“soignez les détails, ils ne sont pas sans gloire; c’est le premier pas qui mène à la victoire.”—frederick the great.
pages 104 to 142, cavalry training, are devoted to the training of the troop and squadron, and leave little to be desired as far as they take us. but those who wish to study the matter more fully, and to learn some of the “whys and wherefores,” should read instructions for cavalry, by the prussian general von schmidt, of whom it was said, “no man exercised so great an influence for good on our arm since the great king.” his theory was that “everything that is dull, cannot be easily understood or is uninteresting must disappear; the cavalry soldier has less need of this than any one. with such instruction he is quite useless, for to him more than to any one else are freshness, life, activity, mental quickness and vivacity necessary.”83 but most valuable are the glimpses which the book affords us of the great king (frederick) in his r?le as a trainer of cavalry. how thoroughly he “meant business,” and how sternly any weakening, wavering, or indiscipline178 was dealt with under that resolute autocrat, when not only an army but a nation was “in the making,” may be seen from the following:—
it was an old and strict order of frederick the great that no cavalry officer should allow himself to be attacked at the halt; whoever does it should be cashiered.84
in the cavalry of frederick the great the squadron leader was authorized to sabre any éclaireur met riding at random across the front.85
elliot mentions a further inspiriting regulation:—
if it is found that any soldier is not doing his duty, or is wishing to fly, the first officer or sub-officer will pass his sword through his body.
frederick the great, familiar with war, readily grasped the fact that the military discipline necessary in order to train men in the highest degree for the act of war must be stern and inexorable. no bank holiday, please-do-as-you-are-told soldiering for him. he knew what he wanted, and that time was limited.
on sundays after divine service the men shall mount, as his majesty considers it of the highest importance for the preservation of the horse that he should be ridden every day. the horses will then always be in wind, will not be stiff in the legs, and not get too fat. this his majesty has found to be the case with his own horses. he desires to have horses in working condition, and does not care so much that they should be fat as that they should be sound and fit to march and stand fatigue.86
it must not be imagined that every officer who179 rides at its head can train or lead a squadron. those who can do both in perfection are few and far between. an apprenticeship of several years under various good leaders, added to natural ability, good horsemanship, an eye for country, a thorough sympathy with both his men and horses, are a few of the talents required to make a good squadron leader. but if a regiment is so fortunate as to possess even one good squadron leader, there will soon be found, especially among the junior officers, many to imitate him, and thus one good squadron leader makes many.
“a,” the good squadron leader, is easily recognized in the field; he rides well away from his squadron, confident that they will obey his word or signal; his squadron know his ruses and plans, and move smoothly, ready to act at the indicated speed in any direction signalled by him. they are led covered from view,87 duly avoiding or overcoming obstacles, quietly picking their way; the leader is now far to the front, with his eye on the enemy; his second in command passes any signals which are made. suddenly pace is increased, and the squadron is galloping along under the crest of the hill, the cover which they know without an order he wishes them to utilize; then the troops wheel into line, “direction the enemy”; a defensive flank is dropped back, or an offensive flank pushed up; whilst the enemy’s leader, taken by surprise, is making up his mind, a’s180 squadron has drawn swords and is upon him with a mighty cheer.
“b,” the indifferent squadron leader, nervously and fretfully jobbing his horse in the mouth, rides near his squadron, at which he constantly looks back to see if the men have not already got out of dressing or committed some fault. querulously addressing his second in command or sergeant major, he asks some foolish question; already he wants some one to lean on. his squadron moves round from behind some cover, where he has unwisely placed it, at an uneven pace, his ill-bitted horses tossing their heads in pain. now he executes some movement; but before it is completed, he has given another order to “form squadron,” which formation he forthwith regards with disapprobation from a flank and at some 20 yards from his squadron. he has no eyes for the enemy; two patrols have been sent out who ought to inform him. he gets the information right enough, but riding, as he is, near his squadron, which is walking now, he has barely time to give an order to increase the pace and then “left shoulder” towards the enemy, who are getting to one flank, before he notices his swords are not drawn. to get this done increases the confusion in his squadron.
