afford us a protection which we shall need more than ever when the passions of the people are excited by the siege."
"as you are accustomed to our ways," the husband said, "you will not be surprised at my bringing you in here or at seeing the women unveiled. as a rule, everywhere in the east we adopt the customs of the country so far that our women veil when they go out, and my wife and daughters would do the same here if they were to walk through the streets. but my daughters have not left the house since they were children; my wife has not done so since we took up our abode here twenty-three years ago."
angus uttered an exclamation of surprise.
"you would not be astonished if you knew the lawlessness that prevails here. no young woman can venture safely into the streets, for as soon as a report that she was good-looking reached kamran she would be seized and carried off to his harem even in broad daylight. no respectable woman would think of going out save with an armed escort."
[pg 24]
"that is indeed a terrible state of things."
"we are accustomed to it now, effendi, and at any rate we are not molested here. i make a present now and then to yar mahomed khan and also to his principal officer, and i am let alone by them. my brother does the same. they know that i am a carpet-weaver employing eight or ten men, and as they believe i could not be squeezed to any large amount, they are satisfied to let us go on. so as long as we keep quietly at home we are not molested, and we both intend ere long to move from here to teheran or tabriz. we have only been waiting until we can manage to get away with our belongings without attracting notice. we have done very well since we came here, for trade has been good. my brother buys up the products of many other looms, and we have both made good profits, but we take care that we do not keep more money than is necessary here. now i will show you the room that will be at your disposal. you will, i hope, join us at our family meals, so that we shall not have to cook for you separately."
"certainly, it would be very much more pleasant for me."
the terms were arranged without difficulty, for the armenian felt that it might be a great protection for them to have an englishman in the house. the merchant then arranged to obtain a dress for angus similar to that worn by himself and his brother. this was brought in on the following morning. having put it on, angus went out accompanied by azim. he decided to wait for a day or two before seeing the wuzeer, so as to ascertain the state of things in the town and the preparations for defence. he was going through one of the narrow streets when a loaded camel came along behind him, its paniers nearly touching the houses on each side. its rider did not give the usual[pg 25] shout of warning, and angus had but just time to jump into a doorway when it brushed past him, the afghan driver grinning maliciously at so nearly upsetting one whom he regarded as a sheeah trader. a man walking just in front of him, who was not quick enough to get out of the camel's way, was knocked down. as he got up angus to his astonishment heard him mutter angrily, "confound you! i wish i had you outside this town, i would give you a lesson you would not forget!" astonished to find another englishman here in afghan costume, angus stepped up to him and said, "i did not expect to find an englishman here, sir."
the other turned sharply round. "i am as surprised as you can be, sir! but we had better not be speaking english here. i am lodging within fifty yards of this, if you will follow me i will take you there, and we can then introduce ourselves properly."
in three minutes they were in the room occupied by the stranger. "as host i will introduce myself first," he said with a smile. "my name is eldred pottinger; i have been travelling through afghanistan on an unofficial mission to explore and report on the country to my uncle, colonel pottinger, resident in scinde. happening to arrive here at the present crisis, and thinking that i might be useful if the city is besieged, i have declared myself to the wuzeer, and although i still retain my disguise there are many who know that i am an englishman."
"my name is angus campbell, mr. pottinger. i am in the employment of the british minister at teheran, and am the bearer of a letter from him to shah kamran encouraging him to maintain the defence of the city as long as possible, and holding out hopes that the british government, which would view the attack upon herat with grave dissatisfaction, will endeavour to mediate between him and the shah,[pg 26] and may even take measures to put pressure upon the latter to withdraw his forces."
"that is very satisfactory. of course i have had no shadow of authority to speak in that way, and could only assure him generally that he would have the good will of the english, and that as an english officer i would on my own part put any military skill that i possess at his service, and, being myself an artillery officer, might be of considerable assistance to him in the management and working of the guns. but your letter will place me in a more favourable position. what are your instructions? are you going to return to the embassy or remain here?"
"mr. m'neill left it to myself. he will join the shah's army, as the russian ambassador is also with it. as he takes the dragoman of the legation down with him, he has no absolute occasion for my services. from what i have seen of the place so far, though i only arrived yesterday, it does not seem to me possible that these mud walls can withstand a battering fire. the place will therefore very likely be taken in a few days; and as i should not care about being in a town sacked by persian troops, i had intended to leave it as soon as i delivered my letter."
