the victory won by the vendeans was one of the most important of the war. never had they fought with greater bravery. never did they carry out more accurately and promptly the orders of their generals. napoleon afterwards pronounced that the tactics pursued by la rochejaquelein showed that he possessed the highest military genius.
it was night, alone, that saved the routed army of the republic from absolute destruction. it is probable that, at the time, the vendean general had no idea of the completeness of the victory that he had won, or of the disorganization of the enemy. had he known it, he would doubtless have attacked them again on the following day; when he would have experienced no resistance, could have captured angers without firing a shot, and could, had he chosen, have recrossed the loire. the vendeans, however, well content with their success, returned to laval, and there enjoyed a week's quiet and repose.
the crushing defeat that the republicans had experienced caused an immense sensation at paris, and in the towns through which the vendeans would pass on their way to the capital, which was at the time actually open to them.
patsey was delighted, when jean and leigh returned unwounded.
"you both seem to bear a charmed life," she said. "leigh has indeed once been hit, but it was not serious; you have escaped altogether. what is going to be done next?"
"we are going to rest here for ten days or so. there is plenty of food to be had, and the rest will do wonders for the men. of course, we rode back with la rochejaquelein. his opinion was, as it always has been, that a march on paris will alone bring this terrible business to a close; but he knows that even his authority will not suffice to carry out such a plan. as long as they are in brittany they are among friends, and are still near their homes; but to turn their backs on these, and march on paris, would appear so terrible an undertaking that, reckless as they are of their lives in battle, nothing would induce them to attempt it."
after ten days' delay, the vendeans commenced their march towards the coast. the battle at vihiers was fought on the twenty-seventh. by the sixth of november they had captured the towns of ernee and de fougeres, defeating at the latter place three battalions. dol was next captured. mayenne opened its gates without resistance.
the greatest efforts were made, by the republicans, to place the seaports in a state of defence. cherbourg would have been the best point for the fugitives to attack, as here they would have found an abundance of powder, of which they were in great need, and cannon; and here they might have defended themselves until the promised help arrived from england. granville, however, had been fixed upon by the british government; and the march thither was shorter, therefore it was against granville that the attack was directed.
a considerable portion of the force, with the artillery, were left at avranches. although assured that the march to the sea was made in order to obtain succour there from england, there was much fear among the peasants that the intention of the chiefs was to embark, and to leave the army to its fate. consequently they advanced against granville with less energy and enthusiasm than usual.
however, half a league out of the town they came upon a portion of the garrison, and repulsed them so successfully that they entered one of the suburbs with them. the garrison had, for the most part, shut themselves up in a fort which commanded the town; having erected a strong palisade across the streets leading to it. four hundred men occupied this post.
the vendeans had no axes to cut down the palisades, nor powder to blow then in. they were therefore obliged to content themselves with a musketry fire against it. as the garrison were well supplied with ammunition, and kept up a constant fire, they suffered heavily.
when night came, the vendeans scattered among the houses to find food, fire, and shelter; and all night the batteries on the heights played upon them.
in the morning the republicans redoubled their fire. it became evident that the town itself could not be taken, and the mass of the vendeans, without orders from their chiefs, began to retire, and in a short time the whole were in rapid retreat to avranches.
there the cry was raised, "back to la vendee!"
la rochejaquelein, after halting his force on the main road a few hours, called upon the men to follow him to caen; but only one thousand did so. on arriving at a village he learned that the bulk of the army, instead of being behind him, had marched towards pontorson. he was therefore forced to retrace his steps and to follow them and, on overtaking them, found that they had already carried the bridge, driven away the enemy, and occupied the town.
the enemy were closing round them, but the capture of pontorson deranged the plans of the republicans. the place had been held by four thousand men and ten pieces of cannon and, as it could be approached only by a narrow defile, it was believed that it would be impossible for the vendeans to force their way into it. however, after three hours' fighting, their desperate valour won the day, and the republicans were routed, with the loss of most of their cannon.