but enough has been said to show the difference in cavalry leaders. in a cavalry engagement a’s squadron will beat b’s nineteen times out of twenty. b, poor fellow, is a danger to the state, and generally not happy in his position. no man likes work which he performs indifferently. will this kind of leader181 ever charge unless he receives a direct order to do so, and even then will it be well done?
take it all round, any officer who is up to the business of efficiently training and leading a squadron must possess qualities which would have rendered his career a successful one in any walk of life. it is impossible to enumerate the hundred and one cares, anxieties, and responsibilities which beset a squadron commander. but it is a good thing to mention what he should regard as his guiding stars. they are:—
1. efficiency for war in men and horses.
2. avoidance of mere samples of efficiency.
3. constant steps taken to make the soldiers confident in their power to use their weapons with deadly effect.
4. to make every trooper self-reliant in danger or unusual circumstances, especially when alone.
5. to cultivate the offensive spirit and a determination to get at the enemy somehow.
1. efficiency for war in men and horses. men not worked hard in peace-time are quite useless in war, where they have the added privation of want of food and sleep. active service is quite unlike peace service; in the latter a man often spends but an hour or two in the open and most of the rest of the day in grooming and cleaning up; these duties are, generally speaking, a pure waste of time, as far as cavalry is concerned, in war. too much of this barrack-square soldiering is apt to unfit men and make them slack and tired after a long day’s work, of which gillies, herdsmen, and keepers would think182 nothing. few officers are knowledgeable enough to be able to discern the difference between fit, hard horses and poor horses. looking at the horse sideways on, the ribs may easily deceive one, but following a horse it is much more easily seen to which category he belongs. the poor horse is split up and hollow in the region of the muscles lying alongside the backbone. feeling the neck is not a safe criterion—big neck muscles may merely mean that the horse has been fed on the ground; the appearance of the coat is also fallacious. a sharp canter of a mile should, however, furnish a good test, as the blowing and snorting of an untrained squadron and a soapy lather instead of a clear watery sweat at once tell their tale.
2. it is a common but most pernicious practice, instead of making the effort to train all men in the squadron up to a certain standard of knowledge and ability, to take some of the smart men and make them into “show” teams. it is obviously flat-catching to have a prize team of ten marksmen, whilst the rest of the squadron are indifferent rifle shots. a man who wins prizes year after year at tournaments and assaults-at-arms is not of value unless he teaches other men. often he does not do this for fear they should come on, “until at last the old man was beaten by the boy.” the best, though perhaps not the most showy, squadrons are those in which there is a recognized standard of efficiency in every exercise and attainment, below which no man is allowed to fall. the story is told of an inspector-183general of cavalry of past days, that, after the usual inspection, the commanding officer at luncheon said to him, “i should like you to see my regiment tent-pegging.” “certainly,” was the reply. arrived on the maidan, about forty men had paraded. “but,” said the i.g.c., “you asked me to come and see your regiment tent-peg, and i wish to do so.” the regiment was forthwith paraded, and the first squadron’s exhibition was quite sufficient to expose the fallacy of “samples.”
3. see under heading “the personal weapon” in chapter on training of the man.
4. self-reliance may be gained by giving the individual various tasks to carry out by himself and on his own initiative. the return for this form of “casting the bread on the waters” is not immediate, but directly the regiment goes on man?uvres or on service, the result between a squadron trained on this system and one where this is not done is most marked.
the squadron in which every man can read a map and orient himself (and this is now not exceptional) moves with perfect confidence on the line marked out for it, and if “held up” in front at once proceeds to find a way round or through. squadrons trained to this degree may be confidently expected to give great results when employed with independent cavalry or as contact squadrons.
