oats have been defined by dr. johnson as a grain serving to nourish horses in england and men in scotland; and in spite of this contemptuous definition, its name, to us caledonian born, must always awaken pleasant recollections of the porridge and bannocks of our childhood. it is, however, a new experience to find a country where this often unappreciated grain occupies a still prouder position, and where its name is associated with memories yet more pregnant and tender; for autumn, not spring, is the season of saxon love, and oats, not myrtle, are here emblematic of courtship and betrothal.
in proportion as the waving surface of the green oat-fields begins{95} to assume a golden tint, so also does curiosity awaken and gossip grow rife in the village. well-informed people may have hinted before that such and such a youth had been seen more than once stepping in at the gate of the big red house in the long street, and more than one chatterer had been ready to identify the speckled carnations which on sundays adorned the hat of some youthful conrad or thomas, as having been grown in the garden of a certain anna or maria; but after all these had been but mere conjectures, for nothing positive can be known as yet, and ill-natured people were apt to console themselves with the reflection that st. catherine’s day was yet a long way off, and that “there is many a slip ’twixt cup and lip.”
but now the great day which is to dispel all doubt and put an end to conjecture is approaching—that day which will destroy so many illusions and fulfil so few; for now the sun has given the final touch to the ripening grain, and soon the golden sheaves are lying piled together on the clean-shorn stubble-field, only waiting to be carted away. then one evening when the sun is sinking low on the horizon, and no breath of air is there to lift the white powdery dust from off the hedge-rows, the sound of a drum is heard in the village street, and a voice proclaims aloud that “to-morrow the oats are to be fetched home.”
like wildfire the news has spread throughout the village; the cry is taken up and repeated with various intonations of hope, curiosity, anticipation, or triumph, “to-morrow the oats will be fetched.”
a stranger probably fails to perceive anything particularly thrilling about this intelligence, having no reason to suppose the garnering of oats to be in any way more interesting than the carting of potatoes or wheat; and, no doubt, to the majority of land-owners the thought of to-morrow’s work is chiefly connected with dry prosaic details, such as repairing the harness and oiling the cart-wheels. but there are others in the village on whom the announcement has had an electrifying effect, and for whom the words are synonymous with love and wedding-bells. five or six of the young village swains, or maybe as many as eight or ten, spend that evening in a state of pleasurable bustle and excitement, busying themselves in cleaning and decking out the cart for the morrow, furbishing up the best harness, grooming the work-horses till their coats are made to shine like satin, and plaiting up their manes with bright-colored ribbons.
early next morning the sound of harness-bells and the loud cracking{96} of whips cause all curious folk to rush to their doors; and as every one is curious, the whole population is soon assembled in the street to gaze at the sight of young hans n——, attired in his bravest clothes and wearing in his cap a monstrous bouquet, riding postilion fashion on the left-hand horse, and cracking his whip with ostentatious triumph, while behind, on the gayly decorated cart, is seated a blushing maiden, who lowers her eyes in confusion at thus seeing herself the object of general attention—at least this is what she is supposed to do, for every well-brought-up girl ought surely to blush and hang her head in graceful embarrassment when she first appears in the character of a bride; and although no formal proposal has yet taken place, by consenting to assist the young man to bring in his oats she has virtually confessed her willingness to become his wife.
her appearance on this occasion will doubtless cause much envy and disappointment among her less fortunate companions, who gaze out furtively through the chinks of the wooden boarding at the spectacle of a triumph they had perhaps hoped for themselves. “so it is the red-haired susanna after all, and not the miller’s agnes, as every one made sure,” the gossips are saying. “and who has young martin got on his cart, i wonder? may i never spin flax again if it is not that saucy wench, the black-eyed lisi, who was all but promised to small-pox peter of the green corner house”—and so on, and so on, in endless variety, as the decorated carts go by in procession, each one giving rise to manifold remarks and comments, and not one of them failing to leave disappointment and heart-burning in its rear.
