the traveller going to mexico by rail will discover that that country begins long before the border is reached. while travelling over the great state of texas, where the dialect of the natives is as broad as the rolling prairie round about, he is reminded of our southern neighbour by the soft accents of the spanish language, or by the entrance into the coach of a mexican cowboy with his great hat and picturesque suit. leaving beautiful san antonio, which is a spanish city modernized, it is but a few hours until the train crosses the muddy rio grande at laredo and, after passing an imaginary line in the centre of the stream, enters the land of burros and sombreros, a land of mysterious origin and vast antiquity.
“the land of burros and sombreros”
the custom officials are very polite and soon affix the necessary label “despachado” to the baggage. “vamonos” (we go) replaces the[23] familiar “all aboard,” and the train moves out over a country as flat and dreary as a desert. by whichever route the traveller enters mexico, the journey is very uninteresting for the first half day. there is nothing to relieve the monotony except the telephone and telegraph poles, with their picturesque cross-arms standing out on the desert waste like giant sentinels. there is no vegetation except the prickly pear, cactus, and feather duster palms, for frequently no rain falls for years at a time. it seems almost impossible that anything can get moisture from the parched air of these plains. but nature has strange ways of adapting life to conditions. a good illustration of this is seen in the ixtle, a species of cactus whose leaves look as if they could not absorb any moisture because of a hard varnish-like coat. whenever any water in the form of dew or rain appears, however, this glaze softens and the plant absorbs all the moisture available and then glazes over again as soon as the sun comes out.
there is very little life here. sometimes at the stations a few adobe huts are seen where dwell the section hands, and a few goats are visible which, no doubt, find the prickly pear and cactus with an occasional railroad spike[24] thrown in for variety, much more satisfying than an unchanging diet of tin cans such as falls to the lot of the city goat. the mountain ranges then appear, and never is the traveller out of sight of them in mexico. on either side, toward the east and toward the west, is a range with an ever varying outline, sometimes near, then far,—advancing and retreating. at a distance in this clear atmosphere their rough features are mellowed by a soft haze into amethyst and purple; nearer they sometimes rise like a camp of giants and are the most fantastic mountains that earthquakes ever made in sport, looking as if nature had laughed herself into the convulsions in which they were formed.
the mexican national railway follows a broad road that was formerly an indian trail, and the track crosses and recrosses this highway many times. by this same route it is probable that early mexican races entered that country and marched down toward the valley of mexico. it was by this way that general taylor invaded the country during the mexican war and several engagements took place along the line of this railroad.
the first town of any size is monterey, capital of the state of nuevo leon, the oldest and one of the most important cities in northern[25] mexico. it lies in a lovely valley with high hills on every side. it is at a lower altitude than the cities farther south on this line and enjoys a salubrious climate. monterey is a very much americanized town and has great smelters, factories, and breweries, but it also boasts of beautiful gardens and some old churches. the topo chico hot springs only a few miles away have a great reputation for healing. here it was, in 1846, that general taylor overcame a much superior force of the enemy under general ampudia in a desperate and stubbornly disputed battle lasting several days, the contest being hotly fought from street to street. the mexican troops entered the houses and shot at the american soldiers from the windows and roofs. it is now a city of more than fifty thousand people.
leaving monterey, the road soon begins a gradual ascent to the higher plateaus and reaches the zone called tierra fria, or cold country. this name would seem a misnomer to one who hails from the land of snow and ice, for the mean temperature of this “cold land” is that of a perpetual spring such as is enjoyed north of mason and dixon’s line. it is properly applied to all that part of mexico which is six thousand feet or more above the[26] level of the sea and the greater part of the immense central plateaus comes within this designation. these plains which comprise about two-thirds of the entire country, are formed by the great andes range of mountains which separates into two great cordillerias near oaxaca and gradually grow farther and farther apart as they approach the rio grande. the western branch crowds the shore of the pacific and the eastern follows the coast line of the gulf of mexico, but the latter keeps at a greater distance from the sea, thus giving a wider expanse of the hotlands. they are not level tablelands, these mesas, as they always slope in some direction. the arid condition follows as a natural course, for the lofty ranges cause the rain to be precipitated on the coast lands except during certain seasons in the year when the winds change. when the rains do come, a miracle is wrought, and the sombre landscape blossoms into a lively green dotted with flowers. it is rare to find such great plains at so high an altitude. although now almost barren of trees it is probable that in early times these tablelands were covered with a forest growth principally of oak and cypress. this is evidenced by the few groves that yet remain, in which many of the trees are of[27] extraordinary dimensions. the spaniards completed the spoliation that had been begun by the earlier races.
