expulsion of the jesuits from ethiopia.
the civil war continued, meanwhile, to rage with great expenditure of life, and with alternate success on either side. enticed into the plain, the enemy were generally worsted by the royal troops, but among the recesses of their native rocks the mountaineers had always the advantage. no sign of intended submission could be observed; and the monarch, becoming suspicious of the jesuits, who were erecting forts and strongholds under the guise of churches and residences, lent a favourable ear to the entreaties of his subjects.
a second remonstrance was penned, wherein he forcibly set forth to the portuguese bishop, “that the roman religion had not been introduced into the country by the miracles or the preaching of the fathers, but by royal edict and ordinance, in opposition to the wish of the entire population; and that the prelate must devise some milder measures for the furtherance of the true faith.”
foreseeing a heavy storm in case of refusal, mendez reluctantly complied with the proposal of a modified church code, under the restriction that no public manifesto should announce the change, which must be gradually and silently introduced. the ancient liturgy and the ancient holydays were thus restored, and the celebration of the jewish sabbath once again permitted.
but the concession was insufficient, and came too late to pacify the turbulent mountaineers of lasta, who had been altogether victorious during the war. they would listen to no modification of their first demand; but imperatively insisted upon the complete re-establishment of their ancient ecclesiastical institution, together with the expulsion of the foreigners from the land.
the liberty and the customs of highlanders are seldom invaded with success; and a religion detested by the common people cannot, without much difficulty, be introduced by the prince. weary of so many rebellions, and murders, and excommunications, the king, in his advanced age, began to view with an unfavourable eye the firebrand authors of these disturbances. suspecting his brother and the patriarch of seditious views—offended by the contumacy of his subjects, and the increasing diminution of his own authority—disgusted with the present state of affairs, and apprehensive of future events—he now seriously bethought him of restoring the church to its original footing. but the rebellion must, in the first instance, be quelled; and having with this view concluded an alliance with the galla, he marched towards lasta.
twenty thousand peasants, confident of victory, descending from their mountains, rushed into the plain to meet the royal force. the two armies for a time remained in sight in that still calmness which precedes the earthquake. at length the galla cavalry dashing at speed on the crowded masses of the enemy, threw them into complete confusion—a fierce combat lasted until the going down of the sun—and the field of battle was left covered with eight thousand bodies of the insurgents.
throwing themselves prostrate before the triumphant monarch on this scene of carnage, the vanquished peasants expressed their grief in the following lively terms:—“who are these men,” they asked with groans, “whom you now behold bathed in blood? are they moslems, or pagans, or even the enemies of the kingdom? no, they are christians—they are all thy subjects, knit together by the most tender bonds of blood, friendship, and affection. those warriors who now lie lifeless at thy feet, would, under a better government, have proved the bulwarks of thy throne, and the terror of those very men by whose hands they have fallen. the very heathen blush at thy cruelty, and call thee renegade for having abandoned the religion of thy fathers. cease, o emperor! in mercy cease to prolong a struggle which must end in the downfall of the throne, and the ruin of all religion in the land!”
the empress also mingled her tears with the groans of the wounded petitioners, and adjured the king for the love of god, and in the name of future generations, to take pity upon his subjects, and desist from preparing a sepulchre for himself and for his family. “what have you gained by this battle?” she exclaimed. “you have introduced into the kingdom hordes of pagan galla, who detest yourself equally with your religion; but futile will be your attempt to establish in ethiopia a form of worship which is unknown to the greater part of your people, and to the remainder is known only to be resisted to the last drop of their blood.”
these representations sunk deep into the heart of the emperor; and instead of proceeding in triumph to his capital, he retired to a secluded spot to give vent to his feelings, and bewail the loss he had created. the galla troops were dismissed; and having collected all the principal monks and clergy, he announced his resolution of allowing the nation to return to the faith of their forefathers.
immediately on this intelligence, the patriarch hurried with all the jesuit fathers to soothe the ruffled mood of the monarch. “i had fondly imagined,” exclaimed mendez, “that we were the victors, but behold we are the vanquished; and the rebels, routed and put to flight, have obtained all that they desire. call to mind how many fields thou hast won with the assistance of god and the portuguese, and remember that thou didst embrace the true faith of thine own free will. we have been sent unto thy charge by the pope of rome, and by the king of portugal. beware of irritating great potentates to just indignation. they be indeed far off, but god is nigh at hand; and thy apostasy will defile thy name and that of thy nation, and will leave an everlasting tarnish upon the lion of the tribe of judah, which now glitters in the standard of ethiopia.” on the conclusion of this harangue, all threw themselves at his feet, and entreated an immediate order to execution, rather than a confirmation from his lips of the rash resolution that he had taken.
retaining a too lively recollection of the streams of blood that had been poured out upon the plains of lasta, the emperor quietly allowed the jesuits to arise, and unmoved by their earnest prayers and entreaties, replied shortly, “that his adherence to the catholic faith had already caused the slaughter of a great portion of his subjects, and that he would have no further dealings whatever with their doctrines.”
the film fell from before the eyes of the discomfited monks. the friends of the alexandrian faith, rallying round the throne, united their utmost efforts to strengthen the emperor in his resolves; and the rumour spread abroad that on the feast of saint john the baptist the ancient religion was to be re-established throughout the land. thousands assembled in the capital on that day to assist in the ceremony; and, although temporarily disappointed, the event clearly proved that this act of justice could no longer he safely delayed.
every art and stratagem was still resorted to by the patriarch to put off the evil day; but the emperor, roused at length by the harsh and uncompromising character of the jesuit, fiercely exclaimed, “has, then, the sceptre departed from mine hand for ever?”—and the royal trumpets suddenly sounded through the streets of gondar, as the herald announced the following proclamation to the empire:—
“listen and hear! we formerly recommended to you the adoption of the roman catholic creed, on the firm conviction that it was the only true one; but numbers of our subjects having sacrificed their lives for the religion of their ancestors, we henceforth accord its free exercise unto all. let the priests resume possession of their churches, and worship the god of their forefathers. farewell, and rejoice.”
it is not possible to describe the rapture with which this welcome edict was received. the praises of the emperor resounded from every quarter. the rosaries and the chaplets of the jesuits were tossed out of doors, and burned in a heap. men and women danced for joy in the streets, and the song of liberation burst from the lips of the disenthralled multitude.
“the flock of ethiopia has escaped from the hyenas of the west.
the doctrine of saint mark is the column of our church.
let all rejoice and sing hallelujahs,
for the sun of our deliverance has lighted up the land.”
thus perished the hopes of a mission which, for craft and cruelty, has been seldom equalled in the annals of time. whilst rome must indeed have been prompted by no ordinary motive to persevere so pertinaciously in a work of conversion, through all the horrors of banishment and martyrdom, the unworthy means resorted to by the dauntless but unsuccessful agents employed in the enterprise, have left an indelible stain upon the page of her history.