this custom of the maiden helping the young man to bring in his oats, and thereby signifying her willingness to marry him, is prevalent only in a certain district to the north of transylvania called the haferland, or country of oats—a broad expanse of country covered at harvest-time by a billowy sea of golden grain, the whole fortune of the land-owners. in other parts various other betrothal customs are prevalent, as for instance in neppendorf, a large village close to hermanstadt, inhabited partly by saxons, partly by austrians, or l?ndlers, as they call themselves. this latter race is of far more recent introduction in the country than the saxons, having only come hither (last century) in the time of maria theresa, who had summoned them to replenish some of the saxon colonies in danger of becoming extinct. if it is strange to note how rigidly the saxons have kept themselves from mingling with the surrounding magyars and roumanians,{97} it is yet more curious to see how these two german races have existed side by side for over a hundred years without amalgamating; and this for no sort of antagonistic reason, for they live together in perfect harmony, attending the same church, and conforming to the same regulations, but each people preserving its own individual costume and customs. the saxons and the l?ndlers have each their different parts of the church assigned to them; no saxon woman would ever think of donning the fur cap of a l?ndler matron, while as little would the latter exchange her tight-fitting fur coat for the wide hanging mantle worn by the other.
saxon betrothed couple.
{98}
until quite lately unions have very seldom taken place between members of these different races. only within the last twenty years or so have some of the saxon youths awoke to the consciousness that the austrian girls make better and more active housewives than their own phlegmatic countrywomen, and have consequently sought them in marriage. even then, when both parties are willing, many a projected union makes shipwreck upon the stiff-neckedness of the two paterfamilias, who neither of them will concede anything to the other. thus, for instance, when the saxon father of the bridegroom demands that his future daughter-in-law should adopt saxon attire when she becomes the wife of his son, the l?ndler father will probably take offence and withdraw his consent at the last moment; not a cap nor a jacket, not even a pin or an inch of ribbon, will either of the two concede to the wishes of the young people. thus many hopeful alliances are nipped in the bud, and those which have been accomplished are almost invariably based on the understanding that each party retains its own attire, and that the daughters born of such union follow the mother, the sons the father, in the matter of costume.
among the l?ndlers the marriage proposal takes place in a way which deserves to be mentioned. the youth who has secretly cast his eye on the girl he fain would make his wife prepares a new silver thaler (about 2s. 6d.) by winding round it a piece of bright-colored ribbon, and wrapping the whole in a clean sheet of white letter-paper. with this coin in his pocket he repairs to the next village dance, and takes the opportunity of slipping it unobserved into the girl’s hand while they are dancing. by no word or look does she betray any consciousness of his actions, and only when back at home she produces the gift, and acquaints her parents with what has taken place. a family council is then held as to the merits of the suitor, and the expediency of accepting or rejecting the proposal. should the latter be decided upon, the maiden must take an early opportunity of intrusting the silver coin to a near relation of the young man, who in receiving it back is thereby informed that he has nothing further to hope in that direction; but if three days have elapsed without his thaler returning to him, he is entitled to regard this as encouragement, and may commence to visit in the house of his sweetheart on the footing of an official wooer.
in cases of rejection, it is considered a point of honor on the part{99} of all concerned that no word should betray the state of the case to the outer world—a delicate reticence one is surprised to meet with in these simple people.
this giving of the silver coin is probably a remnant of the old custom of “buying the bride,” and in many villages it is customary still to talk of the brautkaufen.
in some places it is usual for the lad who is courting to adorn the window of his fair one with a flowering branch of hawthorn at pentecost, and at christmas to fasten a sprig of mistletoe or a fir-branch to the gable-end of her house.
to return, however, to the land of oats, where, after the harvest has been successfully garnered, the bridegroom proceeds to make fast the matter, or, in other words, officially to demand the girl’s hand of her parents.
