prescott says: “of all that extensive empire which once acknowledged the authority of spain in the new world, no portion for interest and importance, can be compared with mexico;—and this equally, whether we consider the variety of its soil and climate; the inexhaustible stores of its mineral wealth; its scenery, grand and picturesque beyond example; the character of its ancient inhabitants, not only far surpassing in intelligence that of the other north american races, but reminding us, by their monuments, of the primitive civilization of egypt and hindoostan; or, lastly, the peculiar circumstances of its conquest, adventurous and romantic as any legend devised by norman or italian bard of chivalry.”
[2]
mexico is a country in which the old predominates. the american visitor will bring back more distinct recollections of the egyptian carts and plows, the primitive manners and customs, than he will of the evidences of modern civilization. an educated mexican whom i met, chided the americans for this tendency, for, said he, “all that is written of mexico is descriptive of the indians and their habits, while progressive mexico is ignored.” this is to a great extent true, for it is the unique and ancient that attracts and holds the attention of the traveller. for this reason tourists go to egypt to see the pyramids, sphinx and tombs of the pharaohs.
it is not necessary for the traveller to venture out upon perilous seas to see mute evidences of a life older than printed record. in this land of ancient civilization and primitive customs, there are cities which stand out like oriental pearls transplanted to the occident from the shores of the red sea. here in mexico can be found pyramids which are no mean rivals to those great piles on the egyptian deserts; crumbling ruins of tombs, and palaces, and temples, ornamented in arabesque and grecque designs, not unlike the structures along the banks of the mighty nile; and the[3] same primitive implements of husbandry which we have viewed so often in the pages of the large family bible. then, as an additional attraction, there is the actual presence of the aborigines, aztec, zapotec, and chichimec, speaking the same language, observing the same ceremonies, and following the same customs which were old when the foreigners came.
there is no history to enlighten us as to the age of these monuments, and there are few hieroglyphics to be deciphered upon which a rosetta stone might shed light. the student is led to wonder whether the egyptian civilization antedated the mexican, or whether the former is simply the mexican learning and skill transplanted to the orient and there modified and improved. it is quite possible, that, while our own ancestors were still barbarians, and little better than savages, swarming over northern europe, the early races in mexico had developed a civilization advanced and progressive. they knew how to build monuments which in masonry and carving teach us lessons to-day. they made beautiful pottery and artistic vessels, and they used gold for money and ornaments.
notwithstanding the fact that for a thousand[4] miles the republics of mexico and the united states join, the average american knows less concerning mexico than he does of many european countries; and it is much misunderstood as well as misrepresented. mexico possesses the strongest possible attractions for the tourist. its scenic wonders are unsurpassed in any other part of the globe in natural picturesqueness; and no country in europe presents an aspect more unfamiliar and strange to american eyes, or exceeds it in historic interest.
vast mountains including snow-capped popocatapetl and ixtaccihuatl, the loftiest peaks on the american continent, are seen here amid scenes of tropical beauty and luxuriance. great cities are found with their customs and characteristics almost unchanged since they were built by the spaniards; and there are still more ancient cities and temples which were built by prehistoric races.
snow-capped popocatapetl
it is a land of tradition and romance, and of picturesque contrasts. at almost every turn there is something new, unique, interesting, and even startling. it has all the climates from the torrid zone to regions of perpetual snow on the summits of the lofty volcanic peaks, and is capable of producing nearly every fruit found[5] between the equator and the arctic circle. the softness and sweetness of the air; the broken and ever-varying line of rugged hills against a matchless sky; the beautiful views between the mountain ranges; the care-free life which is omnipresent each add their charm to the composite picture. dirt is everywhere and poverty abounds, but even these are removed from the commonplace by the brilliant colour on every hand.
f. hopkinson smith in “a white umbrella in mexico” epitomizes this marvellously attractive country as follows: “a land of white sunshine, redolent with flowers; a land of gay costumes, crumbling churches, and old convents; a land of kindly greetings, of extreme courtesy, of open, broad hospitality. it was more than enough to revel in an italian sun, lighting up a semi-tropical land; to look up to white-capped peaks, towering into blue; to look down upon wind-swept plains, encircled by ragged chains of mountains; to catch the sparkle of miniature cities, jewelled here and there in oases of olive and orange; and to realize that to-day, in its varied scenery, costumes, architecture, street life, canals crowded with flower-laden boats, market plazas thronged with gaily-dressed natives, faded church interiors,[6] and abandoned convents, mexico is the most marvellously picturesque country under the sun. a tropical venice! a semi-barbarous spain! a new holy land.”
