aden on the casam river, the territory of the adel sub-tribe gareemra damoosa.

a canopy of thick clouds clinging to the high hills of ankóber had indicated that rain still continued to deluge the more elevated regions; but on the wide undulating plains of berhut, the thermometer in the tents stood at 105 degrees; and although the sky was occasionally overcast in the morning, the sun shone with due tropical fervour up to the day fixed for departure to the low country. it was still dark when the cavalcade filed past the church of saint george, which, ornamented with a triangle of ostrich eggs as a spire, stands at the extremity of the village; and as every abyssinian lip in succession saluted with a pious kiss the rough bark of the kolquál trees by which it is fenced round, many an offering was vowed for individual safe return from the dangerous expedition.

dawn of day found the party at the termination of the tract of table-land claimed by the crown; and the sun, as he rose behind the lofty peak of assibote, lighted our descent by the dodóti pass, a winding path overhanging the valleys, which still lay in darkness. commanding a boundless prospect across the burning plains below, it leads by a very judiciously selected line, with a gradual descent of eighteen hundred feet, over barren mountain ridges rapidly diminishing in height, to the foot of the abyssinian range, where, watered by the casam, stretches the adel district of aden; and beyond, wild, desolate, and hot, and surrounded by extensive white desert tracts, rise the isolated craters of sáboo and fantáli.

the entire mountain-side is well-peopled by mohammadan subjects of shoa, whose progenitors arriving from the country of the sun with the great invader graan, selected this as the location most congenial to their habits, and with it bequeathed to their descendants all the ancestral aversion to a cold climate. a stronger and more athletic race than the amhára, the dark-eyed females present features far more feminine and agreeable than their coarse highland sisters, with forms more becomingly attired. the hot dusty hamlets and scattered farm houses, which crown many of the peaks, are surrounded by extensive cultivation. the square domiciles, constructed of loose stones with mud terraces, afford sufficient accommodation both for owner and cattle, and the rich stores of grain proclaim a life of industry and abundance.

the retinue of the governor increased rapidly with his advance. every hamlet now poured forth its quota; and before reaching the fótah river, he mustered in horse and foot full four hundred retainers. for some miles the road wound along the dry channel of the mountain torrent, the banks rising on either side steep and perpendicular, so as to form a deep chasm, partially obstructed by huge masses that had been precipitated from above. here and there a solitary karaiyo hamlet met the eye—the flocks and herds assembled in the neighbourhood of the only well, around which the heathen maidens, in rude leathern petticoats, fearlessly drew water, proclaiming a district dependent upon shoa. debouching at length upon the plain of the casam, the increase of temperature was at once perceptible; and the feeble breeze could not be felt through the mass of acacias and wild aloe which in full blossom covered the entire face of the country.

we were here joined by a weather-beaten old warrior, covered with silver decorations for valour, who had lost an eye by the spear of the galla. he was to act in capacity of guide; and an hour through the low jungle brought us to the river at a point where the width is from seventy to eighty yards, a strong stream of turbid water running through a rocky channel, in parts choked with groves of tamarisk. skirting the northern bank for a considerable distance across hot loose boulders and hard volcanic terraces, we gained a prominent height, whence the view extended over the lowest valley threaded by the well-wooded casam, the whole reach of which was covered with great herds of homed cattle.

here the cavalcade halted, and was presently joined, from a group of adel wigwams, by godána, one of the braves of the gareemra damoosa, carrying a broad-headed spear, and wearing his lank hair twisted into thin cords. a long and animated conference ensued, through the medium of an interpreter; in the course of which it was set forth, on the part of the puissant warrior, that the appearance of so large a body of the amhára had led his tribe to apprehend meditated hostilities; that their flocks and herds were grazing in the vale below, peaceably tended by their young men and maidens; and that as the unwonted descent of such a host of christians could not fail to create great alarm, he was desirous, before authorising further advance, to be more distinctly apprised of the nature and object of the visit. it was explained by the governor, “that the sole intention was to hunt buffaloes—that the white men were the special guests of the king; and having already slain elephants at giddem, his majesty sought to honour his friends the ada?el, by the performance of equally extraordinary feats in their country:—concluding with the assurance, that the fear of the ittoo galla having alone dictated the presence of so many followers, both godána and his people might rest satisfied that the visit was in good faith, and perfectly pacific.”

the cattle having first been driven to a distance, the christian chivalry were finally, after much demur, permitted to descend into the bed of the casam, and there to enjoy the shelter afforded by groves of spreading tamarinds which grace its shady banks, the elders of the tribe being meanwhile summoned to debate the subject more fully. parties of the adel population of the adjoining district of dessé now sauntered up by threes and fours, and tall, gaunt, meagre savages they were—their loins girded by a scant and filthy rag, but each equipped with a serviceable creese, a battered shield, and a spear decked with some trophy of the chase. the scowling downcast eye, habitually half closed against the glare of their parched plains—the dissatisfaction so legibly written on every face—the sun-burnt bushy wig—the pinched features—the loose shambling gait—the air of insolent independence—and not least, the rank disagreeable odour—all combined to proclaim them members of the great family peopling this sultry desert for hundreds of miles, and differing but slightly in manners or in appearance throughout the entire of the wide extended tract.

in the course of another fierce palaver, it was intimated that many expected to die before the affair should be terminated; but the promise of handsome remuneration to the survivors worked successfully upon adel cupidity. after devouring the greater portion of our own supply of bread, which to those who till not the ground forms an unheard of luxury, they unanimously expressed their resolution of acceding to the royal wishes, and of leading the way to their choicest preserves. greatly to the horror of moslem antipathy, the river had meanwhile been dragged of many of its finny inhabitants by the amhára, who are permitted to eat fish ad libitum, although prohibited from touching either flesh or fowl during the tedious fast of lent.

under the guidance of a party selected by the tribe, we now continued our route along the bank of the river; and after passing a volcanic fissure, which winds for miles between high walls of black lava to the very foot of the fantáli crater, a halt was called upon a spot lower down the casam, where grass was abundant. here we bivouacked among huge loose boulders; and between the bold headlands which bound the stream, numerous glimpses were obtained of its distant course. thermal springs were stated to exist in the vicinity of fantáli, now about six miles distant to the south. although said to have emitted no smoke within the memory of the present generation, this hill was pictured as a fiery furnace, and a desert waste, inhabited only by gins and demons—doubtless a less formidable race than the ittoo and aroosi galla, who continually prowl over the intervening plain. the presence of these predatory neighbours, added to our former experience of adel treachery, and the habitual apathy and timidity of every amhára escort, enforced the necessity of precaution in so wild a spot; and in spite of the fatigue entailed by the sultry march, we accordingly maintained throughout the night a disciplined vigilance by a revival of the long-neglected rules of “watch and ward.”