the affair, indeed, appeared to the peasants to be a miracle granted in their favour; and with renewed heart they marched the next night to dol. kleber was with a large force in this neighbourhood, but the impetuosity of westermann again upset his plans. as soon as the latter heard that pontorson had been carried by the vendeans, and that they had marched to dol, he pursued them with three thousand infantry, two hundred cavalry, and four cannon. he arrived within a short distance of dol at six in the evening and, without waiting for the infantry to come up, charged into the town, and for a moment spread confusion among the vendeans.
westermann's cavalry charged into the streets of dol.
they, however, soon recovered from their surprise, and drove the enemy out with loss. westermann's infantry took no part in the action. kleber was occupied in closing every route by which the vendeans could leave dol; but westermann, who had held no communication with him, and knew nothing of his plans, marched with marigny's division, with six thousand men, to attack the town.
this he did at two o'clock in the morning. the vendeans at once rushed to meet them, and first tried to turn the right; but they failed here, and also in an attack on the left. they fought, however, so fiercely that westermann withdrew his troops to the position that they had occupied before attacking. the vendeans, however, gave them no time to form in order of battle but, heralding their charge with a heavy musketry fire, rushed down upon them. the enemy at once broke and, leaving their cannon behind them, continued their flight till they reached pontorson.
in the meantime marceau was advancing with his division by another road; and the vendeans, hearing this, ceased their pursuit of westermann's routed division and moved against him and, at four o'clock in the morning, attacked him when within a league of dol. a combat ensued that lasted for three hours. the vendeans then drew off, on learning that the division of muller was on the point of joining that of marceau.
together these divisions could have forced their way into dol, but muller was hopelessly drunk and, being the senior officer, the greatest confusion arose and, had the vendeans known what was taking place, they could have gained a decisive victory.
marceau, seeing that he could do nothing to restore order, rode at full speed to kleber's headquarters; and at daybreak the two generals arrived at the spot, and found the two divisions mingled in supreme disorder, the brigades and battalions being mixed up together. finding that nothing could be done with them, there, kleber drew them off; their confusion being almost converted into a rout, by the fire of about a hundred vendeans. a council of war was held, and eighteen hundred men, with two guns, were sent to pontorson to join westermann's defeated division.
that general was ordered to advance again, at once, upon dol. kleber opposed this, and the rest of the council coming at last to his opinion, orders were sent to westermann to remain on the defensive, and await fresh orders. westermann, however, as usual, disregarded these and, marching through the night, approached the town and arrived, early in the morning, at a village close to it.
the sounding of the church bells told that the vendeans had discovered the enemy, and in a few minutes these were seen rushing, as usual, to the attack. in spite of the reinforcements that had reached them, westermann's troops fought worse than they had done two nights before. the reinforcements were the first to give way. the advanced guard speedily turned and fled. westermann and marigny, with a small party of cavalry, fought desperately to cover the retreat. marigny however fell, and the whole force became a mass of fugitives.
kleber, on his way the next day to reconnoitre the town, met the vendeans advancing. scattering rapidly, these occupied the ridges, and attacked the brigade that formed his advanced guard so fiercely that it broke and fled. kleber sent to fetch some battalions of the troops of mayence and, as soon as they arrived, with some battalions of grenadiers, formed them in order of battle. other troops came up, and they prepared for a serious engagement.
at this moment the vendean column that had defeated westermann showed itself, on the right flank of the republicans, and threatened their rear. kleber ordered some of the battalions to take post further back, to cover the line of retreat. other battalions, seeing the movement, and believing this to be a signal for retreat, followed.
the grenadiers alone stood firm, and defended themselves for three hours. in the meantime the greater portion of the republican army was already in full flight, and a retreat was ordered. the troops remaining on the field retired at first in good order but, as the victorious vendeans pressed on, this speedily became a rout.
marceau, gathering together such soldiers as still retained their presence of mind, endeavoured to defend the bridge of antrain; but the vendeans, pressing forward, swept them away; and the fugitives fled, in a confused mob, as far as rennes.
the vendeans, on entering antrain, at once scattered in search of food; disregarding the orders and entreaties of la rochejaquelein and stofflet, who urged them to press hotly upon the routed enemy, and so to complete the victory they had won. at antrain they learned that the wounded, who had been left in hospital at fougeres, had been murdered in their beds by the blues; and they accordingly shot all the prisoners they had taken in the battle.
the victory seemed to open the way to the loire, and the vendeans steadily marched south through mayenne and laval, and arrived in front of angers. but the city was no longer in the defenceless state in which it was when they first crossed the loire. as soon as it was perceived to be the point for which the vendeans were marching, four thousand troops were thrown into it, and all preparations made for a stout defence.
