修订版作者按：作者不可能参考本书第一版之后问世的所有相关书籍和文章，因而没有对参考文献进行扩充。参考文献列出的，也只是作者挑选出来的、对作者具有特殊价值的作品。不过，作者还是想提一下过去六年间问世的、非常具有针对性的几部著作：stow persons ed., evolutionary thought in america （new haven: yale university press, 1950），该书有几篇很有价值的论文，这些文章合在一起，为大家展现了该领域的全貌；philip p. wiener, evolution and the founders of pragmatism （cambridge: harvard university press, 1949），书如其名，详尽论述了书名涵盖的主题；morton g. white, social thought in america （new york: viking press, 1949），莫顿·g. 怀特在该书中更为详细地叙述了我在本书后几章中谈到的美国思想的转变；richard hofstadter and walter p. metzger, the development of academic freedom in the united states （new york: columbia university press, 1955），在该书第七章，沃特·p. 梅兹格讨论了达尔文主义对整个美国大学生活和思想的影响。

手稿

萨姆纳：耶鲁大学斯特林纪念图书馆“萨姆纳遗物”区馆藏文献，不包括萨姆纳的私人往来信件。现有文献中，学术生涯之前的部分稍微偏多一些。

沃德：布朗大学海约翰图书馆馆藏莱斯特·沃德文献，主体部分是沃德收到的书信，共13卷。对有兴趣了解沃德的影响的读者，这些信件相当有价值。其中最有信息价值的信件，已收入由伯恩哈德·j. 斯特恩（bernhard j. stern）编辑出版的沃德文集，后面会列出此书。沃德的藏书中，有几本载有大有讲究的评注，这为他的学术兴趣和学术观点提供了独特的证据。

研究这一时期美国思想的学者非常幸运，有大量已经印刷出版的私人信件可以利用。下面列举的具体书信集以及传记材料，广泛选自查尔斯·达尔文、赫伯特·斯宾塞、阿萨·格雷、约翰·费斯克、爱德华·利文斯顿·尤曼斯、莱斯特·沃德、威廉·詹姆斯、亨利·亚当斯、西奥多·罗斯福及其他人等的往来书信。

期刊

american journal of sociology, chicago, 1896–1920.

annals of the american academy of political and social science,philadelphia, 1890–1910.

appleton’s journal, new york, 1867–1881.

arena, boston 1889–1899; new york, 1899–1904.

atlantic monthly, boston, 1860–1920.

forum, new york, 1886–1915.

galaxy, new york, 1866–1878.

independent, new york, 1860–1890.

international socialist review, chicago, 1900–1910.

journal of heredity, washington, 1910–1919.

journal of political economy, chicago, 1893–1915.

journal of speculative philosophy, st. louis, 1867–1880.

nation, new york, 1865–1920.

nationalist, boston, 1889–1891.

north american review, boston, 1860–1877; new york, 1878–1915.

popular science monthly, new york, 1872–1910.

psychological review, princeton, 1894–1915.

图书

adams, brooks. america’s economic supremacy. new york: the macmillan co., 1900.

——. the law of civilization and decay. new york: the macmillan co., 1896.

——. the new empire. new york: the macmillan co., 1902.

adams, henry. the education of henry adams. boston and new york: houghton mifflin co., 1918.

——. letters of henry adams (ed. worthington c. ford). boston: houghton mifflin co., 1930. 2 vols.

bagehot, walter. physics and politics. new york: d. appleton & co., 1873.

baldwin, james mark. darwin and the humanities. baltimore: review publishing co., 1909.

——. the individual and society. boston: r. g. badger, 1911.

barker, ernest. political thought in england. new york: henry holt& co., 1915[?].

barnes, harry elmer, and becker, howard. contemporary social theory. new york: d. appleton-century co., 1940.

——. social thought from lore to science. new york: d. c. heath &co., 1938. 2 vols.

barzun, jacques. darwin, max, wagner. boston: little, brown & co., 1941.

becker, carl. the heavenly city of the eighteenth century philosophers. new haven: yale university press, 1932.

behrends, a. j. f. socialism and christianity. new york: baker and taylor, 1886.

bellamy, edward. edward bellamy speaks again! kansas city: the peerage press, 1937.

——. equality. new york: d. appleton & co., 1897.

