abyssinian rites and practices which would appear to have been borrowed from the hebrews.
the appellation of hábeshi, “a mixed and mingling people,” is aptly exemplified in this strange medley of religion, to which the jew, the moslem, and the pagan, has each contributed. a mixture from different nations, as stigmatised by the original term, the abyssinians have garbled the faith of all their ancestors; and there is assuredly no christian community in the whole world which has jumbled together truth and falsehood with such utter inconsistency as the vain church of ethiopia.
many circumstances have conspired to render the nation more peculiarly susceptible of hebrew influence. the first christian missionary found the people idolaters and worshippers of the great serpent arwé; but the ancestors of those jews who to the present day exist in the country, unquestionably arrived long before the nation had embraced the christian religion; and in their attempts to obtain a moral influence over their pagan hosts were far from being inactive in their adopted home. thus the early christian church, that of egypt especially, by which many hebrew customs had been embraced, was the more readily received when introduced into a nation amongst whom similar doctrines and practices were already in use.
boasting a direct descent from the house of solomon, and flattering themselves in the name of the wisest man of antiquity, the emperors of abyssinia preserve the high-sounding title of “king of israel,” and the national standard displays for their motto—“the lion of the tribe of judah hath prevailed.” the tradition of queen maqueda has been ascribed to the invention of those fugitive jews, who, after the destruction of jerusalem by the emperor titus, migrated into the northern states by way of the red sea—who disseminated it with the design of obtaining the desired permission to settle in the country, and whose descendants are the fálashas still extant among the mountains of simien and lasta. but whatever may be thought by others of the legend of descent, the firm national belief in the origin traced, will in a great measure account for the general inclination and consent to receive hebrew rites and practices as they were from time to time presented. jews as well as christians believe the forty-fifth psalm to be a prophecy of the queen’s visit to jerusalem, whither she was attended by a daughter of hiram the king of tyre—the latter portion being a prediction of the birth of menilek, who was to be king over a nation of gentiles.
whatever the true date of their arrival, it is certain that the hebrews have exercised a great influence upon the affairs of abyssinia since the days of their dispersion; and although their religion was abjured by the nation on the promulgation of the gospel, the children of israel, moulding a portion of their worship on the formulae of the christian faith, and esteemed as sorcerers and cunning artists in the land, found a safe asylum among the mountains, and exist to the present day, here as elsewhere, a separate and peculiar nation.
with the destruction of the race of solomon, the jewish party for a time obtained the preponderance. again, on the restoration of the legitimate dynasty, they were hunted among the mountains as a race accursed, and the feeling reigned paramount to sweep the wanderers from the face of the land. but the custom of ages had impressed the hebrew practices too deeply to be removed. they were, in fact, regarded in the light of orthodox christian doctrines; and, as might have been expected from a bigoted and superstitious people, the severest persecutions were enforced against the members of another creed, without the nation observing in how far they were themselves tainted with those very principles which in others they considered so justifiable to oppress.
the abyssinian christian will neither eat with the jew, nor with the galla, nor with the mohammadan, lest he should thereby participate in the delusions of his creed. the church and the churchyard are equally closed against all who commit this deadly sin; and the ethiopian is bound by the same restrictions which prohibited the jews from partaking of the flesh of certain animals. the act which is deemed disgraceful in the eyes of men, is regarded as a moral transgression, and is visited, as was the case in the mosaic institution, by the stern reprimand of the priest. the penance of severe fasting, or of uneasy repose upon the bare ground, is enforced by the father confessor to efface the taint of the interdicted animal; and prayers must be repeated, and holy water plentifully besprinkled over the defiled person of that sinning individual who shall have dared to touch the meat of the hare, or the swine, or the aquatic fowl.
“the children of israel did not eat of the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh.” this in the amháric language is termed shoolada, and it is held unlawful to be eaten in shoa, more especially to the members of the royal blood; a universal belief prevailing, that the touch of the unholy morsel would infallibly be followed by the loss of the offending teeth, as a direct proof of the just indignation of heaven.
the jewish sabbath is strictly observed throughout the kingdom. the ox and the ass are at rest. agricultural pursuits are suspended. household avocations must be laid aside, and the spirit of idleness reigns throughout the day.
by order of the great council of laodicea, the oriental churches were freed from this burden; and the industrious gladly availed themselves of the ecclesiastical licence to work on the saturday. here, however, the ancient usage agreed too well with a people systematically indolent; and when, a few years ago, one daring spirit presumed, in advance of the age, to burst the fetters of superstition. his majesty the king of shoa, stimulated by the advice of besotted monks, issued a proclamation, that whoso violated the jewish sabbath should forfeit his property to the royal treasury, and be consigned to the state dungeon.
ludolf, the celebrated strabo of ethiopia, most accurately remarks, that there is no nation upon earth which fasts so strictly as the abyssinians; and that they would rather commit a great crime than touch food on the day of abstinence. they not only boast with the pharisee, “i fast twice a week,” but pride themselves also upon their mortification of the flesh during half the year, whilst the haughty and self-sufficient monk vaunts his meagre diet as the only means of expiation from sin and evil desire.
the abyssinians, in common with other christian communities who rigidly observe the fasts of wednesday and friday, advance as an argument, that the jews seized our saviour on the first of those days, and on the second carried into execution their design of crucifixion; but as this account differs from the evidence of the gospel, which shows that the arrest took place upon the thursday, the observance is most probably an imitation of the weekly fasts in existence among the jews.
the fast of the forty days before easter is observed with much greater rigour than any other in abyssinia; and the reckless individual who shall neglect the great “toma hodádi” cannot possess one sentiment of true religion in his heart. to the abstinence of this season especially are attached peculiar virtues which completely nullify the effect of every sin that may be committed throughout the residue of the year.