it is not consistent with village etiquette that the bridegroom in spe should apply directly to the father of his intended, but he must depute some near relation or intimate friend to bring forward his request. the girl’s parents, on their side, likewise appoint a representative to transmit the answer. these two ambassadors are called the wortmacher (word-makers)—sometimes also the hochzeitsv?ter (wedding-fathers). much talking and speechifying are required correctly to transact a wedding from beginning to end, and a fluent and eloquent wortmacher is a much-prized individual.
each village has its own set formulas for each of the like occasions—long-winded pompous speeches, rigorously adhered to, and admitting neither of alteration nor curtailment. the following fragment of one of these speeches will give a correct notion of the general style of saxon oration. it is the hochzeitsvater who, in the name of the young man’s parents, speaks as follows:
“a good-morning to you herewith, dear neighbors, and i further wish to hear that you have rested softly this night, and been enabled to rise in health and strength. and if such be the case i shall be rejoiced to hear the same, and shall thank the almighty for his mercies towards you; and should your health and the peace of your household not be as good as might be desired in every respect, so at least will i thank the almighty that he has made your lot to be endurable, and beg him further in future only to send you so much trouble and affliction as you are enabled patiently to bear at a time.
“furthermore, i crave your forgiveness that i have made bold to{100} enter your house thus early this morning, and trust that my presence therein may in no way inconvenience you, but that i may always comport myself with honor and propriety, so that you may in nowise be ashamed of me, and that you may be pleased to listen to the few words i have come hither to say.
“god the almighty having instituted the holy state of matrimony in order to provide for the propagation of the human race, it is not unknown to me, dearest neighbor, that many years ago you were pleased to enter this holy state, taking to yourself a beloved wife, with whom ever since you have lived in peace and happiness; and that, furthermore, the almighty, not wishing to leave you alone in your union, was pleased to bless you, not only with temporal goods and riches, but likewise with numerous offspring, with dearly beloved children, to be your joy and solace. and among these beloved children is a daughter, who has prospered and grown up in the fear of the lord to be a comely and virtuous maiden.
“and as likewise it may not be unknown to you that years ago we too thought fit to enter the holy state of matrimony, and that the lord was pleased to bless our union, not with temporal goods and riches, but with numerous offspring, with various beloved children, among whom is a son, who has grown up, not in a garden of roses, but in care and toil, and in the fear of the lord.
“and now this same son, having grown to be a man, has likewise bethought himself of entering the holy state of matrimony; and he has prayed the lord to guide him wisely in his choice, and to give him a virtuous and god-fearing companion.
“therefore he has been led over mountains and valleys, through forests and rivers, over rocks and precipices, until he came to your house and cast his eyes on the virtuous maiden your daughter. and the lord has been pleased to touch his heart with a mighty love for her, so that he has been moved to ask you to give her hand to him in holy wedlock.”
probably the young couple have grown up in sight of each other, the garden of the one father very likely adjoining the pigsty of the other; but the formula must be adhered to notwithstanding, and neither rocks nor precipices omitted from the programme; and even though the parents of the bride be a byword in the village for their noisy domestic quarrels, yet the little fiction of conjugal happiness must be kept up all the same, with a truly magnificent sacrifice of{101} veracity to etiquette worthy of any court journal discussing a royal alliance.
and in point of fact a disinterested love-match between saxon peasants is about as rare a thing as a genuine courtship between reigning princes. most often it is a simple business contract arranged between the family heads, who each of them hopes to reap advantage from the bargain.
when the answer has been a consent, then the compact is sealed by a feast called the brautvertrinken (drinking the bride), to which are invited only the nearest relations on either side, the places of honor at the head of the table being given to the two ambassadors who have transacted the business. a second banquet, of a more solemn nature, is held some four weeks later, when rings have been exchanged in presence of the pastor. the state of the weather at the moment the rings are exchanged is regarded as prophetic for the married life of the young couple, according as it may be fair or stormy.
putting the ring on his bride’s finger, the young man says,
“i give thee here my ring so true;
god grant thou may it never rue!”