——. looking backward. boston: houghton mifflin co., 1889.

boas, franz. the mind of primitive man. new york: the macmillan co., 1911.

brandeis, louis d. the curse of bigness. new york: the viking press, 1934.

brinton, crane. english political thought in the nineteenth century. london: e. benn, 1933.

bristol, lucius m. social adaptation. cambridge: harvard university press, 1915.

brooks, van wyck. new england: indian summer, 1865–1915. new york: e. p. dutton & co., 1940.

burgess, john w. political science and comparative constitutional law. boston: ginn & co., 1890. 2 vols.

cape, emily palmer. lester f ward, a personal sketch. new york and london: g. p. putnam’s sons, 1922.

carver, thomas nixon. essays in social justice. cambridge: harvard university press, 1915.

——. the religion worth having. boston: houghton mifflin co., 1912.

chamberlain, houston stewart. the foundations of the nineteenth century. london: john lane, 1911. 2 vols.

chamberlain, john. farewell to reform. new york: liveright, 1932.

clark, john bates. the philosophy of wealth. boston: ginn & co., 1885.

clark, john spencer. the life and letters of john fiske. boston and new york: houghton mifflin co., 1917. 2 vols.

cochran, thomas c. and miller william. the age of enterprise. new york: the macmillan co., 1942.

cooley, charles horton. human nature and the social order. new york: charles scribner’s sons, 1902.

——. social organization. new york: charles scribner’s sons, 1909.

——. social process. new york: charles scribner’s sons, 1918.

croly, herbert. the promise of american life. new york: the macmillan co., 1909.

curti, merle e. peace or war, the american struggle, 1636–1936. new york: w. w. norton & co., 1936.

——. the social ideas of american educators. new york: charles scribner’s sons, 1935.

darwin, charles. the descent of man. london: j. murray, 1871.

——. the origin of species. london: murray, 1859.

darwin francis. the life and letters of charles darwin. new york: d. appleton & co., 1888. 2 vols.

davenport, charles. heredity in relation to eugenics. new york: henry holt & co., 1915.

dewey, john. characters and events (ed. joseph ratner). new york: henry holt & co., 1929. 2 vols.

——. democracy and education. new york: the macmillan co., 1916.

——. human nature and conduct. new york: henry holt & co., 1922.

——. the influence of darwin on philosophy. new york: henry holt& co., 1910.

——. the public and its problems. new york: henry holt & co., 1927.

——. the quest for certainty. new york: minton, balch & co., 1929.

——. reconstruction in philosophy. new york: henry holt & co., 1920.

——, and tufts, james. ethics. new york: henry holt & co., 1908.

dombrowski, james. the early days of christian socialism in america. new york: columbia university press, 1936.

dorfman, joseph. thorstein veblen and his america. new york: the viking press, 1934.

dos passos, john r. the anglo-saxon century and the unification of the english-speaking people. new york and london: g. p. putnam’s sons, 1909.

drummond, henry. the ascent of man. new york: a. l. burt co., 1894.

duncan, david. the life and letters of herbert spencer. new york: d. appleton & co., 1908.

ferri, enrico. socialism and modern science. new york: international library publishing co., 1900.

fisk, ethel. the letters of john fiske. new york: the macmillan co., 1940.

fiske, john. american political ideas. new york: harper & bros., 1885.

——. a century of science and other essays. boston: houghton mifflin & co., 1899.

——. civil government in the united states. boston: houghton mifflin & co., 1890.

——. the destiny of man. boston: houghton mifflin & co., 1884.

——. edward livingston youmans. new york: d. appleton & co., 1894.

——. excursions of an evolutionist. boston: houghton mifflin &co., 1884.

——. the meaning of infancy. boston: houghton mifflin & co., 1909.

——. outlines of cosmic philosophy. boston: houghton mifflin &co., 1874. 2 vols.

gabriel, ralph henry. the course of american democratic thought. new york: the ronald press co., 1940.

galton, francis, hereditary genius. london: macmillan & co., 1869.

——. inquiries into human faculty and its development. london: macmillan & co., 1883.

——. natural inheritance. london and new york: macmillan & co., 1889.

geiger, george r. the philosophy of henry george. new york: the macmillan co., 1933.

george, henry. a perplexed philosopher. new york: cl. webster &co., 1892.

——. progress and poverty. new york, 1879.

——. social problems. new york: belford, clarke, & co., 1883.

george, henry, jr. the life of henry george. new york: doubleday and mcclure co., 1900.

ghent, william j. our benevolent feudalism. new york: the macmillan co., 1902.

giddings, franklin h. the elements of sociology. new york: the macmillan co., 1898.

——. inductive sociology. new york: the macmillan co., 1901.

——. the principles of sociology. new york: the macmillan co., 1896.