"there is no doubt about the weakness of the place; a european army would carry it in three days. but the persians have never been remarkable for their courage, while the afghans are undoubtedly a fighting people. i think it is quite possible that the siege may last for months. you know the dilatory way in which these eastern people go to work. of course i can give no opinion whatever as to what would be your best course. it would depend upon so many things—your position at the embassy, your chances of promotion there, and other matters of which i am altogether ignorant. i suppose you speak persian well?"
man
a man walking just in front of him ... was knocked down.
"yes, and also arabic, and i can get on in armenian and[pg 27] kurdish. as to my position, it is scarcely an official one. i am the son of a scottish trader who for twelve years carried on business at tabriz. he and my mother were carried off eight months ago by an outbreak of plague, and his house and store were burned in some street riots. i consulted the british vice-consul there, an armenian who was a friend of my father, and we agreed that from my knowledge of languages i ought to be able to get on better in the east than at home, where it would be of no use to me. i had acted as my father's assistant for the last two years of his life, and had therefore acquired a knowledge of trading; and i have a small capital with which, when i get older, i can either enter into business myself or join someone already established. i was very glad to obtain this place in the embassy as a temporary employment until i could see my way, for although mr. m'neill kindly took me on as an extra assistant, of course his successor, whoever he may be, may not want me."
"i think you have done very wisely. how old are you now?"
"i am a few months over sixteen."
"you are young indeed," pottinger laughed, "to be engaged in political affairs. well, i should say that if the afghans really mean to fight, as i believe they will, they can hold the town for some time, and you will therefore be able to learn their language, which would be invaluable to you if you go in for commerce, or in fact whatever you do out here. things are in a disturbed state in afghanistan, and i should be surprised if the indian government does not interfere there before long; and in that case anyone acquainted with pushtoo and with arabic and persian will have no difficulty in finding employment with the army, and through my uncle i might be able to put you in the way of it. and now about your mission.
[pg 28]
"the wuzeer for some reason or other—i own i don't see why—has been exceedingly civil to me. on my arrival i sent to say that i was a stranger and a traveller, and that, should it be pleasing to him, i would wait upon him. he sent down at once to say that he would see me the next day. of course on occasions of this sort it is usual to make a present. the only thing that i could give him was a brace of detonating pistols. he had never seen any but flint-locks before, and accepted them graciously. finding that i was a british artillery officer, he at once asked my opinion on a variety of matters, and took me round the walls with him, consulting me as to how they had best be strengthened, and so on.
"i will go up and see him presently, and tell him that you have arrived and are the bearer of a letter from our minister to shah kamran. i shall of course mention that you have come in disguise, and that you have therefore been unable to bring the customary presents, and i shall point out to him that you possess the confidence of the british minister. i shall say that for that reason i have persuaded you to remain here during the siege, and that i am sure you will act with me, and moreover will endeavour to keep m'neill well informed of everything going on here, and will continually urge him to impress upon the british government the importance of the position and the necessity for interfering to prevent it from falling into the hands of the persians. as to its importance there is no doubt, especially as russia appears to be making persia a cat's-paw in the matter. that is why i feel that while fighting for these heratees—who between ourselves seem to me to be unmitigated ruffians—i am merely fighting for england, for it is of the utmost importance that the gate of india should not be in the hands of persia, especially if, as you say, russian influence is dominant at teheran."
[pg 29]
"i am sure i shall be delighted if you will accept me as your assistant, though i don't see at present what possible service i can be."
"you will be of use. there will be no end of things to see about." then he burst out laughing. "it does seem absurd, doesn't it, that we two, i a young lieutenant and you a lad not yet seventeen, should be proposing to take a prominent part in the defence of a city like this against an army commanded by the shah of persia in person."
angus joined in the laugh. "it is not ridiculous for you," he said, "because as an artillery officer you must know a great deal more about the defence of towns than these afghans can do; but it certainly is absurd my having anything to do in it."
pottinger went with angus to the house of the armenian in order that he might know where to find him. leaving him there he went up to the citadel, which stood on rising ground at one corner of the town. he returned in an hour, and said that the wuzeer would receive him at once.