saltillo, the next important town, is the capital of the state of coahuila. it is interesting to americans, as just a few miles from here and near the railway took place the battle of buena vista, at the village of that name. here the americans under general taylor sent double their number of mexicans under the notorious santa anna, flying on february 23rd, 1847.
still climbing, the road continues toward the capital, passes through a rich mining district, and after the tropic of cancer is crossed the traveller is in the torrid zone, the spot being marked by a pyramid. plains, seemingly endless, where for a hundred miles the long stretch of track is without a curve, are traversed, and so dry that wells and water-tanks are objects of interest. it is mostly given up to vast haciendas. some of these estates still remain in the hands of the original families as granted at the time of the conquest.
it was on these vast, seemingly barren plateaus that the hacienda reached its highest development. one does not go far south of the rio grande before the significance of this[28] institution in mexican life becomes apparent. sometimes when the train stops at a little adobe station with a long name, the traveller wonders what is the need of a station; for there is no town and only a few native huts clustered around the depot. however a glance around the horizon will reveal the towers and spire of a hacienda nestling at the foot of the hills perhaps several miles away. in the olden times they took the place of the feudal castles of the middle ages in europe and in these sparsely settled regions they were especially necessary. within the high walls which often surround them for protection were centralized the residence of the owner and all of his employees and the necessary buildings to store the products of the soil. the hacendado’s home was a large, roomy building, for, since there were no inns, the traveller must be entertained and hospitality was of the open-handed sort. the travel-worn wayfarer was welcomed and no questions asked. his wants were supplied and at his departure the benediction “go, and god be with you,” followed him. even yet at some of these great haciendas, where the old-time customs prevail, the bell is rung at mealtime and any one who hears it is welcomed at the table.
[29]
the term hacienda has a double meaning, for it is applied both to the great estates and to the buildings. it is a patriarchal existence that is led by these landed proprietors. a thousand peons and more are frequently attached to the estate. near the station of villa reyes is a great hacienda which once controlled twenty thousand peons. these must be provided with homes, but a room fifteen feet square is considered sufficient for a family, no matter how large. little furniture is needed, for they live out of doors mostly, and mats, which can be removed during the day, take the place of cumbersome beds. the administrador, who may be an indian also, and other heads, live better and are housed in larger quarters. a church is always a part of the estate and a priest must be kept to furnish spiritual solace, as well as a doctor to administer to those whose bodies are infirm. schools are also maintained by most of the proprietors to-day. the peon must be provided with his provisions each week and a little patch of ground for his own use. around the buildings lie the cultivated fields, and from early morn until the shades of night have fallen, lines of burros are constantly passing in and out laden with wood, corn, vegetables, poultry,[30] boxes of freight, and all the other items of traffic which are a part of the life of this great household.
after piercing another of the mountain ranges which intersect the country from east to west, and traversing miles of fertile fields and gardens bearing semi-tropical fruits and vegetables, the road enters a valley and the city of san luis potosi is reached. every country has its saint louis, but only one has a saint louis of the treasure, and that is san luis potosi, the capital of the state of that name. it lies in a spreading plain of great fertility—made so by irrigation—whose gardens extend to the encircling hills that are rich in the mineral treasures which give the city its name. the san pedro mines near here alone produce an annual output of several millions. these mines were revealed to spaniards by an indian who had become converted to christianity. there is a mint here that coins several millions of dollars each year.
market scene in san luis potosi
san luis potosi is not a new city nor has its growth been of the mushroom variety. founded in the middle of the sixteenth century, it preserves to-day in wood and stone the spirit of old spain transplanted by the conquerors to the new world. drawn hither by the reports[31] of gold, the spanish cavalier stalked through the streets of this town in complete mail before the mayflower landed on the shores of massachusetts. the priests were chanting the solemn service of the church here long before the english landed at jamestown. dust had gathered on the municipal library, which now contains a hundred thousand volumes, centuries before the building of the first little red school house in the united states. before new york had been thought of, the drama of life was being enacted here daily after castillian models.