——. the responsible state. boston: houghton mifflin co., 1918.

gide, charles, and rist charles. history of economic doctrines. boston: d. c. heath & co., 1915.

gladden, washington. applied christianity. boston: houghton mifflin& co., 1886.

gobineau, arthur de. the inequality of human races (trans. adrian collins) new york: g. p. putnam’s sons, 1915.

goldenweiser, alexander. history, psychology, and culture. new york: alfred a. knopf, 1933.

grant, madison. the passing of the great race. new york: charlesscribner’s sons, 1916.

grattan, c. hartley. the three jameses. new york: longmans, green& co., 1932.

gray, asa. darwinana. new york: d. appleton & co., 1876.

——. letters of asa gray (ed. jane loring gray) boston: houghton mifflin co., 1898. 2 vols.

gronlund, laurence. the cooperative commonwealth. boston: lee and shepard, 1884.

——. the new economy. new york: h. s. stone & co., 1898.

——. our destiny. boston: lee and shepard, 1890.

gumplowicz, ludwig. the outlines of sociology (trans. frederick w. moore) philadelphia: american academy of political and social science, 1899.

haeckel, ernst. the riddle of the universe. new york: harper & bros., 1900.

hayes, carlton j. h. a generation of materialism, 1871–1900. new york: harper & bros., 1941.

headley, frederick w. darwinism and modern socialism. london: macmillan & co., 1909.

henkin, leo. darwinism in the english novel. new york: corporate press, 1940.

hobhouse, leonard. social evolution and political theory. new york: columbia university press, 1911.

——. mind in evolution. london: macmillan & co., 1901.

hodge, charles. what is darwinism? new york: scribner, armstrong,& co., 1874.

holt, henry. garrulities of an octogenarian editor. boston: houghton mifflin co., 1923.

hopkins, charles howard. the rise of the social gospel in american protestantism, 1865–1915. new haven: yale university press,1940.

huxley t. h. evolution and ethics and other essays. new york: the humboldt publishing co., 1894.

james, william. collected essays and reviews. new york: longmans,green & co., 1920.

——. the letters of william james (ed. henry james). boston: the atlantic monthly press, 1920. 2 vols.

——. memories and studies. new york: longmans, green & co., 1912.

——. a pluralistic universe. new york: longmans green & co., 1909.

——. pragmatism. new york: longmans, green & co., 1907.

——. the principles of psychology. new york: henry holt & co., 1890. 2 vols.

——. the will to believe. new york: longmans, green & co., 1897. josephson, matthew. the politicos. new york: harcourt, brace & co., 1938.

——. the president makers. new york: harcourt, brace & co., 1940.

——. the robber barons. new york: harcourt, brace & co., 1934.

karpf, fay berger. american social psychology. new york and london: mcgraw-hill book co., 1932.

kazin, alfred. on native grounds. new york: reynal & hitchcock,1942.

keller, albert g. reminiscences of william graham sumner. new haven: yale university press, 1933.

kellicott, william e. the social direction of human evolution. new york: d. appleton & co., 1911.

kellogg, vernon. darwinism to-day. new york: henry holt & co., 1907.

kidd, benjamin. principles of western civilization. new york: the macmillan co., 1902.

——. social evolution. new york: macmillan & co., 1894.

kimball, elsa p. sociology and education. new york: columbia university press, 1932.

kraus, michael. a history of american history. new york: farrar &rinehart, 1937.

kropotkin, peter. mutual aid. london: w. heinemann, 1902.

lea, homer. the day of the saxon. new york: harper & bros., 1912.

——. the valor of ignorance. new york: harper & bros, 1909.

lewis, arthur m. evolution, social and organic. chicago: c. h. kerr,1908.

——. an introduction to sociology. chicago: c. h. kerr, 1913.

lippmann, walter. drift and mastery. new york: mitchell kennerly,1914.

lloyd, henry demarest. wealth against commonwealth. new york: harper & bros., 1894.

london, charmian. the book of jack london. new york: the century co., 1921. 2 vols.

london, jack. martin eden. new york: the macmillan co., 1908.

lowie, robert h. the history of ethnological theory. new york: farrar & rinehart, 1937.

lundberg, george a. et al. trends in american sociology. new york: harper & bros., 1929.

mcdougall, william. an introduction to social psychology. boston: j. w. luce & co., 1909.

mahan, alfred thayer. the interest of america in sea power. boston: little, brown & co., 1897.

maxim, hudson. defenseless america. new york: hearst’s international library co., 1915.

nasmyth, george. social progress and the darwinian theory. new york: g. p. putnam’s sons, 1916.

nevins, allan. the emergence of modern america, 1865–1878. new york: the macmillan co., 1928.