"if they defend themselves as they ought to do," la rochejaquelein said to two or three of his officers, among whom was jean martin, "there is no hope of taking the town. we have neither cannon to blow down the walls, nor means of scaling them. thirty-six hours is the utmost we can hope for our operations. kleber and the rest of them will be up by that time. however--it is our sole hope--possibly a panic may seize them when we attack; but even cowards will fight behind walls and, after our failure at granville, i have little hope of our taking angers, especially as they must know how soon their army will be up."
the affair was a repetition of that at granville. the vendeans at once obtained possession of one of the suburbs. twenty pieces of cannon opened fire upon it from the walls, while from the houses the vendeans replied with a musketry fire. during the night a number of men laboured to undermine the wall by one of the gates, and partially succeeded. but day broke before the work was completed, and the defenders planted several cannon to bear upon them.
the vendeans were too much discouraged to make any further effort; and when, a few hours later, news came that the republican army was fast approaching, and would reach the ground in an hour's time, they again got into motion, and pursued their hopeless journey in search of some point where they could cross the river, if only to die in their beloved land.
on the following day kleber was reinforced by a column, eight thousand strong, from cherbourg; and a reconnaissance was made along the road by which the vendeans had retreated. they found everywhere the bodies of men, women, and children who had succumbed to cold, fatigue, and misery. westermann's cavalry set out in pursuit, muller following with his division to support him.
marceau was now appointed commander-in-chief, pending the arrival of turreau and rossignol. the latter had, almost from the commencement of the war, intrigued against every general concerned in the operations, especially against kleber. he was himself utterly without military talent, and owed his position simply to his devotion to the convention, and his readiness to denounce the men who failed to satisfy its anticipations of an easy victory, or who showed the slightest repugnance to execute its barbarous decrees.
with the exception of some three thousand men, who marched at the head of the vendean column, the fugitives were now utterly disheartened. many hid their muskets and, cutting sticks, thought that, being no longer armed, they would not be molested by the enemy. each night numbers stole away, in groups of twos and threes, in the hope of finding a boat on the bank of the river. others scattered among the villages, their appearance exciting compassion; but fear of the troops was more powerful, and the men for the most part were seized and held prisoners.
of the hundred thousand men, women, and children who had crossed the loire, more than half were dead. of those who remained, fully fifteen thousand were women and children.
on the march, leigh always rode by the side of his sister, generally carrying the child before him. jean, as one of the leading officers, now rode with rochejaquelein at the head of the column. patsey suffered less, on her own account, than on that of the poor people who had to journey on foot. the cold was intense and, except when they entered a town, it was impossible to obtain provisions. the horses were worn out and half famished, a great proportion of the fugitives were without shoes, and the clothing of all was in rags.
in order to spare her the sight of the misery prevailing among those who marched in the rear of the column, leigh always rode with his sister in the rear of the leading division. he himself, for the most part, walked on foot; lending his horse to some wounded man, or exhausted woman.
when the column left angers it had been intended to march to saumur and cross there, but the news arrived that a strong republican force had gathered there; and it was determined to change the course, and to march through la fleche to le mans. by this sudden and unexpected movement, rochejaquelein hoped to gain time to give his followers two days' rest.
the immediate result, however, was to excite a feeling of despair among a great portion of them. their backs were now turned to la vendee, and it seemed to them that their last hope of reaching their homes had vanished. rochejaquelein's idea, however, was that in their present state of exhaustion it was impossible to hope to cross the loire--guarded as it was at every point, and with over one hundred thousand men between him and la vendee--and he intended, after giving them the much needed rest, to march round through chateaudun, to come down on the loire above orleans, and so to make his way back into poitou.
had he had with him only men, the project, difficult as it seemed, might possibly have been accomplished. unembarrassed by baggage trains or cannon, the peasants could have out marched their pursuers; but hampered by the crowd of wounded, sick, women, and children, the movement must be regarded as the inspiration of despair.
indeed, even the fighting men were no longer in a state to bear the fatigue. bad and insufficient food had played havoc with them. dysentery was raging in their ranks, and many could scarce drag themselves along.