mexico contains a greater area than is generally understood. it is shaped very much like a cornucopia with an extreme length of nineteen hundred miles, a breadth of seven hundred and fifty miles, and an area of nearly eight hundred thousand square miles. at its narrowest point, the isthmus of tehuantepec, it is only one hundred and twenty-five miles across from ocean to ocean. there is a double range of mountains, one near the pacific coast and the other near the coast of the gulf of mexico, between which lie the great table lands, or plateaus, which constitute a large part of the surface.
transcriber’s note: the map is clickable for a larger version, if the device you’re reading this on supports that.
three distinct climates are found in mexico determined by altitude. those regions six thousand feet or more above sea level are called the tierras frias, or cold lands. this is only a relative term, for the cold does not correspond with that of our own northern states. though termed “cold,” the mean temperature is not lower than that of central italy. those lands lying at an altitude of six thousand feet, down to three thousand feet, above sea level[7] are termed the tierras templadas, or temperate lands. this is a region of perpetual humidity and is semi-tropical in its vegetation and temperature. an altitude from four thousand to six thousand feet in mexico gives a most delightful climate.
along both the atlantic and pacific coasts there is a more or less broad tract called the tierra caliente, or hot land, which is a truly tropical region. forests of dense growth cover the soil, so thick that it is impossible to penetrate them without blazing your way as you go, and in the midst of which tower trees of magnificent size, such as are to be seen only in the tropics. here it is that nature is over-prodigal in her gifts; and here it is that the vomito, as yellow fever is called, lurks with fatal effect. the winds from the sea generally mitigate the fierce heat, especially if one can remain out of the sun during the middle of the day. sometimes these winds on the atlantic coast acquire great velocity, and burst forth upon the unprotected shores with terrific fury as the so-called “northers.” there is no true winter here, but there is a rainy season from june to october, and a dry season from november to may, the former being the colder.
“in the course of a few hours,” says prescott,[8] “the traveller may experience every gradation of climate, embracing torrid heat and glacial cold, and pass through different zones of vegetation including wheat and the sugar-cane, the ash and the palm, apples, olives, and guavas.” the dwellings vary also. in the hot lands the habitations are constructed of bamboo and light poles open to sun and wind, for the only shelter needed is protection from the elements; in the temperate region the huts are made of heavier poles, and are somewhat more durable; in the higher lands they are built of adobe or stone. sugar cane and coffee, and even the banana, will grow up to four thousand feet. wheat grows best at six thousand feet and pines commence here too. at seven thousand feet cactus appears, and the maguey, ushering in an entirely different zone. mexico is a country of extremes of heat and cold, poverty and riches, filth and cleanliness, education and extreme ignorance.
every schoolboy knows of loch katrine and loch lomond in bonnie scotland, and most people are familiar with the location of lago di como, in italy. and yet i should not be surprised if fair-sized towns could be found in the united states where no one could tell whether such a body of water as lake chapala[9] existed or not. as a matter of fact it is ten times as large as all the lakes of northern italy combined; and it embraces islands larger than the entire surface of loch lomond. its steely blue waters and rugged shores need only the magic pen of the novelist or poet to tell of its beauties and invest each nook and glen with romance, and the charming villas of como to make chapala as picturesque and fascinating as those better known lakes. it is almost a hundred miles long and thirty-three miles wide at the widest point, and covers fourteen hundred square miles. patzcuaro and cuitzeo are also lakes of considerable size near chapala, and all of them are six thousand feet or more above sea level. they only await development and advertising to become popular resorts.
the vast majority of the inhabitants of mexico are descendants of indian races who were found there by the spanish conquerors, and mixtures of those natives with european settlers. of the fourteen millions of inhabitants only about nineteen per cent. are white; of the remainder, forty-three per cent. are indians and thirty-eight per cent. mixed. there is a greater resemblance of the mexican indians to the malay races of asia than to the american indians.[10] their intensely black hair and eyes, brown complexion, small stature, and even a slight obliquity of the eyes bear a strong resemblance to the japanese. i have seen it stated that, if a japanese is dressed in mexican costume, and a mexican in japanese dress, it is difficult to tell which is the jap and which the mexican. students of languages say that there is a strong similarity between the mexican tongues and oriental languages. the different tribes do not mingle much and seldom intermarry, and this fact may contribute to their physical deterioration.
an indian maiden
whence came this people? no one can answer. it is generally supposed that the aztecs came from what are now the south-western states of the union, and wandered into the valley of mexico. they were defeated by the tribes then dwelling there, and sought refuge on the shores of lake texcoco. there they beheld a golden eagle of great size and beauty resting on a prickly cactus and devouring a serpent which it held in its talons, and with its wings outstretched toward the rising sun. this was the sign for which they had been looking, and there they proceeded to erect their capital. they first built houses of rushes and reeds in the shallow water and lived upon fish, and constructed[11] floating gardens. as the waters receded somewhat they built more durable structures, including great palaces and temples. they extended their sway over neighbouring races beyond the valley and conquered tribe after tribe, although never claiming dominion over more than a small portion of the present confines of mexico. the legend of the eagle and the cactus is still preserved in the coat-of-arms of the present republic.
