more formidable foes than the peasants had yet met were approaching la vendee. mayence had surrendered to the allies, and the garrison there, which was a large one, composed of veteran troops, was allowed to march away, on each man taking an oath that he would not again serve on the frontier.
outside france there was no idea of the desperate struggle that was going on in la vendee. had it been known, in england, that it needed but little aid for brittany and la vendee to successfully oppose the efforts of the republic, men, money, arms, and ammunition would no doubt have been sent; but unfortunately the leaders of the insurrection, occupied as they were with the efforts they were making, had taken no steps to send a statement of the real facts of the case to the english government. the ports were all in the hands of the republicans and, although in paris public attention was concentrated on the struggle, the british government was very badly informed as to what was passing there. had the allies been aware of it, the terms granted to the garrison at mayence would have been very different; and they would either have been held as prisoners, or been compelled to take the oath that they would, in future, not serve the republic in any way, in arms.
as it was, they were free to act in france, and were already on the march towards la vendee. as before, arrangements were made for the district to be attacked simultaneously on all sides. la rochejaquelein was so much weakened by the return of the peasants to their homes that he was obliged to evacuate saumur, and this town was taken possession of by the division from tours, consisting of twelve thousand five hundred infantry, sixteen hundred cavalry, and four hundred artillerymen, under general menou.
the division of niort comprised fifteen thousand six hundred infantry, and thirteen hundred and eighty cavalry. it was commanded by chalbos, having westermann with him. at sables were four thousand three hundred infantry, two hundred and fifty cavalry, and three hundred artillery. they were commanded by general boulard.
there was but small breathing time for the vendeans. westermann had moved towards parthenay with a strong force and, but a few hours after the martins had left it, lescure was forced to fall back from the town. this was occupied by the blues. they pillaged and burned a village near, although no opposition had been offered, and then sent off a force which burned lescure's chateau at clisson.
the martins were engaged in conversation when a messenger ran in.
"i have an order from monsieur lescure," he said. "the church bells are to be rung throughout the district."
all started to their feet.
"already?" jean exclaimed. "why, what has happened?"
"we have fallen back from parthenay. the blues under westermann, eight thousand strong, have already occupied the town. the general's orders are that all are to join him at moulin, in two days' time. messengers have been despatched all over the country, and monsieur de la rochejaquelein has been sent for, to join general lescure at moulin."
"that gives us twenty-four hours, then," jean said, with a sigh of content. "i will see that your message is carried on to all the villages near. there are plenty of boys of twelve or fourteen about the place."
but the bells rang that night to deaf ears. many of the peasants were still absent, others had returned but a few hours before, worn out and dispirited. but when on the following day the news came that westermann's troops were burning villages, and slaying all who fell into their hands, and that monsieur de lescure's chateau had been burnt, fury and indignation again fired them and, that night, the greater part of them set out for moulin.
"i wonder what has become of our horses," jean said, as he prepared to start. "we shall never hear any more of those we left at nantes. we must go on foot this time, and trust to getting hold of a couple of horses, the first time we defeat the blues."
he had that day been over with patsey, her child, his father, the nurse, and francois to the peasant's house, deep in the forest, to which he had before arranged that she should go, in case of need. all the party were dressed as peasants. the man and woman from whom the house was hired removed to another hut, a quarter of a mile away. francois was to go down every day in the cart to the village, to get news and letters and buy provisions. the cure had arranged to send off one of the village boys, the moment that he heard that any party of the blues were approaching; when the whole of the occupants of the village and the farms around it would be obliged to take to the woods, for it was evident that neither age nor sex was respected by westermann's troops.
it was morning when jean, leigh, and desailles arrived at moulin. they were warmly received by rochejaquelein and bonchamp, to whom jean introduced desailles as a new comrade.
"i know nothing of fighting," the latter said; "but, gentlemen, i shall do my best."
"that is all that anyone can do," rochejaquelein said heartily. "we may say that none of us, with the exception of monsieur bonchamp and a few others, had any experience in fighting when we began; but we have done pretty well, on the whole."