norderskiöld, erik. the history of biology. new york: alfred a. knopf, 1928.

osborn, henry fairfield. from the greeks to darwin. new york: charles scribner’s sons, 1899.

page, charles h. class and american sociology. new york: the dial press, 1940.

parrington, v. l. main currents in american thought. new york: harcourt, brace & co., 1927–1930. 3 vols.

patten, simon. the premises of political economy. philadelphia: j. b. lippincott co., 1885.

pearson, charles. national life and character. london and new york: macmillan & co., 1893.

pearson, karl. national life from the standpoint of science. london: a. and c. black, 1901.

peirce, charles sanders. chance, love, and logic (ed. morris r. cohen) new york: harcourt, brace & co., 1923.

perry, ralph barton. philosophy of the recent past. new york: charles scribner’s sons, 1926.

——. the present conflict of ideals. new york: longmans, green &co., 1918.

——. the thought and character of william james. boston: little,brown & co. 1935. 2 vols.

popenoe, paul, and johnson, roswell hill. applied eugenics. new york: the macmillan co., 1918.

pratt. julius w. expansionists of 1898. baltimore: the johns hopkins press, 1936.

rauschenbusch, walter. christianity and the social crisis. new york: the macmillan co., 1907.

——. christianizing the social order. new york: the macmillan,co., 1912.

riley, woodbridge. american thought from puritanism to pragmatism. new york: henry holt & co., 1915.

ritchie, david g. darwinism and politics. london: s. sonnenschein& co., 1889.

rogers, arthur k. english and american philosophy since 1800. new york: the macmillan co., 1922.

roosevelt, theodore. the new nationalism. new york: the outlook co., 1910.

——, and lodge, henry cabot. selections from the correspondence of theodore roosevelt and henry cabot lodge (ed. henry cabot lodge). new york: charles scribner’s sons, 2 vols.

——. the works of theodore roosevelt (national ed.) new york: charles scribner’s sons, 1926. 20 vols.

ross, edward a. foundations of sociology. new york: the macmillan co., 1905.

——. seventy years of it. new york: d. appleton-century co., 1936.

rumney, judah. herbert spencer’s sociology. london: williams and norgate, 1934.

schilpp, paul a, ed. the philosophy of john dewey. evanston and chicago: northwestern university press, 1939.

schlesinger, a. m. the rise of the city. new york: the macmillan co., 1933.

schurman, jacob gould. the ethical import of darwinism. new york: charles scribner’s sons, 1887.

singer, charles. a short history of biology. oxford: the clarendon press, 1931.

small, albion w. general sociology. chicago: the university of chicago press, 1905.

——, and vincent, george e. an introduction to the study of society. new york: american book co., 1894.

spence, herbert. an autobiography. new york: d. appleton & co., 1904. 2 vols.

——. first principles. new york: d. appleton & co., 1864.

——. the man versus the state (ed. truxton beale). mitchell kennerley, 1916.

——. the principles of ethics. new york: d. appleton & co., 1895–1898. 2 vols.

——. the principles of sociology. new york: d. appleton & co., 1876–1897. 3 vols.

——. social statics. new york: d. appleton & co., 1864.

——. the study of sociology. new york: d. appleton & co., 1874.

starr, harris e. william graham sumner. new york: henry holt &co., 1925.

stern, bernhard. lewis henry morgan, social evolutionist. chicago: university of chicago press, 1931.

——, ed. young ward’s diary. new york: g. p. putnam’s son, 1935.

stoddard, lothrop. the rising tide of color. new york: charles scribner’s sons, 1920.

strong, josiah. our country. new york: the american home missionary society, 1885.

sumner, william g. the challenge of facts and other essays. new haven: yale university press, 1914.

——. earth-hunger and other essays. new haven: yale university press, 1913.

——. essays of william graham sumner (ed. albert g. keller and maurice. r. davie) new haven: yale university press, 1934. 2 vols.

——. folkways. boston: ginn & co., 1906.

——. what social classes owe to each other. new york: harper & bros., 1883.

——, and keller albert g. the science of society. new haven: yale university press, 1927. 4 vols.

tarbell, ida. the nationalizing of business, 1878–1898. new york: the macmillan co., 1936.

thomson, j. arthur. darwinism and human life. new york: the macmillan co., 1911.

townshend, harvey g. philosophical ideas in the united states. new york: american book co., 1934.

veblen, thorstein. absentee ownership. new york: b. w. huebsch,1923.

——. essays in our changing order (ed. leon ardzrooni). new york: the viking press, 1934.

——. the instinct of workmanship. new york: b. w. huebsch, 1914.

