the four years spent in college generally bear an important relation to the future success or non-success of the student. it is the formative period with most young men, that is, it is the time when the habits are formed which are to continue through life. let us inquire, then, what did daniel webster’s college course do for him?
we cannot claim that his attainments at graduation were equal to those of the most proficient graduates of our colleges to-day. the curriculum at dartmouth, and indeed at all colleges, was more limited and elementary than at present. daniel was a good greek and latin scholar for his advantages, but those were not great. he did, however, pay special attention to philosophical studies, and to the law of nations. he took an interest in current politics, as may be gathered from letters written in his college days, and was unconsciously preparing himself for the office of a statesman.
he paid special attention also to oratory. no longer shrinking from speaking before his classmates, he voluntarily composed the pieces he declaimed, and took an active part besides in the debating society. i am sure my young reader will like to know how daniel wrote at this time, and will like to compare the oratory of the college student with that of the future statesman. i shall, therefore, quote from a fourth of july oration, which he delivered by invitation to the citizens and students at the age of eighteen. as in a boy’s features we trace a general likeness to his mature manhood, so i think we may trace a likeness in passages of this early effort to the speeches he made in the fullness of his fame.
this is the opening of the address:
“countrymen, brethren and fathers: we are now assembled to celebrate an anniversary, ever to be held in dear remembrance by the sons of freedom. nothing less than the birth of a nation, nothing less than the emancipation of three millions of people from the degrading chains of foreign bondage is the event we commemorate.
“twenty-four years have this day elapsed since these united states first raised the standard of liberty, and echoed the shouts of independence. those of you who were then reaping the iron harvest of the martial field, whose bosoms then palpitated for the honor of america, will at this time experience a renewal of all that fervent patriotism, of all those indescribable emotions which then agitated your breasts. as for us, who were either then unborn, or not far enough advanced beyond the threshold of existence to engage in the grand conflict for liberty, we now most cordially unite with you to greet the return of this joyous anniversary, to welcome the return of the day that gave us freedom, and to hail the rising glories of our country.”
further on he paints the hardships and distresses through which the colonists had passed:
“we behold a feeble band of colonists engaged in the arduous undertaking of a new settlement in the wilds of north america. their civil liberty being mutilated, and the enjoyment of their religious sentiments denied them in the land that gave them birth, they braved the dangers of the then almost unnavigated ocean, and sought on the other side of the globe an asylum from the iron grasp of tyranny and the more intolerable scourge of ecclesiastical persecution.
“but gloomy indeed was the prospect when arrived on this side of the atlantic.
“scattered in detachments along a coast immensely extensive, at a distance of more than three thousand miles from their friends on the eastern continent, they were exposed to all those evils, and encountered or experienced all those difficulties, to which human nature seemed liable. destitute of convenient habitations, the inclemencies of the seasons harassed them, the midnight beasts of prey howled terribly around them, and the more portentous yell of savage fury incessantly assailed them. but the same undiminished confidence in almighty god, which prompted the first settlers of the country to forsake the unfriendly climes of europe, still supported them under all their calamities, and inspired them with fortitude almost divine. having a glorious issue to their labors now in prospect, they cheerfully endured the rigors of the climate, pursued the savage beast to his remotest haunt, and stood undismayed in the dismal hour of indian battle.”
passing on to the revolutionary struggle the young orator refers to “our brethren attacked and slaughtered at lexington, our property plundered and destroyed at concord,” to “the spiral flames of burning charlestown,” and proceeds as follows:
“indelibly impressed on our memories still lives the dismal scene of bunker’s awful mount, the grand theater of new england bravery, where slaughter stalked grimly triumphant, where relentless britain saw her soldiers, the unhappy instruments of despotism, fallen in heaps beneath the nervous arm of injured freemen!
“there the great warren fought, and there, alas! he fell. valuing his life only as it enabled him to serve his country, he freely resigned himself a willing martyr in the cause of liberty, and now lies encircled in the arms of glory.
“’peace to the patriot’s shade—let no rude blast
disturb the willow that nods o’er his tomb;
let orphan tears bedew his sacred urn,
and fame’s proud trump proclaim the hero’s name
far as the circuit of the spheres extends!’
“but, haughty albion, thy reign shall soon be over. thou shalt triumph no longer; thy empire already reels and totters; thy laurel even now begins to wither and thy fame to decay. thou hast at length aroused the indignation of an insulted people; thy oppressions they deem no longer tolerable.
“the fourth day of july, 1776, has now arrived, and america, manfully springing from the torturing fangs of the british lion, now rises majestic in the pride of her sovereignty, and bids her eagle elevate his wings! the solemn declaration of independence is now pronounced, amidst crowds of admiring citizens, by the supreme council of the nation, and received with the unbounded plaudits of a grateful people! that was the hour when heroism was proved—when the souls of men were tried!
“it was then, ye venerable patriots,” there were some revolutionary soldiers present—“it was then you lifted the indignant arm, and unitedly swore to be free! despising such toys as subjugated empires, you then knew no middle fortune between liberty and death. firmly relying on the protection of heaven, unwarped in the resolution you had taken, you then undaunted met, engaged, defeated the gigantic power of britain, and rode triumphant over the aggressions of your enemies!
“trenton, princeton, bennington and saratoga were the successive theaters of your victories, and the utmost bounds of creation are the limits of your fame! the sacred fire of freedom, then enkindled in your breasts, shall be perpetuated through the long descent of future ages, and burn with undiminished fervor in the bosoms of millions yet unborn!”
further on we find the following passage:
“the great drama is now completed; our independence is now acknowledged, and the hopes of our enemies are blasted forever. columbia is now sealed in the forum of nations, and the empires of the world are amazed at the effulgence of her glory.
“thus, friends and citizens, did the kind hand of an overruling providence conduct us, through toils, fatigues and dangers, to independence and peace. if piety be the rational exercise of the human soul, if religion be not a chimera, and if the vestiges of heavenly assistance are clearly traced in those events which mark the annals of our nation, it becomes us on this day, in consideration of the great things which have been done for us, to render the tribute of unfeigned thanks to that god who superintends the universe, and holds aloft the scale that weighs the destinies of nations.”
the oration was a long one, and touched a variety of topics, but the extracts already given will convey a good idea of its excellencies and defects. my college readers will understand me when i say that the style is sophomoric and ambitious, but these faults may be pardoned in a youth of eighteen. the tone is elevated, it is marked by gravity and earnestness, the sentiments are just, there is evidence of thought, and, on the whole, we may regard the oration as a hopeful promise of the future. the magniloquence gave place in time to a weighty simplicity, in which every word told, and not one could be spared. it was rather remarkable that so young a man should have been selected to deliver such an address in hanover, and indicates that daniel had by this time acquired reputation as a public speaker.
this was not the only occasion on which he was selected to speak in public. when a classmate, a general favorite, died, young webster was unanimously selected to deliver an address of commemoration. he is said to have spoken with a fervor and eloquence which deeply stirred the hearts of the large audience that had assembled to hear him. “during the delivery the fall of a pin could have been heard at any moment; a dense audience were carried entirely away, and kept spellbound by the magic of his voice and manner; and when he sat down, he left a thousand people weeping real tears over a heartfelt sorrow. it is reported that there was not a dry eye in all the vast congregation which the event and the fame of the orator had brought together.”
