the dim traditionary history of mexico shows us shadowy tribes flitting across the stage, each acting its part like the different performers in a vaudeville show, and then making way for other actors. the valley of mexico, or anahuac, meaning “near the water,” seems to have been the centre of the civilization of these early tribes. it is a beautiful valley nearly sixty miles in length and thirty in breadth, and is enclosed by a wall of mountains which circumscribe the view in every direction. six shallow lakes lie in this hollow: texcoco, xochimilco, san cristobal, xaltocan, zumpango and chalco, of which the first named is the nearest to the city and lies distant about three miles. it is easy to believe that the waters of these lakes at one time entirely surrounded the ancient city of tenochtitlan, for within historic times their shores have greatly receded.
[75]
the history of these early races rests mostly upon tradition; yet a diversity of architectural ruins, and the few meagre records that remain, present certain general facts. these positive proofs leave no doubt that this valley was inhabited from a very early period by tribes or nations which made distinct advances in civilization. these tribes had developed certain of the useful arts and had evolved a social system that exhibited some refinement. the first of these races of whom we have reliable record are the toltecs, who appeared in the valley of mexico in the seventh century at almost the same time that mohammed was spreading his religion over asia and africa. their sway lasted about five centuries, when they disappeared as silently and mysteriously as they came.
these peaceful and agricultural people were succeeded by the chichimecs, a more barbarous race, who came from the north. they in turn were followed by the nahuals. lastly came the aztecs, who entered the valley about 1196, and reached a higher state of civilization than any of their predecessors. war was their choicest profession, for they considered that warriors slain in battle were immediately transported to scenes of ineffable bliss. they offered human[76] sacrifices to their gods. prescott tells us of a procession of captives two miles long, and numbering seventy thousand persons who were sacrificed at one time. this is incredible, for at that rate the population would soon have been exhausted even in this prolific land. furthermore we know that the aztecs were not always successful in war, and may have furnished victims from their own numbers, for sacrifice to the gods of the other nations in the same land.
the calendar stone
the aztecs were clever workers in gold and silver, and were acquainted with a number of arts that are lost to-day. their picture writings bear witness to a clever fancy and fertile invention of symbols. the numerous idols show their skill in carving and a true artistic instinct. many antiquities have been exhumed from the swampy soil on which the capital city is built, in making excavations for improvements. the national museum is a treasure house of these relics and it would take a volume to describe them. the huge sacrificial stone, which is generally supposed to have been placed on the top of the great altar, is preserved there. it also houses the horrible image of the god huitzilopochtli, and a varied assortment of inferior gods, goddesses, and other objects of[77] worship. but the most celebrated antiquity—the one showing the greatest advancement—is the calendar stone. this stone was buried for centuries, and when resurrected was placed in the west tower of the cathedral. from this place it was removed a few years ago and placed in the museum. it is a mighty stone, eleven feet and eight inches in diameter, and weighs more than twenty tons. the aztecs divided the year into eighteen months of twenty days each, and then arbitrarily added five days to complete the year.
“let us follow the cross, and if we have faith we will conquer,” was the motto on the banner of cortez. it was with this spirit that he led his little band over the mountains and into the heart of the empire of montezuma, late in the fall of 1519. he was met by that sovereign, tradition says, on the site of the present hospital of jesus, with every manifestation of friendliness. for several months they were the honoured guests of the aztec chief, but at length the aggressions of the spaniards changed friendship to hate and the aztecs, rising in their wrath, chased the invaders from the city. driven before the infuriated natives like sheep, they fled over the present road to the suburban village of tacuba, and many were[78] those who fell. this rout of the spaniards has been painted with wonderful vividness by gen. lew wallace in “the fair god.”
it was an awful night of despair, that first day of july, 1520, and the spaniards who escaped named it la noche triste, “the sorrowful night.” the pursuit stopped at the little town of popotla. in this village is a great cypress tree whose branches are blasted by the storms of centuries. for a moment the strong will of cortez gave way and he sat down upon a stone under the spreading branches of this tree and wept. whether he wept most for his fallen soldiers or disappointment over his ignominious defeat, we are not told by the chroniclers. this tree is now noted as el arbol de la noche triste, or “the tree of the sorrowful night.” a high iron fence protects the ancient relic from the souvenir vandals.
the spaniards retreated beyond the valley to their allies, the tlaxcalans, at cholula. reinforcements and supplies arriving, they returned a few months later and began the memorable siege of tenochtitlan, and made a triumphal entry into that city on the 13th of august, 1521. then guatemotzin, the last of the aztec emperors, wept in his turn, because the sacred fires of the temple had for ever gone[79] out, and his people would henceforth be slaves. “take that dagger,” he said, “and free this spirit.” but, no, torture must come before death, for cortez fain would learn where the gold was hidden that had so suddenly disappeared. to-day, in the city of mexico, a statue stands in one of the circles of the famous paseo, which commemorates this great warrior and his torture by the spanish chieftain. this monument is greatly cherished by the indians, who hold annual festivals in his honour and decorate it with a profusion of flowers and wreaths.
