rejection of parmenio’s advice.

with these words and others like them he briefly exhorted his officers, and in return was exhorted by them to feel confidence in their valour. he then ordered the soldiers to take dinner and to rest themselves. it is said that parmenio came to him in his tent, and urged him to make a night attack on the persians; saying that thus he would fall upon them unprepared and in a state of confusion, and at the same time more liable to a panic in the dark.400 but the reply which he made, as others were listening to their conversation, was, that it would be mean to steal a victory, and that alexander ought to conquer in open daylight, and without any artifice. this vaunting did not appear any arrogance on his part, but rather to indicate self-confidence amid dangers. to me at any rate, he seems to have used correct reasoning in such a matter. for in the night many accidents have occurred unexpectedly to those who were sufficiently prepared for battle as well as to those who were deficiently prepared, which have caused the superior party to fail in their plans, and have handed the victory over to the inferior party, contrary to the expectations of both sides. though alexander was generally fond of encountering danger in battle, the night appeared to him perilous; and, besides, if darius were again defeated, 160a furtive and nocturnal attack on the part of the macedonians would relieve him of the necessity of confessing that he was an inferior general and commanded inferior troops. moreover, if any unexpected defeat befell his army, the circumjacent country was friendly to the enemy, and they were acquainted with the locality, whereas the macedonians401 were unacquainted with it, and surrounded by nothing but foes, of whom there were a great number prisoners. these would be a great source of anxiety, as they would be likely to assist in attacking them in the night, not only if they should meet with defeat, but even if they did not appear to be gaining a decisive victory. for this way of reasoning i commend alexander; and i think him no less worthy of admiration for his excessive desire to fight in open daylight.