it is a cleanly city and the bright attractive look of its houses is refreshing. a city ordinance compels the citizens to keep up the appearance of their houses, and the colours remind one of seville. it is pleasant to walk along these streets and through the plazas with their trees and flowers and fountains.
i will never forget my arrival in this city. we reached there about midnight, having been delayed by a wreck; and a number of mozos pounced upon the party of americans who had been dropped by the belated train, each one eager to carry some of the baggage. we were marched through the alameda, which, for a wonder, adjoins the station, on walks shaded[32] by broad-leaved, tropical plants, down narrow streets and around several corners to the hotel. arrived here it was only after several minutes of vigorous knocking that a sleepy-looking porter opened the door, and we entered the hotel and walked down the hall through a line of sleeping servants. the room finally assigned to my friend and myself was thirty-four feet long, sixteen feet wide and about twenty-five feet high, and there were four great windows extending nearly from ceiling to floor and protected by heavy iron bars which made them look like the windows of a prison. it had doubtless been some church property at one time, but whether monastery or convent i did not learn.
cock-fighting in mexico
not all this city is pretty however, for distance often lends enchantment, and a closer scrutiny takes away much of this charm. i saw filth on the streets here that can only be duplicated in old spain itself. there are numerous churches and several of them are quite pretentious and contain some fine paintings. on the fa?ade of one church there is a clock presented by the king of spain in return for the largest piece of gold ever found in america. san luis is a thrifty city as mexican towns go and has numerous manufacturing establishments,[33] including a large smelting works, the compania metallurgica, and is an important railroad centre. it is distant from the city of mexico three hundred and sixty-two miles, and has a population of seventy thousand souls.
this city claims quite a number of american families as residents and many of the storekeepers have been somewhat americanized, for they actually seem to be on the lookout for business. the state capitol is a very interesting building. while looking through this palace i saw the “line up” of petty offenders who were being sent out to sweep the streets. they were the worst looking lot of pulque-drinkers i ever saw and were clothed in rags. each one was given a handful of twigs with which he was obliged to sweep the streets and gutters, and they were sent out in gangs, each under a police officer. the vices of these people are generally more evident than their virtues. they are inveterate gamblers. wherever one goes (not alone in san luis potosi) fighting cocks are encountered tied by the leg to a stake with a few feet of string. or they may be carried in the arms of young would-be sports who brag of their birds to any one who will listen. one day i saw a man with a cock whose head was one bloody-looking mass. he had just cut off[34] the rooster’s comb. when i stopped and looked, the indian laughed as though it were a great joke and said he was “much sick.” this was done so that in a fight his opponent could not catch hold of the comb. itinerant cock-fighters who travel across the country carrying their birds in hollow straw tubes are popular fellows.
leaving san luis potosi at noontime the traveller catches his last glimpse of this city where
“upon the whitened city walls
the golden sunshine softly falls,
on archways set with orange trees,
on paven courts and balconies.”
the train soon enters a rich agricultural belt and the country becomes more populous. giant cacti towering straight and tall to a height of fifteen or twenty feet are a common sight.
dolores hidalgo where the patriot-priest first sounded the call to liberty and revolution is passed. then comes querétero, which occupies a prominent place in mexican history and is the last city of any size on the way to the capital. here the treaty of peace between mexico and the united states was negotiated. in this city maximilian played the last act in the[35] tragedy of the empire. he was captured while attempting to escape on june 19th, 1867, and was shot on the cerro de las campa?as, a little hill just outside the city. with him were shot generals miramon and mejia. maximilian died with the cry of “viva mexico” on his lips. there is a magnificent aqueduct here which, because of the high arches, looks like the old ruined aqueduct seen on approaching rome. the tallest arch is nearly one hundred feet. the entire length of the aqueduct is about five miles and it is still in use. there are a number of factories for cotton goods. among them is the great hercules mill which employs more than two thousand hands. the grounds are laid out in elaborate and beautiful style.
after climbing the mountain range again until an altitude of nearly ten thousand feet has been reached, the descent begins and the beauty of the valley of mexico unfolds. fleeting glimpses of the scene may be caught through little gaps in the mountains until finally the train enters a pass and the traveller has his first view of the city of mexico. beyond the glittering towers and domes of the modern city on the site of the ancient aztec capital lies the bright expanse of the lakes, and still further in the distance is seen the encircling[36] girdle of mountains like a protecting wall around this enchanted scene.
