d. john of austria at last signed the "peace of ghent," called the "perpetual edict," on the 14th of february, 1577, with his heart full of shame and depression. he was full of shame, because it was humiliating for spain, for his king, and for himself as philip's representative to give in to the rude and insolent demands of that band of rebels and dissembling heretics; and it depressed him, because, in signing the paper, he destroyed with a stroke of the pen, for a doubtful gain, the brilliant hope of his golden and chivalrous dream—the expedition to england.
at that moment the key of the situation of the whole expedition was the departure of the spanish regiments from flanders. d. john could send them along the coast of holland, and from there descend on england, where everything was ready for their reception. but the prince of orange, afraid lest these redoubtable soldiers should approach the two provinces he had usurped, holland and zeeland, vigorously opposed the plan of embarkation, and prevailed on the states to inform d. john, with their usual rudeness, that the troops should not leave by being embarked on the north, but should march towards italy. a violent altercation took place between the council in brussels and d. john, and all the negotiations that had been made were on the point of being broken off, because d. john was at the end of his patience, and the council at the limit of the insolence with which they endeavoured to tire and exasperate him. but philip, frightened lest the peace, which was his only desire, should be endangered, stopped the quarrel by ordering d. john to dispatch the troops by land, as the states wished.
d. john bowed his head and signed the "perpetual edict," thus sacrificing by his obedience the hopes of a kingdom, then more than ever well founded, as monsignor filippo sega, bishop of ripa trazone, had just arrived at luxemburg, sent to flanders by gregory xiii as nuncio to d. john. the ostensible object of the mission was to counsel and guide him, that in his treaties with the heretics there should be nothing prejudicial to the catholic church; but in reality it came to give him the bulls from gregory xiii, conceding him the kingdom of england, and to give him the 50,000 golden crowns which the pope sent to help the enterprise, and offering 5000 well-armed infantry which the holy see would provide, and which only waited for d. john's signal to start for england. this unhoped-for assistance from the pope, joined to the news from the english and scotch lords that everything was ready, promised such success to the expedition that it made it all the harder and more disappointing to give it up.
all the same, d. john sacrificed his hopes just as they were coming true, and thus cruelly humbled his own personal pride, and smothered his own legitimate aspirations, in order to obey the king, his brother, loyally; and without loss of time he ordered the spanish regiments to assemble at maestricht, to leave flanders for italy. it happened, as d. john had foreseen, that the troops obeyed, because it was he who ordered them; but they did so murmuring against the king, grumbling at the way he treated them, promising that very soon he would call for them again, and claiming, with great justice, their overdue pay before leaving.
d. john then found himself in a fresh quandary; the states, who should have paid the troops, refused to pay more than a third part of what was due, and, by an unreasonableness which showed their bad faith, at the same time refused to acknowledge d. john as governor, or give him the command so long as the troops did not leave flanders. on the other hand, in spite of d. john's repeated petitions and escovedo's violent letters, no money came from spain, nor could d. john have found, by begging in all the exchanges and banks, any to lend him the necessary sum, because the king of spain's credit was very bad in flanders.
in this difficulty d. john told monsignor sega, and, showing him all the trouble of the situation, asked him to lend the 50,000 golden crowns destined by gregory xiii for the unlucky expedition to england, to pay the soldiers, pledging his word and oath, in the name of his brother, that they should be quickly and surely returned. escovedo was able to negotiate, for his part, by pledging his credit and oath, for the rest of the amount that remained to pay off this dangerous debt, at the cost of d. john's hopes and the self-denial of the secretary. by these means the famous troops at last left flanders for italy, commanded by the count de mansfeld, amid the great rejoicing of the flemish rebels, who then saw the coast clear for the further treasons they were plotting.