"we cannot conceal from ourselves that it is nearly over," jean said, when he told his wife and leigh that the route was changed. "we shall get to le mans, but the republicans will be on our heels, and one cannot doubt what the issue will be. doubtless a small body will hang together, and still try to regain la vendee; but we shall have done our duty. after our next defeat i will leave the army.
"i shall not go without telling la rochejaquelein of my intentions. he has more than once spoken to me of you both, and it was but two days ago that he said to me:
"'martin, you are not like the rest of us. you have an english wife, and your brave young brother-in-law is english, also. you have to think of them, as well as of la vendee. you can make your home in england, and live there until better times come.
"'it is no longer a question of defending our country. it is lost. charette is there now, and still fighting; but as soon as we are disposed of, all these troops that have been hunting us down will be free to act against him, and he too must be crushed. the peasants have nowhere else to go; and it is not with a desire to defend their homes--which no longer exist--but to die in their native land that they seek to return. you have from the first done your utmost for la vendee, but there can be no occasion that you should throw away your life, and those of your wife and brother, now that the cause is utterly lost, and all hope is at an end.
"'think this over. i do not say that it is possible for you to escape; but the longer you stay with us, the more difficult will it become.'
"so you see, i am sure that when i tell him that, feeling that we can no longer be of use, i am determined to make at least an endeavour to reach england with you, he will approve."
"i think he is right, jean. no one can say that you have not done your duty to your country to the utmost, or can blame you for now doing what you can for your family."
just as they neared la fleche, a squadron of the enemy's cavalry fell upon the rear of the column. they killed many of the fugitives, but were too small in number to threaten the safety of the column, which kept on until it reached the bridge across the loir. this had been broken down, but fire was opened against the cannon planted on the other side. the gunboats that were guarding the river were driven away; and a party, moving up the bank, found two little boats, and began to cross.
a detachment of republicans hurried to attack them; but the loir, an affluent of the loire, was narrow, and the musketry fire of the main body drove them away, until two or three hundred men had crossed. la rochejaquelein went over and took the command, and on their advance the republicans took to their heels. rochejaquelein then recrossed, and drove off the cavalry that were harrassing the rear.
working desperately, a strong party threw beams across the broken bridge, and the vendeans occupied the town at daybreak. the weary fugitives slept till midday, when the enemy's cavalry reappeared; but rochejaquelein with some mounted gentlemen attacked and defeated them, and pursued them for some distance.
in the evening a force under chalbos approached the town, but the vendeans sallied out and speedily scattered them. they then broke down the bridge that they had repaired, and started for le mans; which they captured after three-quarters of an hour's fighting.
two days later, kleber was in front of the town. westermann and muller's divisions first approached. the two days' rest had reanimated the vendeans, and muller's infantry were driven back three miles; but large reinforcements came up, and the peasants were forced to fall back again. then westermann's cavalry charged into the town, carrying dismay among its defenders; but la rochejaquelein and his officers soon reanimated them, and the cavalry were driven out of the town, itself. they and the infantry that had come up were able, however, to maintain themselves in the suburbs.
by this time la rochejaquelein was aware that the armies of brest, cherbourg, and the west were all upon him. all through the night the battle went on, without interruption. the republican columns could gain no ground, and were frequently obliged to give way; but behind the vendean line of defence, panic was gaining ground among the fugitives. three or four thousand escaped by the road to laval, but the retreat of the rest was cut off by the cavalry.
in the morning, kleber's division came up. they at once relieved marceau's division, which had been fighting all night, and renewed the attack. the resistance was feeble. a few hundred men disputed every foot of the way, and died with a consciousness that they had at least covered the retreat of the rest.
a hot pursuit was at once organised and, while all taken in the town were massacred at once, westermann's cavalry pursued the fugitives in all directions, covering the plain with corpses, and pressing hard on the rear of the force that still held together.
jean martin had, the day before the republican attack, gone with leigh to la rochejaquelein's quarters; and told him that he intended, if the town was captured by the enemy, to endeavour to save the life of his wife by flight.