"do you think that we have much chance of holding this place?" jean asked. "they told us, as we came in, that at present there are not much more than eight thousand men here; and westermann, they say, has about as many."
"that is so," bonchamp said, "and i do not expect that we shall beat them; but we must fight, or they will march through the country, wasting and destroying as they go. it is only by showing them that we are still formidable, and that they must keep together and be prudent and cautious, that we can maintain ourselves. a succession of blows, even of light ones, will break a rock."
at two o'clock the enemy's forces approached, and the engagement soon became hot. every hedge was lined by the peasants, every position strongly defended, and only evacuated when the horns gave the signal. at the end of two hours westermann, after losing a considerable number of men, approached ground where his cavalry could come into play; and the leaders of all the bands had been warned that, when they fell back to this point, the horn was to be sounded three times, and that resistance was to cease at once and the bands disperse, to meet at a given point, two hours later. seven of the ten cannon they had with them were safely carried off; and although compelled to retire from their position, the peasants were well satisfied with having withstood, so long, the attack of an equal number of troops, supported by an artillery much superior to their own.
leigh had taken no part in the actual fighting. his right arm was tightly strapped, and bandaged across his chest; and he therefore acted only as the general's aide-de-camp.
"i'll tell you what it is, jules," jean said to desailles, as they retired from the field; "if you are going to expose yourself in the way you have done today, your fighting will be over before long. when it comes to leading the peasants to an attack, one must necessarily set the men an example; but when on the defence, you see, the peasants all lie down behind the hedges and bushes, and show themselves as little as possible.
"and there were you, walking about as if you were in the principal street in nantes! i do not say that we must not expose ourselves a good deal more than the peasants, in order to encourage them; but there is a limit to all things, and one must remember that we are very short of officers, and that the peasants, brave as they are, would be useless without someone to direct them."
"i have no doubt but you are right, jean," desailles said with a laugh; "but in fact, i don't remember giving a thought to the matter. i was almost bewildered by the roar of the battle and the whistling of the bullets. i felt like a man who had taken too much wine; which, in my student days, happened to me more than once. my blood seemed to rush through my veins, and i would have given anything for the order to come for us to throw ourselves upon the enemy."
"you will get over that," jean laughed, "but the same feeling is strong among the men. one can see how eager they are for the order to charge. they use their muskets, but it is to use their bayonets that they are panting. they would make grand soldiers, if they were but well drilled and disciplined.
"unless i am mistaken, you will see them at their favourite work, before many days are over. westermann will get to chatillon tonight. when he gets there, he will find no provisions for his troops, and will begin to wonder whether he is wise in thus penetrating so far into a nest of hornets.
"bonchamp will give him two or three days to forget the mauling that we have given him. by that time our force will have increased, and it will be well for westermann if he manages to carry half his force back with him."
the news of the burning of la rochejaquelein's chateau, on the following day, excited the liveliest indignation. the young count himself received the news with greater indifference than did those around him.
"when a man carries his life in his hand, every day," he said, "he does not fret over the loss of a house. i do not suppose that i should ever have sat down quietly in possession of it, and the cousin who is my heir may have to wait a number of years before, if ever, he comes to take possession of the estate. had circumstances been different, the loss of the old chateau, where my family have lived for so many years, would have been very grievous to me; but at present it affects me comparatively little.
"it is lucky that i sent off four men, directly the fight was over, with a letter to my steward, charging him to hand over to them the four horses that still remained in my stables. they arrived here an hour ago. i guessed that the blues would be paying a visit there in my absence.
"one of them is for you, monsieur martin, and one for leigh; the others i shall keep as spare chargers. i have had two shot under me already, and am likely to have more. in the meantime, if your friend monsieur desailles likes to ride one, it is at his service."
"i thank you very much, marquis," jules said; "but i would prefer trusting to my own legs. my profession has been a peaceful one, and i have never yet mounted a horse, and certainly should feel utterly out of my element, in the saddle, with an animal under me excited almost to madness by the sounds of battle. of the two, i think that i should prefer being on a ship, during a storm."
rochejaquelein laughed.