"he is a good deal impressed," he went on, "with the fact that our minister should have sent a messenger here with the letter. at first he did not see why england should be interested in the matter, and i had to explain to him about the russian intrigue in persia, and that there was no doubt that sooner or later they would invade india, and that this would be rendered comparatively easy by herat being in the hands of their friends the persians. he enquired of me what rank you held. i told him that you were a member of the embassy, acting as assistant-secretary to the minister, and, as was evident by his entrusting you with so important a despatch, were deep in his confidence."
on arriving at the citadel they were at once conducted to the apartment of the wuzeer. yar mahomed rose from his[pg 30] seat and greeted them politely. angus walked forward, bowed, and delivered his letter.
"you speak persian, your excellency?" the minister said. angus had difficulty in restraining a smile at his new dignity, but said gravely: "yes, your highness, i speak it and arabic."
"you journeyed here comfortably, i hope?"
"yes; there were a few adventures on the way, but not more than i had expected."
yar mahomed opened and read the letter.
"you are aware of its contents?" he asked.
"yes, i learned them by heart before i left teheran, in case i should be robbed of the letter on the way."
the wuzeer sat in thought for a minute.
"but how," he said doubtfully, "can your country, which is, as i hear, very far distant, exercise any influence with the shah? surely you could not send an army all that distance?"
"not from england, your highness; but we could send a fleet that could shut up all the ports in the persian gulf, and we could send troops from india to occupy those places, and so destroy all their trade. moreover, we could put a stop to all trade passing by land through this town to scinde, and send a great army by sea and invade persia, and, as our soldiers are much better than the persians, might even take tabriz and teheran. the shah knows that they have done great things in india, and will see how they might bring ruin on persia."
"yes, what your minister says is true; but will he do this at once?"
"that i cannot say," angus replied. "at first, no doubt, the government of england would say, 'herat is very far off; it will fall before we can do anything.' but if they find that it holds out bravely, they will say, 'we must help these[pg 31] people who are fighting so well.' there is another thing. it is said that there are already some russian officers with the shah's army. the english are very jealous of the russians, and when they come to understand that it is russia who has sent the shah to capture herat their anger will speedily be roused, and they will bid their minister say to the shah, 'if you continue to fight against herat, we shall send our ships and our army against you.' the shah knows that we have conquered in india people far more warlike than the persians, and he will say to himself, 'why should i run the risk of losing my kingdom merely to please the russians, who are really much more dangerous neighbours than the english?'"
"the words of your excellency are wise," the wuzeer said. "you will see that we shall hold out for months, or even for years if necessary. i can understand now why the british minister has confidence in you though you look so young. how many years has your excellency?"
"i am not yet thirty," angus said calmly.
the wuzeer looked surprised.
"it is because your face is smooth that you look so young. we afghans wear our beards; i see that you do not, for even this brave officer, who has come to fight for us, has no hair on his face. he has told me that you will stay here, and assist with your advice."
"so far as i am able to do so, i will; but i am not greatly skilled in such matters. still, i will assist him so far as i can."
"it is good," the afghan said.
"it would be better, your highness, that it should not be known that i am an agent of the british minister; though of course you can, if you find it necessary, cheer your soldiers by telling them if they fight bravely and well the british minister will try and mediate between you and the shah, and[pg 32] to persuade him to draw off his army. but were the shah to know that the british minister has an agent here, he would be wroth with him, and might not listen so willingly to his representations. let it then, i beg you, be supposed that, like mr. pottinger, i am but an english traveller, who, chancing to be here, is willing to do all that he can to aid in the defence of the town against the persians."
"your words are good; so let it be. where are you dwelling now?"
"at the house of the armenian carpet-weaver kajar. the times being bad, his looms are at a stand-still, and he was glad to let me an apartment."
"he is a good man," the wuzeer said, "a good man and honest, but not rich."
angus felt that the last words were rather a question than an assertion, and he said:
"surely no. his rooms are very simple, but they are clean, and if a traveller can but find a clean lodging, he cares not how poor it is."
"shall you be sending a message to the minister?"
"i shall endeavour to do so by a servant lad i have brought with me. i will tell him that his mind may be at ease, for herat can hold out."
