alexander’s tactics.—his speech to the officers.

when alexander had received all this information from the persian scouts who had been captured, he remained four days in the place where he had received the news; and gave his army rest after the march. he meanwhile fortified his camp with a ditch and stockade, as he intended to leave behind the baggage and all the soldiers who were unfit for fighting, and to go into the contest accompanied by his warriors carrying with them nothing except their weapons. accordingly he took his forces by night, and began the march about the second watch, in order to come into collision with the foreigners at break of day. as soon as darius was informed of alexander’s approach, he at once drew out his army for battle; and alexander led on his men drawn up in like manner. though the armies were only sixty stades399 from each other, yet they were not in sight of each other, for between the hostile forces some hills intervened. but when alexander was only thirty stades distant from the enemy, and his army was already marching down from the hills just mentioned, catching sight of the foreigners, he caused his phalanx to halt there. calling a council of the companions, generals, cavalry officers, and leaders of the grecian allies and mercenaries, he deliberated with them, whether he should at once lead on the phalanx without delay, as most of them urged him to do; or, whether, as parmenio thought preferable, to pitch their tents there for the present, to reconnoitre all the ground, in order to 158see if there was anything there to excite suspicion or to impede their progress, or if there were ditches or stakes firmly fixed in the earth out of sight, as well as to make a more accurate survey of the enemy’s tactical arrangements. parmenio’s opinion prevailed, so they encamped there, drawn up in the order in which they intended to enter the battle. but alexander took the light infantry and the cavalry companions and went all round, reconnoitring the whole country where he was about to fight the battle. having returned, he again called together the same leaders, and said that they did not require to be encouraged by him to enter the contest; for they had been long before encouraged by their own valour, and by the gallant deeds which they had already so often achieved. he thought it expedient that each of them individually should stir up his own men separately; the infantry captain the men of his company, the cavalry captain his own squadron, the brigadiers their various brigades, and each of the leaders of the infantry the phalanx entrusted to him. he assured them that in this battle they were going to fight, not as before, either for coele-syria, phoenicia, or egypt, but for the whole of asia. for he said this battle would decide who were to be the rulers of that continent. it was not necessary for him to stir them up to gallant deeds by many words, since they had this valour by nature; but they should see that each man took care, so far as in him lay, to preserve discipline in the critical moment of action, and to keep perfect silence when it was expedient to advance in silence. on the other hand, they should see that each man uttered a sonorous shout, where it would be advantageous to shout, and to raise as terrible a battle-cry as possible, when a suitable opportunity occurred of raising the battle-cry. he told them to take care to obey his orders as quickly as possible, and to transmit the orders they had received to the ranks with159 all rapidity; each man remembering that both as an individual and in the aggregate he was increasing the general danger if he was remiss in the discharge of his duty, and that he was assisting to gain a victory if he zealously put forth his utmost exertions.