tactics of the opposing generals.

darius and his army remained drawn up during the night in the same order as that in which they had first arrayed themselves; because they had not surrounded themselves with a completely entrenched camp, and, moreover, they were afraid that the enemy would attack them in the night. the success of the persians, on this occasion, was impeded especially by this long standing on watch with their arms, and by the fear which usually springs up before great dangers; which, however, was not then suddenly aroused by a momentary panic, but had been experienced for a long time, and had thoroughly cowed their spirits.402 the army of darius was drawn up in the following manner: for, according to the statement of aristobulus, the written scheme of arrangement drawn 161up by darius was afterwards captured. his left wing was held by the bactrian cavalry, in conjunction with the daans403 and arachotians; near these had been posted the persians, horse and foot mixed together; next to these the susians, and then the cadusians. this was the arrangement of the left wing as far as the middle of the whole phalanx. on the right had been posted the men from coele-syria and mesopotamia. on the right again were the medes; next to them the parthians and sacians; then the tapurians and hyrcanians, and last the albanians and sacesinians, extending as far as the middle of the whole phalanx. in the centre where king darius was, had been posted the king’s kinsmen,404 the persian guards carrying spears with golden apples at the butt end,405 the indians, the carians who had been forcibly removed to central asia, and the mardian archers.406 the uxians, the babylonians, the men who dwell near the red sea, and the sitacenians had also been drawn up in deep column. on the left, opposite alexander’s right, had been posted the scythian cavalry, about 1,000 bactrians and 100 scythe-bearing chariots. in front of darius’s royal squadron of cavalry stood the elephants and 50 chariots. in front of the right wing the armenian and cappadocian cavalry with 50 scythe-bearing chariots had been posted. the greek mercenaries, as alone capable of coping with the macedonians, were stationed right opposite their phalanx, in 162two divisions close beside darius himself and his persian attendants, one division on each side.407

alexander’s army was marshalled as follows: the right wing was held by the cavalry companions, in front of whom had been posted the royal squadron, commanded by clitus, son of dropidas. near this was the squadron of glaucias, next to it that of aristo, then that of sopolis, son of hermodorus, then that of heraclides, son of antiochus. near this was that of demetrius, son of althaemenes, then that of meleager, and last one of the royal squadrons commanded by hegelochus, son of hippostratus. all the cavalry companions were under the supreme command of philotas, son of parmenio. of the phalanx of macedonian infantry, nearest to the cavalry had been posted first the select corps of shield-bearing guards, and then the rest of the shield-bearing-guards, under the command of nicanor, son of parmenio. next to these was the brigade of coenus, son of polemocrates; after these that of perdiceas, son of orontes, then that of meleager, son of neoptolemus, then that of polysperchon,408 son of simmias, and last that of amyntas, son of andromenes, under the command of simmias, because amyntas had been despatched to macedonia to levy an army. the brigade of craterus, son of alexander, held the left end of the macedonian phalanx, and this general commanded the left wing of the infantry.409 next to him was the allied grecian 163cavalry, under the command of erigyius, son of larichus. next to these, towards the left wing of the army, were the thessalian cavalry, under the command of philip, son of menelaüs. but the whole left wing was led by parmenio, son of philotas, round whose person were ranged the pharsalian horsemen, who were both the best and most numerous squadron of the thessalian cavalry.