"it is all a matter of training," he said. "as for me i feel twice the man, on horseback, that i do on foot. i have never tried fighting on foot, yet; and i should certainly feel altogether out of my element, the first time that i attempted it.
"however, i will not press the animal on you. i shall send it and the other to some cottage, in the heart of the woods, whence i can have them fetched when needed."
"i am sure that we are greatly obliged to you," jean said. "as i told you, when relating our adventure in nantes, we had to leave our horses behind us there though, had we captured the town, we should have recovered them. as it is, the blues carried off the two i had left behind at the chateau, and i could only buy one other, as we came through. that i detailed for the use of my wife. i certainly had not expected to obtain another, until we captured some from the enemy. we are heartily obliged to you, not only for your generous gift, but for your thoughtful kindness in sending for them for us."
"say not another word," rochejaquelein said. "you are a sailor and i am a soldier, and between us there is no occasion for thanks or compliments. you would have done the same for me, and i am glad to be able to set you both on horseback again. and indeed, i am not sure that i was not a little selfish in the matter; for yesterday i missed the company of your brother-in-law greatly, and felt that i would give a good deal to hear his cheery laugh, and confident tone."
as usual, the army dispersed after its victory; but there were but a few days' quiet, for on the fourteenth it gathered to oppose the advance of a strong french column, from brissac; and on the morning of the fifteenth, early, just as the troops were getting into movement, the vendeans burst down upon them.
their numbers were not large, for the notice had been short, and only the peasants of the surrounding district had had time to gather. nevertheless they attacked with such energy, led by rochejaquelein and d'elbee, that they fought their way into the middle of the camp, captured the headquarters with its correspondence and treasury, and scattered several battalions in utter confusion.
on the return of the advanced guard, under santerre, the situation changed; the fugitives were rallied and, after long and fierce fighting, the vendeans drew off.
"we must admit another failure," said rochejaquelein; who had, with his little troop of mounted men, been in the thick of the fight; charging again and again into the midst of the enemy, and covering the retreat, when it began, by opposing a determined front to the enemy's cavalry; "a failure, but a glorious one. they were superior to us in numbers; and yet, if it hadn't been that their advanced guard returned while our men were scattered, intent upon the plunder of their headquarters, we should have won the day. however, we shall have reinforcements up, in a couple of days."
on the seventeenth, the french column resumed its march. santerre's command led the way to vihiers, which they reached without opposition. the rest of the division arrived in the afternoon. they had left, at their previous halting place, the heavy baggage; with a portion of their artillery ammunition. scarcely had they arrived at vihiers when a tremendous explosion told them that the guard left behind had been overpowered, and their store of ammunition destroyed.
a feeling of uneasiness and alarm spread through the army. santerre's battalion were at once attacked by rochejaquelein, who had but a small body of men with him, but who thought to take advantage of the alarm which the explosion would naturally cause among the enemy. santerre's battalion, however, stood firm, and the vendeans were drawn off. in the night, however, the main body of the peasants arrived and, at one o'clock next day, made their attack.
menou himself, with the rest of his command, had now come up. some of the battalions, as before, stood steadily; but the rest of the army, dispirited by the perseverance with which the vendeans, in spite of failure and losses, were ever ready to renew their attack, speedily lost heart.
in two hours the right fell back in disorder, the panic spread and, in a short time, the rout became general. in vain the officers endeavoured to check the fugitives. so great was their terror that, in three hours, the panic stricken mob traversed the distance between vihiers and saumur.
thus the second great invasion of la vendee had met with no greater success than the first. the two strong columns that had advanced, in full confidence of success, had returned utterly discomfited. westermann's division had been all but annihilated. the army from saumur had lost great numbers of men, and had for the time ceased to be a military body. the bocage, with its sombre woods, its thick hedges, and its brave population, seemed destined to become the grave of the republican army; and the order to advance into it was, in itself, sufficient to shake the courage of those who boasted so loudly, when at a distance.