there are many other cities situated on these vast plateaus, for the tierra fria has always maintained the bulk of the population in spite of the extraordinary richness of the lowlands. they are growing in size as manufacturing establishments become more numerous. a number of them like chihuahua, aguas calientes, zacatecas, guanajuato, durango, and leon are interesting cities of from thirty to forty thousand inhabitants and all of them are old. chihuahua (pronounced che-wa-wa) is the capital of the state of that name which is the largest state in the republic and is twice as large as the state of ohio. it has a population of less than four hundred thousand. this will serve to give a little idea of the vastness of these great tablelands and the sparseness of population. it is chiefly devoted to great ranches where hundreds of thousands of cattle are grazed.
it may be interesting to note that cattle ranching originated in this state. all the terms used on the range and roundup are of spanish origin and are the same that have been employed for centuries. one man here is the owner of a cattle ranch covering seventeen million[37] acres. the traveller might journey for days and cross ranges of mountains and not pass beyond his princely domain. there are a number of cattle ranches of from one to two million acres and a few americans are now entering the field here since the public domain in the united states has dwindled so much.
two cities, guadalajara and puebla, have long disputed for the honour of second city in the republic. puebla is situated southeast of the capital and is a city of tiles, for tiles are used everywhere from the domes of churches to floors for the devout to kneel upon. it is the capital of the richest state in the republic and has probably seen more of the vicissitudes of war than any other city. it has been captured and occupied successively by spaniards, americans and french and by revolutionists times without number. this city was the scene of general zaragossa’s victory on may 5th, 1862, when he repulsed the french forces just outside the city’s gates. this victory is celebrated each year as the “cinco de mayo” (fifth of may) and is the great anti-foreign day. formerly foreigners did not show themselves on the street on this day, but that antagonistic sentiment has disappeared. in 1906 because of labour disturbances for which american[38] agitators were blamed trouble was feared on this day, but it passed off without an unpleasant incident. this city was founded as early as 1532. its history is romantic and full of legends recounting the many visits of the angels. angels appeared one night and staked out the city. again, while the cathedral was being built, the angels came after nightfall when the city was wrapped in slumber and built a great part of the tower. at another time the angels were marshalled in mighty hosts just over the city. the people can even point out to you the very places where the angelic visitors roosted. the ecclesiastical records vouch for these appearances of the heavenly visitors and the people devoutly believe in them.
puebla has wide streets—for mexico—and many beautiful plazas with flowers and fountains. it is also noted for its bull-fights and has two bull-rings. these are in use nearly every sunday and frequently for the benefit of or in honour of some church feast or departed saint. the public buildings are very creditable and the city contains good schools and hospitals. a goodly number of foreigners live here, especially germans. i have noticed that the germans affiliate with the mexicans[39] much better than americans generally do. one reason is that they come here to establish their permanent residence, while americans, like the chinese, desire to make their fortunes and then return to the land of their birth to spend their later days.
puebla has become quite a manufacturing city and especially of cotton goods, paper, flour and soaps. onyx and marble are quarried near here, and a large number of workmen are employed in the quarries and in the establishments preparing these materials for the market. several railroads now reach this city, and its importance as an industrial centre is increasing each year.
all kinds of grains that are produced in the temperate zones will grow on the tablelands of mexico wherever there is sufficient rain or water to be obtained by irrigation. a constantly increasing amount of acreage is being made available through the extension of the irrigation system, but its possibilities are only beginning to be realized. corn, which is such a great article of food with the mexicans, is by far the most valuable agricultural product and several hundred million bushels are produced each year. wheat was first introduced in mexico by a monk who planted a few grains[40] that he had brought with him. this grain is now raised quite extensively in some districts but frequently there is not enough for even local consumption. cotton is also produced in a number of the states.
the maguey
mexico is especially rich in fibre-producing plants and no country in the world has so many different varieties. all of these belong to the great cactus, or agave, family. the value of the cactus has never been fully appreciated but new uses are being found for it constantly, and new kinds with valuable qualities are being discovered in mexico almost yearly. perhaps the most valuable plant of this family that is being cultivated in mexico to-day is that species of the agave that produces the valuable henequen fibre of commerce. this plant very much resembles the maguey and grows on the thin, rocky, limestone soil of yucatan. from this fibre is made most of the binder twine and much of the rope used in the united states. it has the threefold qualities of strength, pliability and colour. in the past twenty years the cultivation of henequen has grown to enormous proportions, and some of the planters have become millionaires almost rivalling the famous bonanza kings of olden times. the amount of henequen, or sisal, fibre exported to the united[41] states from 1880 to 1905 was nine million, two hundred and nineteen thousand, two hundred and fifteen bales at an estimated value of $300,988,072.66. in 1902 the exports reached a maximum, and amounted to $34,185,275. all of this fibre is exported through the port of progreso.