"you are quite right," rochejaquelein said warmly. "i entirely approve of your determination. as long as ten of my men hold together, it is my duty to remain with them; for i have accepted the position of their commander, and i must share their fate to the end. but it is different with you. as the cause of la vendee, for which you have fought, is lost, your first duty now is to your wife. i trust that you will all three succeed in making your way to england, and enjoy there the peace and rest that none can have in unhappy france. i thank you for your gallant services.
"and i thank you in the name of la vendee, leigh, for the manner in which you have fought for her; and also for the companionship that has so often cheered me, during our last days.
"as for myself, i have no wish to live. i should feel dishonoured were the army i led to be exterminated, and i, who accepted the responsibility of leading it, to survive. we have the consolation, at least, that never in history has a people fought more bravely against overpowering odds than la vendee has done; and though at present we are called brigands, i am sure that the world will acknowledge that we have fought like heroes, for our country and our faith. unfortunate as we may be, i am proud to be one of those who have led them so often to victory.
"when will you go, my friend?"
"i intend to be with you to the last," jean said. "when the fight begins, leigh and my wife will be ready, at a point agreed on in the rear of the town. when all is lost, i shall join them there. we shall ride until beyond pursuit, and then put on our disguises."
"then i will not say goodbye to you now," rochejaquelein said.
"goodbye, leigh. may heaven keep you, and take you safely home again."
leigh was too much affected to speak and, after a silent grasp of the hand of the gallant young soldier, he returned with jean to the quarters they occupied.
"now for our plans," jean said. "they are as vague as ever, but we must settle now. it is quite evident that the alarm is so widely spread, here in the west, that it will be well-nigh impossible to pass through even a village without being questioned. alencon on the north has a strong garrison, at mayenne on the west is a division, and the whole country beyond will be alive with troops on the search for fugitives. it is only to the east that the road is open to us.
"i should say that the safest way will be to travel so as to cross the loir between chateaudun and nogent, and then come down on the road running south from fontainebleau through montargis. travelling south through nevers, we should excite no suspicion. if questioned, we can say that we are going to visit some friends at macon. the unfortunate thing is that we have no papers; and i think that our story had best be that we belong to le mans, and fled in such haste, when the town was captured by the vendeans, that we escaped just as we stood, and omitted to bring our papers with us.
"fortunately we all speak french without accent, and there is nothing about us to give rise to suspicion that we belong to la vendee. if we can think of a more likely story, as we go along, all the better. when we get as far as macon, if we ever get there, we can decide whether to endeavour to cross the frontier into switzerland, or to go down to toulon.
"now remember, patsey, my last injunctions are that, when you perceive from the rush of fugitives that all is over, and that any firing that may still be going on is but an attempt to cover the retreat, you must not wait for me but, as soon as the sound of combat approaches, you will ride off with leigh. you need not suppose, because i do not join you, that i am killed. the enemy may have pushed so far through the town that i may find it impossible to join you. but from whatever cause i tarry, you are not to wait for me.
"if i am shot, it will be a consolation to me to know that you will be away under your brother's protection. if i escape, i shall, if i make my way to england, have the hope of meeting you there; and shall not be haunted with the fear that you have delayed too long, and have sacrificed your lives uselessly. i want you and him to give me your solemn promise that you will act thus, and will, as soon as he considers that further delay will be dangerous, ride off. remember that this is my last wish, this is my last order."
"i will do as you wish, jean," his wife said firmly. "god has preserved us three thus far, and i trust that he will continue to do so. i shall have the less hesitation because i think that, alone, you will have perhaps a better chance of escaping than with us. at any rate, we will carry out your instructions. but should we miss each other, is there no place where we can arrange to meet?"
"i do not see that it is possible to make any arrangements, patsey. you may be turned out of your course, by circumstances which it is impossible to foresee; and the same may be the case with myself. suppose we named a seaport, there would in the first place be difficulty in finding each other. you might see some opportunity of getting across the water and, if you lost that, the chance might not occur again; and the delay might cost you your lives. i trust that we shall not be separated, dear, but i see clearly that if such a misfortune should happen, it were best that we should each make our own way, in the hope of meeting at poole.