it was the grave, too, of the reputation of the french generals. one after another they had tried, failed, and been disgraced. the first general, marce, was superseded by berruyer; berruyer by biron, who was recalled and guillotined. westermann was also tried, but having powerful friends, was acquitted. generals of divisions had come and gone in numbers. some had been dismissed. some, at their own urgent request, allowed to return to the districts they commanded before the outbreak of the insurrection. but one and all had failed. one and all, too, had never ceased, from the time they joined the army of invasion, to send report after report to the convention, complaining of the untrustworthiness of the troops, the bad conduct and uselessness of the officers, and the want of a sufficient staff to maintain discipline and restore order.
indeed, the bulk of the revolutionary troops possessed little more discipline than the vendeans themselves and, being uninspired, as were the latter, by a feeling either of religion or of patriotic enthusiasm, they were no match for men who were willing to give their lives for the cause.
the vendeans were far better armed than when they commenced the struggle. then the proportion of men who were possessed of muskets or firearms of any kind was extremely small; but now, thanks to the immense quantity which had been captured in the hands of prisoners, thrown away by fugitives, or found in the storehouses of the towns, there were sufficient to supply almost every man of the population with firearms; and in addition, they possessed a good many pieces of artillery.
unfortunately they had learned little during the four months' fighting. their methods were unchanged. love of home overpowered all other considerations; and after a victory, as after a defeat, they hurried away, leaving with their generals only the officers and a small body of men, who were either emigres who had returned from england to take part in the struggle, or royalists who had made their way from distant parts of france, for the same purpose.
after the capture of saumur, too, a good many swiss and germans, belonging to a cavalry regiment formed of foreigners, had deserted and joined the vendeans. thus a small nucleus of an army held together, swelling only when the church bells summoned the peasants to take up arms for a few days.
but while the royalists of la vendee remained quiescent, after they had expelled the invaders; the republicans, more alarmed than ever, were making the most tremendous efforts to stamp out the insurrection.
beysser, who had commanded at nantes, was appointed to succeed menou. orders were given that the forests and hedges of la vendee were all to be levelled, the crops destroyed, the cattle seized, and the goods of the insurgents confiscated. an enormous number of carts were collected to carry faggots, tar, and other combustibles into la vendee, for setting fire to the woods. it was actually proposed to destroy the whole male population, to deport the women and children, and to repeople la vendee from other parts of france, from which immigrants would be attracted by offers of free land and houses. santerre suggested that poisonous gases should be inclosed in suitable vessels, and fired into the district to poison the atmosphere.
carrier, the infamous scoundrel who had been appointed commissioner at nantes, proposed an equally villainous scheme; namely, that great quantities of bread, mixed with arsenic, should be baked and scattered broadcast, so that the starving people might eat it and be destroyed, wholesale. this would have been carried out, had it not been vigorously opposed by general kleber, who had now taken the command of one of the armies of the invasion.
the rest of july and the first half of august passed comparatively quietly. general toncq advanced with a column into la vendee, and fought two or three battles, in which he generally gained successes over the peasants; but with this exception, no forward movement was made, and the majority of the peasants remained undisturbed in their homes.
soon, however, from all sides, the flood of invaders poured in. no fewer than two hundred thousand men were now under the orders of the french generals, and advanced from different directions, in all cases carrying out the orders of the convention, to devastate the country, burn down the woods, destroy the crops, and slay the inhabitants. five armies moved forward simultaneously, that commanded by kleber consisting of the veteran battalions of mayence.
but everywhere they were met. charette had marched to the aid of the vendeans of the north, and the country was divided into four districts, commanded by charette, bonchamp, lescure, and la rochejaquelein. each of these strove to defend his own district.
the war now assumed a terrible aspect. maddened by the atrocities perpetrated upon them, the peasants no longer gave quarter to those who fell into their hands and, in their despair, performed prodigies of valour. they had not now, as at the commencement of the war the superiority in numbers. instead of fighting generally four to one against the blues, the latter now exceeded them in the same proportion.