from this it will be seen that the education of the modern working classes has been exploited and improved upon to a very high degree in the cavalry184 squadron and regimental school. cavalry work, which would have been a severe test of map-reading88 and troop-leading to a subaltern officer of cavalry thirty-five years ago, is now within the powers of every sergeant and corporal, and most of the men. to attain this has meant hard work for the regimental officer, and it is doubtful, if the work had not been largely delegated to the section leader, and thereby a proper chain of responsibility established, whether such progress would have been made.
competitions between sections and troops, the former for choice, work great things in a squadron. if the minds of sixteen section leaders are all at work to find out the best way to train a recruit in various exercises, to feed a horse to the best advantage with the forage available, to get the best shooting average, and so on, it is obvious that the squadron leader has a good chance of disseminating his knowledge, when found out, through his squadron, whilst an interest is given to the work which is perfectly invaluable. certainly men, who have to go through four or five months’ hot weather in the plains of india with the thermometer occasionally at 115° in the verandah, want these mental exercises and interests just as they want games of hockey, cricket, and football in the evening to keep them sound in wind, limb, and mind.
in every respect competition is a healthy lever in training; only quite recently a squadron which,185 mirabile dictu, stopped all smoking for some weeks before shooting, were successful in winning an army rifle competition. above all things, it acts in putting a stop to the waste of time which is so frequent an occurrence, where there is no spur to prevent it. it is distressing to see a troop of men and horses standing in line, whilst one individual goes through some exercise, or jumps some fences; a clever squadron leader will never permit this, he will point out to the troop or section leader that the remainder would be much better occupied in “suppling” their horses, or making cuts and points, till their turn arrived:89 and that there is no reason why they should not light a pipe meanwhile. these amenities make things go easier.
again, when on the march, or going to or returning from a field day, by means of judging distance on prominent objects (to be checked afterwards from the map), or by noticing the features of the country and subsequently answering questions on them, or by guessing what is on the other side of a hill, habits of observation which are invaluable in a cavalryman may be inculcated. this last is a capital exercise, and one which the duke of wellington practised. it is related that he was posting with a friend, and they passed the time in guessing what was behind the next hill. his friend remarked how often he was right in his guesses. wellington replied, “well, it is what i have been practising all my life.” this instruction186 is best delegated to section leaders, since a squadron, or even troop, is too unwieldy for this kind of education, which is specially one which should aim at bringing the slower and more stupid men up to a good level. the germans rightly lay the greatest stress on the fact that collective perfection is only attainable by individual excellence, and this can only be obtained by individual instruction.
it is not in the brigade nor even in the regiment that dismounted work can be taught, but it is there that the effects can be seen. it is in the troop and the squadron that men should be taught to be quick, not hurried, in getting on and off their horses, and it must be done without the old-fashioned caution in the navy, “five-and-twenty for the last man up the rigging.”
a brigade is man?uvring against an enemy; a house, a garden, a clump of trees is seen, which, if seized and held by rifle fire, will prove a most valuable pivot of man?uvre. a squadron is ordered to seize it. now is the time to see whether men have been taught their work in the squadron. are they awkward in getting off their horses? is there delay in handing over the horses to the nos. 3? is there uncertainty what to do with the lances? are proper precautions taken? if the men have been well taught, they will be ready to meet with fire the opposing squadrons sent to seize it. and further, when the meeting between the brigades takes place, a well-trained squadron will have had time to mount again, and will be on the spot to187 throw in a flank attack, which may decide the fight. the cavalryman must learn that never is the difference between cavalry and infantry to be observed more than when cavalry are acting dismounted.
a whole brigade may have to act dismounted. one not trained in the work will leave its horses behind and become inferior infantry. if the squadron training has been well done, they will act like a swarm of bees, trying here, trying there, everywhere moral and movement, till the weak spot is discovered; and then the rush will be made with an irresistible force in the firing line, and no slow pushing up of supports and reserves.
we do not wish to see cavalry always getting off their horses and trying everywhere to shoot their enemy out of each bit of difficult ground, but neither do we wish to see a regiment or brigade sitting helplessly in mass with an infantry or cavalry patrol holding a defile in front of them, unable to turn them out because the ground prevents them galloping at it. von bernhardi says:90
moreover, in the power of holding the balance correctly between fire and shock, and in the training of the former never to allow the troops to lose confidence in the latter, lies the real essence of the cavalry spirit. this, whether it be in the working out of some great strategical design, or in joining hands with the other arms to obtain by united fire action some common purpose, implies a balance of judgment and absence of prejudice of the rarest occurrence in normal natures.