several species of the cactus family are being experimented with, and it is claimed that they will produce an excellent quality of paper pulp. this may help to solve the problem that now bothers paper manufacturers as the forests of spruce disappear before the woodsman’s ax. the graceful maguey, the agave americana, is cultivated almost everywhere on the plateau lands. it also produces a valuable fibre, but this plant is not cultivated primarily for that purpose. the ancient races used the thorns for pins and needles; the leaves furnished a kind of parchment for their writings and thatch for their roofs; and the juice when fermented made a—to them—most delicious drink. on the plains of apam just east of the valley of mexico and north of puebla the cultivation of the maguey has reached the highest development.
the good housewife in the united states who carefully nourishes the century plant, hoping that at least her descendants will have the[42] pleasure of seeing it blossom at the end of a hundred years, would be surprised to see the immense plantations consisting of thousands of this same plant growing here. the plant, commonly called the maguey, is a native of mexico and grows to great size. it flourishes best in rocky and sandy soil and is quite imposing in appearance. its dark green, spiked leaves which lift themselves up and spread out in graceful curves, sometimes reach a length of fifteen feet, and are a foot in breadth and several inches thick. it requires from six to ten years for the maguey to mature on its native heath. when that period arrives a slender stalk springs up from the centre of these great leaves, twenty to thirty feet high, upon which a great mass of small flowers is clustered. this supreme effort exhausts the plant and, its duty to nature having been performed, it withers and dies.
this is not the purpose for which the maguey is raised on the big plantations where the rows of graceful century plants stretch out as far as the eye can reach in unwavering regularity. on these plantations the maguey is not permitted to flower. the indians know, by infallible signs, almost the very hour at which it is ready to send up the central stalk, and it is[43] then marked by an overseer with a cross. the stalk is now full of the sap which is the object of its culture. other indians follow up the overseer and, making an incision at the base of the plant, extract the central portion, leaving only the rind which forms a natural basin. into this the sap, which is called agua miel, or honey-water, and which is almost as clear as water and as sweet as honey, collects. so quickly does this fluid gather that it is found necessary to remove it two or three times per day. the method of gathering this sap is extremely primitive. the indian is provided with a long gourd at the lower end of which is a horn. he places the small end, which is open, in the liquid and, applying his lips to an opening in the large end, sucks the sap up into the gourd. the sap is then emptied into a receptacle swung across his back which is made of a whole goat-skin or pig-skin with the hair on the inside. the maguey plant will yield six or more quarts of this “honey-water” in a day and the supply will continue from one to three months. it is then exhausted and withers and decays. however, a new shoot will spring up from the old roots without replanting.
this innocent looking and savoury sap is then taken to a building prepared for the purpose[44] and there poured into vats made of cowhides stretched on a frame. in each vat a little sour liquor called “mother of pulque” has been poured. this causes quick fermentation and in a few hours the pulque of the mexican is ready for the market. it is at its best after about twenty-four hours fermentation. it then has somewhat the appearance and taste of stale buttermilk and a rancid smell. after more fermentation it has the odour of putrid meat. the skins in which it is carried increase this disagreeable odour. the first taste of pulque to a stranger is repellant. however, it is said that, contrary to the general rule, familiarity breeds a liking. great virtues are claimed for it in certain ailments and it is said to be wholesome. however this is not the reason why the peons drink pulque in such great quantities. several special trainloads go in each day to the city of mexico over one road, besides large amounts over other routes and it is a great revenue producer for the railroads. the daily expenditure for pulque in the city of mexico alone is said to exceed twenty thousand dollars. physicians say that the brain is softened, digestion ruined and nerves paralyzed by a too generous use of this liquor. many employers of labour will not employ labourers from the[45] pulque districts if they can possibly get them from other sources. tequila and mescal are two forms of ardent spirits distilled from a juice yielded by the leaves and root of the maguey. they are forms of brandy that it is best for the traveller to leave alone.