but the peasants had changed their tactics. instead of rushing impetuously upon the enemy's lines, and hurling themselves upon his artillery, they utilized the natural features of their country. as the republican columns marched along, believing that there was no enemy near, they would hear the sound of a horn, and from behind every hedge, every thicket, every tree, a stream of musketry would break out. very soon the column would fall into confusion. the lanes would be blocked with dead horses and immovable waggons. in vain would the soldiers try to force their way through the hedges, and to return the fire of their invisible foes. then, as suddenly as the attack commenced, the peasants would leap from their shelter and, with knife and bayonet, carry havoc among their enemies.
these tactics prevailed over numbers, even when, as in the case of kleber's division, the numbers possessed military discipline, training, and high reputation. for a month, fighting was almost continuous and, at the end of that time, to the stupefaction of the convention, their two hundred thousand troops were driven out of la vendee, at every point, by a fourth of that number of undisciplined peasants. never, perhaps, in the history of military warfare did enthusiasm and valour accomplish such a marvel.
the second half of september was spent by the peasants at their homes, rejoicing and returning thanks for their success; but already a heavy blow was being struck at their cause. charette, hotheaded, impetuous, and self confident, had always preferred carrying out his own plans, without regard to those of the leaders in upper vendee; and he now quarrelled with them as to the course that had best be pursued, and left, with the forces that he had brought with him, to renew the war in the south.
but although the peasants rejoiced, their leaders knew that the struggle could not long continue. the number of fighting men--that is to say, of the whole male population of la vendee capable of bearing arms--had diminished terribly; indeed, the number that originally responded to the summons of the church bells was decreased by fully a half. food was scarce. owing to the continued absence of the peasants the harvest had, in many places, not been garnered; and wherever the republican troops had passed, the destruction had been complete. a large portion of the population were homeless. the very movements of the vendeans were hampered by the crowds of women and children who, with the few belongings that they had saved, packed in their little carts, wandered almost aimlessly through the country. many of the towns were in ruins, and deserted; in all save a few secluded spots, as yet unvisited by the republicans, want and misery were universal.
there was no thought of surrender, but among chiefs and peasants alike the idea that, as a last resource, it would be necessary to abandon la vendee altogether, and to take refuge in brittany, where the vast majority of the population were favourable to them, gradually gained ground.
generals beysser, canclaux, and dubayet were recalled by the convention for their failure to obtain success, and l'echelle was appointed to the command, having kleber and westermann as leaders of his principal divisions.
jean martin and leigh had joined their friends, in their retreat in the forest, after the repulse of all the republican columns. they had heard, while engaged in the thick of the fighting, of the death of monsieur martin. he had never recovered from the effects of his imprisonment at nantes, and instead of gaining strength he had become weaker and weaker. the terrible uncertainty of the position, the news that constantly arrived of desperate battles, and the conviction that in the end the vendeans would be crushed, told heavily upon him. he took to his bed, and sank gradually.
"i am not sorry, my child," he said to patsey, the day before he died, "that i am going to leave you. i was wrong in not taking jean's advice, and sailing for england with my wife and daughter. however, it is useless to think of that, now.
"i can see terrible times in store for all here. it is evident that no mercy is to be shown to the vendeans. it has been decreed by the convention that they are to be hunted down like wild beasts.
"had i lived, i should have been a terrible burden to you. i should have hampered your movements and destroyed any chance, whatever, that you might have of escaping from these fiends. it would have been impossible for me to have supported the fatigues and hardships of a flight, and i should have been the means of bringing destruction on you all. it is therefore better, in every respect, that i should go.
"i pray that heaven will protect you and jean and your brave brother, and enable you to reach england in safety. you will bear my last message to my wife and louise. you will tell them that my last thought was of them, my last feeling one of gratitude to god that they are in safety, and that i have been permitted to die in peace and quiet."
"it is a sad homecoming this time, jean," patsey said, as her husband and leigh rode up to the door.
"it is indeed, patsey; and yet, even when the news came to me, i could scarcely grieve that it was so. i had seen how he was fading when i went away, and was not surprised when i heard that he had gone. for me it is one care, one anxiety, the less, in future.