——. the place of science in modern civilization. new york: b. w. huebsch, 1919.

——. the theory of business enterprise. new york: charles scribner’s sons, 1904.

——. the theory of the leisure class. new york: the macmillan co., 1899.

walling, william english. the larger aspects of socialism. new york: the macmillan co., 1913.

walker, francis a. the wages question. new york: henry holt & co., 1876.

ward, lester. applied sociology. boston: ginn & co., 1906.

——. dynamic sociology. new york: d. appleton & co., 1883, 2 vols.

——. glimpses of the cosmos. new york: g. p. putnam’s sons,1913–1918. 6 vols.

——. outlines of sociology. new york: the macmillan co., 1898.

——. the psychic factors of civilization. boston: ginn & co., 1893.

——. pure sociology. new york: the macmillan co., 1903.

warner, amos g. american charities. new york: t. y. crowell & co., 1894.

weinberg, albert k. manifest destiny. baltimore: the johns hopkins press, 1935.

weyl, walter. the new democracy. new york: the macmillan co., 1912.

wright, chauncey. philosophical discussions. new york: henry holt& co., 1877.

youmans, edward livingston, ed. herbert spencer on the americans and the americans on herbert spencer. new york: d. appleton&co., 1883.

young, arthur, n. the single tax movement in the united states. princeton: princeton university press, 1916.

论文

boas, franz. “human faculty as determined by race,” proceedings,american association for the advancement of science, xliii(1894), 301–327.

case, clarence m. “eugenics as a social philosophy,” journal of applied sociology, vii (1922), 1–12.

cochran thomas c. “the faith of our fathers,” frontiers ofdemocracy, vi (1939), 17–19.

cooley, charles h. “genius, fame, and the comparison of races,”annals of the american academy of political and social science,ix (1897), 317–358.

dewey john. “evolution and ethics,” monist, viii (1898), 321–341.

——. “social psychology,” psychological review, i (1894), 400–411.

ely, richard t. “the past and the present of political economy,” john hopkins university studies in historical and political science. ii(1884).

harrington, fred h. “literary aspects of american anti-imperialism,”new england quarterly, x (1937), 650–667.

hofstadter, richard. “william graham sumner, social darwinist,”new england quarterly, xiv (1941), 457–477.

huxley thomas henry. “administrative nihilism,” fortnightly review, n. s., xvi (1880), 525–543.

james, william. “great men, great thoughts, and the environment,”(reprinted in the will to believe. )

loewnberg, bert j. “the reaction of american scientists to darwinism,” american historical review, xxxviii (1933),687–701.

——. “darwinism comes to america,” mississippi valley historical review, xxviii (1941), 339–369.

——. “the controversy over evolution in new england, 1859–1873,” new england quarterly,vii (1935), 232–257.

patten simon. “the failure of biologic sociology,” annals of theamerican academy of political and social science, i (1894),919–947.

pratt, julius w. “the ideology of american expansion,” in essays in honor of william e. dodd (chicago university of chicago press,1935)，335–353.

ratner, sidney. “evolution and the rise of the scientific spirit in american,” philosophy of science, iii (1936), 104–122.

saveth, edward. “race and nationalism in american historiography: the late nineteenth century,” political science quarterly, liv(1939)，425–441.

schlesinger, a. m. “a critical period in american religion, 1875–1900,” massachusetts historical society proceeding, lxiv(1932), 523–547.

small, albion. “fifty years of sociology in the united states, 1865–1915,” american journal of sociology, xvi (1916), 721–864.

spencer, herbert. “a theory of population, deduced from the general law of animal fertility,” westminster review, lvii (1852), 468–501.

spiller, g[ustav]. “darwinism and sociology,” sociological review(manchester), vii (1914), 232–253.

stern, bernhard j. “giddings, ward, and small: an interchange of letters,” social forces, x (1932), 305–318.

——, ed. “the letters of ludwig gumplowicz to lester ward,”sociologus (leipzig), beiheft i, 93.

——, ed. “the letters of albion w. small to lester f. ward,” socialforces, xii (1933), 163–173; xiii (1935), 323–340; xiv (1936),174–186; xv (1937), 305–327.

——, ed. “letters of alfred russel wallace to lester f. ward,”scientific monthly, xl (1935), 375–379.

——, ed. “the ward ross correspondence, 1891–1896,” american sociological review, iii (1938), 362–401.

veblen, thorstein. “why is economics not an evolutionary science,”quarterly journal of economics, xiii (188), 373–397.

wells, colin, et al., “social darwinism,” american journal of sociology, xii (1907), 695–716.