according to the jewish practice, all culinary utensils must be thoroughly cleansed and polished, to the end that no particle of meat or prohibited food may remain to pollute the pious intention. journeys and travel are strictly interdicted; and from the thursday until easter morn no morsel should enter the lip, and the parched throat ought to remain without moisture.
during the fast of the holy virgin, children of tender years are not even exempted from the penance of sixteen days; and during the many and weary weeks of abstinence which roll slowly throughout the entire year, the abyssinian priest would grant no dispensation to the famished mortal, “were he even to receive an immediate mandate from heaven.”
sáhela selássie arose some years ago a mighty zealot in the cause; and perceiving that the custom was beginning to decline, proclaimed through the royal herald pains and penalties sufficiently severe to insure the future strict observance of the fast. the commands of the defender of the faith were, however, in one instance, transgressed by a soldier, during a military expedition; but his excuse of fatigue under a heavy load of the king’s camp equipage was admitted; and although on similar occasions a certain licence is extended, still the monarch keeps a strict watch over the maintenance of church discipline.
on the annual day of atonement, the jews were obliged to confess their sins before a priest. in like manner the abyssinians are commanded from time to time to perform the ceremony, during the great fast of hodádi more particularly, and on good friday, the day of the jewish expiation. and as the slave, in token of his freedom and dismissal, received the blow from the roman praetor, so the penitent on absolution receives a stroke over the shoulders from a branch of the woira tree, as a sign of his deliverance from sin and satan.
like the pagans of ancient and modern times, who placed between the most high god and themselves an inferior deity, the abyssinians observe this species of idolatry, although the names of their tutelar spirits have been changed. saint michael and the holy virgin are here venerated as in no other country in the world—the former as the martial leader of all the choirs of angels—the latter as chief of all saints, and queen of heaven and of earth; and both are considered as the great intercessors for mankind.
the detrimental influence of this superstition is fully exemplified in the conduct of the nation. the mediator is ever employed when individual courage fails in impudent assurance or insatiable beggary. time is uselessly wasted in importunity, which all believe must in the end prove successful; and the practice of invocation and intercession thus exerts the most baneful tendency even upon the daily dealings of life.
like the jews of old, the abyssinians weep and lament on all occasions of death, and the shriek ascends to the sky, as if the soul could be again recalled from the world of spirits. the israelites employed hired mourners; but here the friends and relatives of the departed assemble for the same purpose, and the absence of any from the scene is ascribed to want of love and affection. as with the jews, the most inferior garments are put on; and the skin is torn from the temples, and scarified on the cheeks and breast, to proclaim the last extremity of grief.
in later days, the extravagance of mourning has been somewhat moderated, through the agency of a priest of the church of saint george, who stood boldly forward to arrest a practice equally at variance with the sacred books of the country, and with the spirit of the new testament. excommunication was thundered upon all who should thenceforth indulge publicly in the luxury of woe; and the people trembled under the ban of the church. the death of a great governor soon confirmed the restriction. being loved and esteemed by all classes, the prohibition was severely felt. the complaint was referred to the throne; and as the deceased was a man of rank, and a royal favourite withal, the clergy were commanded to grant absolution in this one instance. but zeddoo, the stout-hearted priest, arose, and declared that he had no respect for persons, and that the words of truth must be defended to the death. the silence of the monarch enforced the ecclesiastical fiat; and to this day the drum is mute at the funeral wake, and the customary praise of the defunct is heard no more in the public resorts of the capital.
the talmud asserts that those who died piously remained in a state of active knowledge of all the occurrences of this world. philo, the learned jew of alexandria, informs us, that the souls of the patriarchs pray incessantly for the jewish nation, and the erudite rabbins alleged that angels are the governors of all sublunary things, and that each man and every country has a guardian angel for protection and direction. the abyssinians carry this belief still further—they confidently anticipate the intercession and assistance of saints and angels in all spiritual and secular concerns, and invoke and adore them in even a higher degree than the creator. all their churches are dedicated to one in particular, and the holy “tábot” is regarded as the visible representative of the celestial patron. the ark of saint michael accompanies all military expeditions, to insure success against the gentiles; and that of tekla ha?manót stands the palladium of the north, to preserve the empire from the attacks of the mohammadan prince of argóbba.
all the absurd ideas of the jewish rabbins regarding the dead have been received and embraced by the fathers of abyssinia. they maintain with the romanists too, that the soul of the departed does not immediately enter into the kingdom of joy, but is conducted to an habitation situated in an invisible spot between the heaven and the earth, where it remains until the resurrection, in a state of happiness or torment, according to the alms and prayers bestowed by surviving relatives and friends. this abyssinian “limbo” is supposed also to be occupied by the saints; and the absurdity is increased by the belief that intercession with the almighty is absolutely necessary to absolve the heavenly host from their spiritual imperfections, and insure their resting in peace until the coming of christ.
but the interest of the avaricious priest is concerned in the preservation of this doctrine, and a corner of the churchyard is sternly denied to all who die without death-bed confession, or whose relations refuse the fee and the funeral feast. the payment of eight pieces of salt, however, wafts the soul of a poor man to a place of rest, and the téscar, or banquet for the dead, places him in a degree of happiness according to the costliness of the entertainment. the price of eternal bliss is necessarily higher to the rich; whilst royalty is taxed at a still more costly rate, and the anniversaries of the deaths of the six kings of shoa are held with great ceremony in the capital. once during every twelve months, before the commencement of a splendid feast, their souls are fully absolved from all sin; and the munificence of their illustrious descendant is still further displayed in the long line of beeves which afterwards wends its way to the threshold of every church in ankóber.