of the aztecs and their history prior to the conquest little is known, except that the country was called anahuac. prescott has made his “conquest of mexico” as fascinating as a novel, but he has shown the romantic side based upon knowledge of the most fragmentary character. the writings which pass for history were either written by bigoted priests who could not see anything good in an idolatrous people, and who, to please the leaders, painted the aztecs in blackest colours to justify the cruel measures taken, or they were written by spaniards who never visited the country of which they presumed to write. as it has been said, “a most gorgeous superstructure of fancy has been raised upon a very meagre foundation of fact.” their civilization was in many respects marvellous and far ahead of that of any[12] other race on the western hemisphere. under the montezumas they had grown into a powerful nation, and their rule was one of barbaric splendour and luxury.
the aztecs succeeded an older race called the toltecs who were also far advanced in civilization. they were nature worshippers and not only did not indulge in human sacrifices, but were averse to war and detested falsehood and treachery. a toltec noble is said to have instructed his son after the following manner before sending him away from home: “never tell a falsehood, because a lie is a grievous sin! speak ill of nobody. be not dissolute, for thereby thou wilt incense the gods, and they will cover thee with infamy. steal not, nor give thyself up to gaming; otherwise thou wilt be a disgrace to thy parents, whom thou oughtest rather to honour, for the education they have given thee. if thou wilt be virtuous, thy example will put the wicked to shame.”
both of these races were also great builders and sculptors and had cultivated the art of picture-writing. they were well housed, decently clothed, made cloth, enjoyed vapour baths, maintained schools, and had a large assortment of household gods. they mined some,[13] and in agriculture, at least, were far ahead of the mexicans of to-day.
the vandalism of the spaniards in destroying the writings and other records of the early races is rebuked by prescott as follows: “we contemplate with indignation the cruelties inflicted by the early conquerors. but indignation is qualified with contempt when we see them thus ruthlessly trampling out the sparks of knowledge, the common boon and property of mankind. we may well doubt which has the strongest claim to civilization, the victor or the vanquished.”
the mexico of to-day cannot be understood without looking for a moment at its settlement and the manner of the conquest. the spanish conquistadores who flocked to these shores with cortez were a different race from those early settlers, who, persecuted and denied liberty of conscience in the land of their birth, sought a new home on our own hospitable shores. with the union of the crowns of castille and aragon by the marriage of ferdinand and isabella, and the discovery of the new world, spain had suddenly leaped to the front, and become, for a time at least, the greatest nation of the day. ships were constructed in great numbers and[14] sent out, filled with voyagers, “towards that part of the horizon where the sun set.”
in the sixteenth century she had practically become the mistress of the seas and the most powerful nation in the world. her soldiers were brave and the acknowledged leaders of chivalry, but the curse of the spaniards was their thirst for gold, and her decay was rapid. when cortez and his band of adventurers came to the court of montezuma, and saw the lavish display of vessels and ornaments made of the precious metal, they thought they had discovered the land of gold for which they were searching. attracted by the glowing reports of untold wealth, thousands of spaniards soon followed the first bands of conquistadores, and they rapidly spread over the entire country occupied by the aztecs, ever searching for the mines from whence this golden harvest came. while the leaders were imprisoning and torturing the aztec chieftains to force them to give up the hiding places of their treasures, the priests, who everywhere accompanied the soldiers, were baptizing thousands into the new faith and using the confessional for the same end. thus religious bigotry and the mania for worldly riches went side by side, and ever ringing[15] in the ears of both priest and warrior was the refrain:
“gold! gold! gold! gold!
bright and yellow, hard and cold.”
shortly after the conquest all the desirable lands were parcelled out among the invaders and the few indian caciques who had helped, with their powerful influence, in their subjugation. the spaniards rapidly pacified the country, for the aztec masses, however warlike they may have been before the coming of the spaniards, were subdued by one blow. they were soon convinced that opposition to the power of spain was useless. the priests, also, through their quickly acquired influence, taught submission to those whom god, in his infinite wisdom, had placed over them. chiefs who would not yield otherwise were bribed to use their power over their vassals in favour of the spaniards. thus by force, bribery, intrigue, diplomacy, treachery, and even religion, the indians were reconciled and the spirit of opposition to the spaniards broken. the result was a new and upstart nobility who ruled the country with an iron hand in the course of a few decades; and the natives, with the exception[16] of the chiefs, were made vassals of these newly made nobles.