"patsey, we will be together. i cannot leave you here, when leigh and i are away. the child shall go with us and, when all is lost, we will escape or die together."
"i am glad to hear you say so, jean. it has been terrible waiting here, and knowing that you were in the midst of dangers, and that even while i thought of you, you might be lying dead. i shall be glad, indeed, to share your fate, whatever it is."
for three weeks the little party lived quietly in the cottage. there were many discussions as to the future. it was agreed that, in case of a final reverse, it would be better that they should travel alone.
"the more of us there are, the more certain to attract observation," jean said. "we must go without francois and marthe. their chance of safety will be greater if they either return to their villages, or take up their abode with the family of some woodman--or rather, marthe's safety would be greater. as to francois, he has long been eager to join in the fighting, and it is only his fidelity that has constrained him to remain in what he considers is a disgraceful position, when every other man who can bear arms is fighting. we will therefore take him with us and, when the day of battle comes, he will join the fighting men and, if we are defeated, must care for his own safety.
"when we fight, i shall always leave you at a village, a mile or two away. you will have the horse ready to mount, and we shall join you at once, if we are defeated."
"we ought to be disguised, jean," leigh said.
"it would be well," jean said, "but i hardly see what disguise would be of use to us. certainly not that of peasants, for in that dress we should be shot down, without question, by the first party of blues we came across. even if we succeed in reaching the river and crossing it, we may be sure that the authorities will be everywhere on the lookout for fugitive peasants. it would be better to be shot, at once, than to await in prison death by the guillotine."
"i should say that it does not matter a bit how we are dressed, till we reach the river. we know now pretty nearly every lane in the country," leigh said, "and i should think that we ought to be able to reach the loire."
"that is where the difficulty will begin. in the first place there will be the trouble of crossing, and then that of making our way through the country. certainly we could not do so as vendean peasants."
"i should say, jean, that the best disguises would be those of fairly well-to-do townspeople; something like those we wore into nantes, but rather less formal--the sort of thing that ordinary tradesmen, without any strong political feeling either way, would wear. i don't say that we shall not be suspected, however we are dressed, because no one in his senses would be travelling about just at present; but when once we get beyond tours, if we go that way, we might pass without much notice.
"which way do you think that we ought to go, jean?"
jean shrugged his shoulders.
"i don't see that there is any choice. there would be very little chance of escaping from any of the ports of brittany, and la rochelle would be still more hopeless. as far south as bordeaux we should be in a comparatively peaceful country, and i should hope to find friends there. the eastern frontier is of course the safest to cross, but the distance is very great and, in the towns near the border, a very sharp lookout is kept to prevent emigres escaping.
"there is a rumour that lyons has declared against the convention, but if we got there it is certain that it would be but la vendee over again. lyons cannot resist all france and, as soon as they have done with us here, they will be able to send any number of troops to stamp out these risings.
"undoubtedly, if we could get there, toulon would be the best place. i have heard for certain that they have driven out the extreme party, and have admitted the english fleet. once there, we should be able to take berths in a ship bound somewhere abroad--it matters little where--and thence get a passage to england. most probably we shall be able to arrange to go direct from toulon, for there are sure to be vessels coming and going with stores for the british fleet."
"but that would be a terrible journey, jean," his wife said.
"yes, i think that would be quite out of the question. it seems to me that our best chance would be either to cross the loire and then make for le mans, and so up through alencon to honfleur--that way we should be east of the disturbed district--or, if we found that a vast number of fugitives had made their way into brittany, as is almost certain to be the case, we might bear more to the east, and go up through vendome and chartres and evreux, and then branch off and strike the seine near honfleur. in that case we should be outside the district where they would be searching for fugitives from here.
"once on the seashore, or on the seine, it would be hard if we could not steal a fishing boat, and cross the channel. however, one must of course be guided by circumstances. still, i do think that it would be as well to buy the disguises leigh suggests, without loss of time. i will ride over to chatillon, tomorrow, and get them."