this put an end to the pretext for not receiving d. john and making over the command to him, and he was proclaimed governor at louvain amid a crowd of gentlemen, and the real joy of some and the false and feigned enthusiasm of the rest. from there he went to brussels, in spite of the fact that the loyal count of barlaimont warned him that they were conspiring against his life and liberty. he came in sight of the city on the 4th of may, and an hour before his entry an insurrection broke out, promoted by the followers of the prince of orange. one cornelius straten, a known agent and leader of highwaymen, began to harangue the crowd, telling them that they should not let the austrian traitor enter brussels, who, with falseness and deceit, was bringing them death. upon this a mass of riotous people dashed towards the gates of the city, overthrowing the guards, and lowered the portcullis. the magistrates arrived in haste, and, arresting straten, quieted the tumult and cleared the gates. d. john arrived a few minutes later, calm and quiet, showing his bravery and greatness by dismissing his guard of halberdiers, as a proof of his confidence in the people. this is how famiano strada refers to d. john's entry into brussels and his first acts as governor:
"but the austrian, at the time the spaniards left, entered brussels with extraordinary pomp, between the pontiff's delegate and the bishop of liége and a complete deputation of all the states. it was he who made the brilliance of the show, with his debonair person—he was not thirty-two—laden with fame and triumphs by land and sea, and with these adornments representing his father, the c?sar charles, beloved and popular name among flemings. having solemnly sworn at the beginning of his government, he started to fulfil these promises with incredible clemency, rare affability, and all sorts of kindnesses, and an unheard-of liberality, exercised towards those who had the least claim, to such an extent that the citizens, attracted by his gentle bearing, forgetting their first ideas, and how much they had said against him, outbid each other in praising him, principally for having seen him one day without the foreign militia, and they congratulated themselves that the austrian had brought its former happiness back to flanders."
philip ii wrote to thank d. john for his trouble, very pleased with his conduct, and letting him plainly understand that there was no reason for definitely giving up the english plan.
"on the 14th of last month," he says, "i told you of the arrival of concha, and of the receipt of the dispatches which he brought, and how pleased i was to learn the good state of affairs through the arrangement you have made with the states, and the satisfaction everything you have done has given me, and this to the extent that i do not content myself with what i wrote then, without again thanking you for it, and certifying that it has given me such satisfaction, that, although nothing could add to the love i have for you, the desire to prove to you how much i esteem your work, and the fruit and success which has followed from it in all the business of my service, that i shall praise you more each day, and my care will grow for all that concerns you, knowing that every day you are putting me under fresh obligations by remaining in the same cares and work as heretofore, in order that the affairs of these states may become settled, and that which is best for the service of god and my service may be established; and although what you have done hitherto is much, what is before you is indescribably more. and as i know this, you may believe that it gratifies me much to show you the good-will which i have towards you in all that occurs, and that things will go on in such a way that that of england will be effected."
in the next line, and as if it were a means of arriving at this conquest, so desired by d. john, he insinuates his approval of the new and strange plans, invented by we know not whom, of substituting the marriage of d. john and mary stuart, which would cost blood and money, for that of d. john with elizabeth of england, to which she seemed inclined.
"as to the marriage with the queen of england, what i can tell you is that if in this way and with this view it could be treated of and brought about, it would be doing a great service and sacrifice to our lord, converting this kingdom to the catholic religion, which is in itself such an honour and glory that nothing can surpass it."
but d. john did not desire to be king of england by any and every means, but by those of justice and nobleness, conquering the kingdom with his sword, setting the lawful queen, mary stuart, at liberty, and sharing her throne by her own wish. he therefore protested against this short cut of ignominy, which would lead him peaceably to the english throne, with no more exertion than that of joining his fate to that of a usurper, by her own apostasy and vices the scandal of europe. "the favours the queen of england is everywhere conferring," answered d. john to his brother, "are not so unimportant as to be disregarded and steps not taken to prevent them; as the world is so full already of heretics, she has very efficient ministers everywhere. it is natural to those whom god rejects to take much thought for things here, and thus does this unhappy queen and her followers, of whose life and morals i have heard and hear so much, that i do not care to jest even about marrying her."
the summer was drawing on, and the letters from madrid began to grow fewer in a strange way, and nothing was said in them of the absolute want of money, or of the loans which d. john and escovedo had raised, pledging their own word and credit, until at last d. john decided to send the secretary to rome, and from there to spain, to tell gregory xiii everything about the english expedition, and to require from the king the prompt acknowledgment and repayment of the debt contracted with the pope, and of the letters honoured by escovedo, compromising his credit and honour.
escovedo set out at the beginning of july, and d. john said good-bye to him at mechlin, little thinking he was sending him to be treacherously killed by a sword-thrust in a lane at madrid.