an era of building followed, in which great palaces after the grandiose ideas of spain were constructed by indian workmen. churches were built with lavish hand, for these nobles thought to atone for their many misdeeds by constructing and dedicating places of worship to almighty god, who, according to the teaching of the priest, was the god of the poor, oppressed indian as well as the god of the haughty spaniard who had enslaved him. as one writer has said: “when john smith and his followers were looking for gold mines in virginia and the pilgrims were planting corn in massachusetts, an empire had been founded and built up on the same continent by the spaniards, and the most stupendous system of plunder the world ever saw was then and there in vigorous operation.” cortez was searching for “a people who had much gold” of which he had heard. it was not god but gold that drew him in his campaign over mexico. he did not aim to christianize the natives so much as enrich himself and acquire empire for his sovereign, and religion was a subterfuge plausible and popular in that age.
“i die,” said the patriot hidalgo, when about[17] to be executed in 1811, “but the seeds of liberty will be watered by my blood. the cause will not die; that still lives and will surely triumph.” his prediction came true, and freedom from the spanish yoke of three centuries was secured ten years later after the shedding of much blood. peace did not follow at once, however, for in the fifty years succeeding the declaration of independence the form of government changed ten times, and there were fifty-four different rulers, including two emperors and a number of dictatorships. special privileges are difficult to eradicate when established by long usage, and those enjoying them yield only to force. the church, which had imposed on the people such a vast number of priests, friars, and nuns, and had acquired the most of the wealth of the country, clung with the grip of death to its privileges and property. the changes came gradually, but it has been a half-century since the church and state were formally separated by constitutional amendment. the bigoted and despotic romanism, which was allied with the spanish aristocracy, has at last been subdued. a more tolerant spirit is springing up towards other forms of religious faith through the efforts of a powerful and liberal government. education is also freeing the people[18] from the superstitious ignorance which has hitherto prevailed in most parts of mexico. there are occasional outbursts of fanaticism, but they are quickly suppressed, and the government is making an honest effort to preserve freedom of worship to all faiths.
the united states of mexico is a federation composed of twenty-seven states, three territories, and the federal district in which the capital is located. the states are sovereign within themselves and are held together under a federal constitution very much like our own. this constitution was adopted on the 5th of february, 1857, and its semi-centennial was recently celebrated with a few of the original signers present. there is a congress composed of two bodies, the senate and chamber of deputies which meets twice each year. each state is represented in the former by two senators and in the latter by one representative for each forty thousand of population. the right of suffrage is restricted so that only a small proportion of the population can exercise that privilege. they have not really reached popular government, and politics, as we know them in the united states, do not exist. a presidential election scarcely caused a ripple on the surface. president diaz was no doubt the popular[19] choice, but comparatively few votes were cast at his last election. the rule of the diaz government although decidedly autocratic was beneficient, and has redounded to the good of the country. though practically an absolute ruler, president diaz always acted through the regularly organized channels of a complete form of republican government, and outwardly, at least, there was no semblance of a dictatorship.
mexico is a country of great natural resources and possibilities which have been only partially developed. its soil is remarkably fertile and could support five times, and, if water could be found on the plateaus, ten times the present population. and i say this notwithstanding the fact that one man has said that mexico is the poorest country south of greenland, and north of the south pole. the flora of the country, among which are many useful and medicinal plants, is exceedingly rich and varied. more species of fibre plants are found there than in any other country, and the commercial utility of these plants is not yet fully appreciated. in no country has there been greater waste of natural resources than the spanish conquerors caused in mexico. it is as a mining country that mexico has been best known and the mexican silver mines have been[20] famous ever since the discovery of the new world, and they are still the greatest single source of wealth. some of them which have been worked for centuries are still yielding small fortunes in the white metal each year.
the mexican has his own view of the united states and does not call our boasted progress and much-vaunted civilization, with its hurry, brusque ways and the blotting out of the finer courtesies, an improvement. he appreciates our mechanical contrivances and electrical inventions, but prefers to enjoy life after his own fashion and in the way he thinks that god intended in order to keep men happy. the civilization received by mexico in the sixteenth century was looked upon as equal to the best in existence, and to this was added an ancient civilization found in the country. from these sources a manner of living has been evolved which bears evidences of culture and refinement. this system has flowed on through the intervening centuries, undisturbed by the march of progress, until the last quarter of a century. things cannot be changed to anglo-saxon standards in a year, or two years, or even a generation. to americanize mexico will be a difficult if not impossible undertaking, and there are no signs of such a transition.[21] americans who live there fall into mexican ways and moral standards more frequently than mexicans are converted to the american point of view. the influence of traditions, customs, and climate, and the centuries-old habit of letting the morrow take care of itself is too great to be overcome.