"the persians are cowards!" the wuzeer said angrily. "my horsemen have been round them for many days, but they give them no chance. they keep together like a flock of sheep, with their guns and their infantry, instead of riding out bravely to bring in plunder and fight with their enemies when they meet them."
then turning to pottinger he went on:
"i have sent out, as you advised me, to cut down all the trees within half a mile of the town, so that the persians will have no shelter from our guns; and as all the granaries are emptied for miles round, they will have a long way to[pg 33] go to get food. a number of men are also at work at the place where, as you showed me, the wall was rotten; and others are clearing out the ditch, and making the bank steeper where it has slipped down, so that if they should be so mad as to rush forward and try to cross the moat, they will not be able to climb up."
"that is important, wuzeer, and still more so is it that the little wall at the foot of the mount of earth that surrounds the city wall should be repaired. that is of the greatest importance. they may manage to fill up the moat and cross it, but as long as the lower wall stands they cannot climb up, even if a breach was made in the main wall."
"i will go round now with you," the wuzeer said, "and we will see where the worst places are."
angus accompanied them, and found that pottinger's statement as to the weakness of the fortifications was well founded. from a distance the wall had looked imposing, for it was of considerable height and great thickness, but it was entirely constructed of dried mud, and heavy guns could effect a breach anywhere in the course of a day or two. it was evident that if the place was to hold out, it must depend upon the bravery of its troops and not upon the strength of its walls.
for the next week the work went on incessantly. every able-bodied man in the town was employed in the repairs of the wall and in cutting down trees, while the work of destroying grain and all kinds of necessaries which could not be brought into the town was performed by the troops. these were all afghans, were in regular pay, and formed the fighting army of the ruler of herat. their discipline was at all times very lax, and the permission to destroy and burn, which naturally included looting everything of value for their own benefit, rendered them even less amenable to discipline than before.
[pg 34]
eldred pottinger, as far as he could venture, tried to induce the wuzeer to have the work executed in a more regular manner and under strict supervision by officers told off for the purpose, but yar mahomed viewed the matter with indifference.
"what does it matter," he said, "whether the soldiers take things or not? it would be all the same to the owners whether they have them, or whether they are destroyed, or fall into the hands of the persians. in a few days the enemy will be here, and it would be foolish to cause dissatisfaction among the soldiers over a matter of no consequence whatever."
the country, indeed, was now deserted by all its inhabitants. immense stores of food had been brought into the city, every unoccupied piece of ground between the city walls was crowded with cattle, sheep, and horses, and there was no fear that famine would for a very long period be a serious trouble to the besieged. eldred pottinger's time was principally occupied in seeing to the repair of the guns and their carriages. without any definite rank having been given to him, it was understood that all his orders had the support of the wuzeer, and were to be obeyed as if they came directly from him, and that the young man with him was also an englishman of some importance, and possessed similar powers.
while pottinger looked chiefly after the military work performed by the afghans who had come into the town, angus superintended that upon which the sheeahs were engaged. these persian-speaking people carried out his instructions cheerfully, because they were given in their own language, and were not accompanied by the contemptuous haughtiness and animosity which would have characterized the orders of an afghan, the hostility between the two great religious sects of islam being even greater than that entertained by both against the infidel.
[pg 35]
pottinger had now taken up his abode at the house of kajar, where there were several apartments unoccupied. as he did not speak armenian, and knew but little persian, angus and he arranged to have a mess of their own, engaging a man recommended to them by the armenian as a good cook. this had been rendered the more necessary, as the trader with whom angus had first spoken had also moved with his wife to his brother's house.
he had taken this step because he foresaw that as the siege went on the position of the sheeahs would become more and more unbearable, and that the protection the presence of the two englishmen could afford would be most valuable. indeed kajar, as soon as he saw that angus had been favourably received by the wuzeer, had himself suggested that pottinger might also be offered accommodation at his house.
"there need be no further talk of payment, effendi, between us. your presence here will be of vastly greater importance than any money you could give us. no one can say what will happen here. it is not only our property, but our lives which will be at stake; but with you as inmates here, no one would dare interfere with us, and we all regard the fact that you should almost accidentally have been brought here as a special blessing that has been sent from heaven to us."
the young englishmen thus strangely thrown together soon became fast friends, and it was pleasant indeed to them to enjoy their evenings together, after each had been engaged during the whole day at the duties they had undertaken. a couple of hours, however, were always spent by them, each in his own room. pottinger engaged the services of a mollah, or priest of the sheeah sect, to give him lessons in persian, while angus worked at pushtoo with kajar, who spoke the afghan language perfectly.