188 the practical problems, which invariably follow upon contact with the enemy, placed before his subalterns, unexpectedly for choice, by means of flags or real troops, and their proposed solutions, actually carried out, and then followed by a discussion, constitute the best and most useful work done by a squadron leader. if his imagination fails him, he must read up instances. nor should he forget to give them problems which are what would be called unfair in a test examination, because the odds are too great, or the situation too difficult. he can and should explain this later, coram populo, but meantime it is just such problems which come to try the cavalry officer most highly. for if he is doing his duty he must constantly find himself in scrapes, and what our ancestors called “outfalls,” in which the life and liberty of his men, and more, victory and honour, depend on his action. often enough a rapid dispersal with a prearranged rendezvous is the only rational course and alternative to defeat or heavy and useless loss. again, a bold front shown or a feint at attack may give time to warn others or to get to cover.
these problems come as too much of a surprise in war for the ordinary individual, unless he has acquired character and a large degree of confidence by frequent exercises in peace-time such as those indicated above. but, thus equipped, and steeled, as it were, by a doctrine of resolution, the officer or non-commissioned officer will perhaps call to his mind some saying such as “a mounted man and a shower of rain can get through anywhere.” in an189 instant he has drawn swords, indicated, first, the line of attack, and second, the rendezvous after dispersal, then with a cheer or view-holloa he goes at them. his bold and rapid course of action pulls him through with little or no loss.91 the japanese cavalry training, p. 57, says:—
from commander to privates all cavalry soldiers must be accustomed to act on their own initiative throughout the various trainings and instruction, and in all cases should observe the following rule:
attack—but do not be attacked.
problems can be found in the support of mounted attacks by fire, dismounted attacks, rearguard actions, the defence or attack of positions taken up in farms or kopjes by flankguards or rearguards, feints made to draw the enemy or distract his attention, the precautions necessary at a halt to water or when in bivouac, the scouting of an enemy’s outpost line or in getting into a position before dawn, the passage of obstacles and defiles, and so on. always remember to vary the ground, conceal the enemy’s numbers, and insist on decisive action. in practice, in cavalry matters, the wrong action taken in a resolute fashion is sometimes preferable to right action arrived at after vast consideration.
the reflection on our british cavalry made, we believe, by a cavalry officer, that it was well drilled but badly instructed for war in 1899, appears to be a190 genuine and well-founded one. how to escape it in future must be our squadron leaders’ chief concern. napoleon said: “it is not my genius that suddenly reveals to me, in secret, what i should say or do in an unforeseen circumstance. it is reflection, it is meditation. i always work at dinner, at the theatre; at night i wake up to work.”
above all, let us study in our instruction how best to make moral go hand-in-hand with method; without this what army can do great things? have not civilization, education (conducted on our own lines), the insidious lessening of animus all conspired against our soldier’s moral in war? how much simpler and more effective was the modus operandi of the zulu impis clearly enunciated in their war chant, “if we go forward we conquer, if we go back we die”; their ruler invariably putting to death all who returned from an unsuccessful expedition.
conclusions
1. that interest must be sustained.
2. that with cavalry above all arms, there is a need for a very stern discipline.
3. that only a really good man can lead a cavalry squadron.
4. that flat-catching must be sternly discountenanced.
5. that a wise delegation of certain points of instruction and horse-management to section leaders will have valuable results.