"you may be sure that i shall join you, if possible; for i see that, if separated, your difficulties will be far greater than mine. you, too, would have the burden of the child. but let us suppose that i was wounded, but got away and managed to obtain shelter in some breton cottage. you might be waiting for me, for weeks, at an agreed point. now, while travelling, you might escape many questions; but were you to stop even for a few days at any town or village, you may be sure that you would be questioned so closely, by the authorities, that there would be little chance of your getting on. i should know that, and should be fretting my heart out."
"yes, i see 'tis best that we should do as you say, jean. god forbid that we should be separated, but if you do not come to the rendezvous, i promise you that we will, as you wish, go on by ourselves."
"and now, dear, we will divide our money. we have still three hundred louis left. i will take one hundred, and you shall take the rest. you are much more likely to want money, if we are separated, than i.
"you had best sew the greater part up in your saddle, leigh."
"i think we had better divide it as much as possible, jean. we can put seventy-five louis in each of our saddles, and the weight would not be so great that anyone who happens to handle one of them would notice it. i can put another five-and-forty in the belt round my waist, and keep the odd five in my pocket for expenses. of course, if we decide to abandon our horses, i will make some other arrangement."
"the best plan, leigh, will be for us to change the louis for assignats at the first opportunity. gold is so scarce that each time you offered to pay with it, it would excite suspicion. i have no doubt that i can buy assignats here. we have taken a quantity from the enemy, and la rochejaquelein will, i am sure, be glad to obtain some gold for them. it will be a double advantage: we shall have less weight to carry, and shall be able to pay our way without the gold exciting suspicion. the assignats now are only a quarter of their face value, so that for two hundred louis i should get eight hundred louis in assignats, of which i would take two hundred, and you could take the rest."
"that would certainly be an excellent plan, jean, for two hundred louis in gold would be a serious weight to carry and, if found on us, would in itself be sufficient to condemn us as intending emigres."
jean at once took two hundred louis, which had hitherto been carried in their wallets, and went out. he returned in an hour.
"that is satisfactorily settled," he said. "blacquard, who is in charge of the treasury, was delighted to obtain some gold, and has given us five times the amount in assignats. of this i will take two hundred and fifty louis' worth. you will have seven hundred and fifty louis in assignats, and we will divide the hundred louis in gold. of the latter, you had best sew up twenty in each of your saddles, and you can carry ten about you. people are so anxious for gold that, in case of need, you can get services rendered for it that you would fail to obtain for any amount of paper."
the greater portion of the assignats and the gold, as agreed, was sewn up in the saddles; some provisions packed in the valises; and jean and leigh went out together, and fixed upon a spot where they were to wait. the preparations were all finished, when firing broke out. jean kissed his wife.
"may god's blessing keep you," he said. "i trust that we shall meet again, when the fighting is over."
then he kissed his child, wrung leigh by the hand, and rode off to join the general. the women, children, and the men who had thrown away their arms, the sick and wounded, were already leaving the town.
"marthe, you must go now," patsey said to the faithful nurse.
they had bought a horse for her from a peasant who had captured it, a riderless animal that belonged to one of westermann troopers.
"here are fifty louis in assignats. i wish that you could have gone with us, but that is not possible. francois is waiting outside, and will take care of you, as we have agreed. the best possible plan will be to separate yourselves from the others as soon as possible. the blues are sure to be keeping close to them. ride straight for the river by by-lanes and, if you cannot obtain a boat, swim your horse across, and then make for home. if we get safely to england, we will write to you, as soon as these troubles are over, and you can join us there."
"god bless you, madame. it breaks my heart to part with you and the child, but i see that it is for the best."
leigh fetched the horse round, and assisted her to mount behind francois. the two women, both weeping, were still exchanging adieus when leigh said to francois:
"ride on; the sooner this is over, the better for both."
the man nodded.
"god bless you, young master! i will look after marthe. as soon as we get away from the rest, i shall get off and run by her side. the horse would never carry two of us far."
so saying, he touched the horse with his heel, and they rode off.