the great valley of mexico is without a natural outlet, and this fact has caused seven inundations of the capital during exceptionally rainy seasons. one of the lakes, zumpango, is twenty-five feet higher than the city and drains into texcoco, from which the waters spread over the city. when the first serious inundations came in 1553, 1580 and 1604, the project of removing the city to a higher level was strongly agitated. it was only the loss of millions of dollars of property that prevented this action. then the idea of draining this valley was definitely adopted and the work was begun in 1607. a tunnel was decided upon and fifteen thousand indians were set at work[80] sinking shafts and driving the tunnel in both directions. within a year a tunnel four miles long had been completed. this tunnel eventually caved in, so that very little good was realized from it and efforts were made to convert it into an open cut. but this undertaking was not finished until two centuries later. it is a great trench, however, with an average depth of from one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet, and from three hundred to seven hundred feet in width at the top. it is called the tajo de nochistongo, or nochistongo cut, and its only use now is as an entrance for the mexican central railway. even this waterway did not drain the valley, remarkable engineering feat as it was, but a new canal was constructed by american engineers a few years ago which successfully accomplishes the work of draining these shallow lakes and carrying off the sewerage of the city.
the first aztecs who settled in this valley lived almost entirely in the marshes and lakes, we are told, because of the hostility of their fierce neighbours. they were thus obliged to depend almost wholly upon the products of these watered lands for their sustenance, and they acquired some strange and—we would say—depraved tastes. a reminder of those[81] days is seen in the cakes made of the eggs of a curious marsh-fly, which are sold in the market of the city of mexico to-day. the flies themselves are pounded into a paste and sold after being boiled, but the eggs are preferred. the indians collect the eggs in a systematic manner. bundles of a certain kind of sedge are planted in lake texcoco and the insects deposit their eggs thereon in great quantities. these bundles as soon as covered are shaken over pieces of cloth and replaced for another supply. the eggs thus collected are made into a paste and form a favourite article of food, especially during lent.
it is interesting to learn what different races regard as toothsome dainties. in southern mexico i have seen bushels of common grasshoppers sold in the markets as a delicacy, reminding one of the locusts and wild honey used as food in biblical times. in other parts of mexico the honey-ant is greatly sought after for food. the natives of central america are partial to the iguana, a large lizard sometimes reaching a length of three or four feet, and prefer it to beef. after all there is no accounting for tastes. a man who eats snails might criticize another who relishes oysters. and perhaps the man who want his cheese “ripe”[82] should not criticize the poor indian who has inherited a taste for the eggs of the fly.
scenes on the viga canal
there are many places of interest round about the city of mexico which are easily reached. one should not fail to visit the famous jardines flotandos or “floating gardens” where the beautiful flowers sold in the market are grown. these gardens, called by the aztecs chinampas, are reached by the viga canal. the inquirer is told to take a gondola and float down to them. the name gondola excites pleasant anticipations of a delightful trip. entering a mule-car at the plaza mayor the canal is soon reached after traversing a number of narrow streets which would not especially delight the fastidious traveller. the gondoliers take the stranger almost by force and urge him into one of the flea-infested boats that abound at the landing, and which more resemble a collection of mud-scows than any other kind of floating fleet. instead of using oars these queer gondoliers with the picture hats pole the boat through the muddy waters of la viga, stirring up odours which cause the passenger to wish that he was not gifted with the sense of smell, or that he could temporarily dispense with breathing. however, there is life in the stream and on the banks that is typically mexican, for[83] boats are constantly passing up and down. occasionally a load of indians will float by playing native airs on guitars and other string instruments, with the light-heartedness and gaiety peculiar to this race. on the bank are scattered many native thatch huts around which idle natives group. along the road pass men and women going to and from the city with loads on their heads or on their backs. the “floating gardens” are always just beyond. they are first at santa anita but, when this place is reached, they are at mexicalcingo. arrived there the visitor is sent to ixtacalco, and then he is forwarded to xochimilco, and so the real floating gardens are never reached. the fact is that they do not float and perhaps never did. this characteristic only exists in the imagination, for it sounds romantic to speak of gardens that can be moved around and anchored at will.
disembarking at an unattractive mud and thatch village bearing the charming name of santa anita, self constituted guides are waiting to conduct you to the object of your visit, something which does not literally exist. yet the “floating gardens” are all about you at this place. they are simply marsh lands with canals leading in and out and crossways by means[84] of which the gardener can reach all parts in his boat. the earth may yield somewhat if you step upon it, but they do not float. it is possible, and historians so assert, that floating gardens did exist in reality during the aztec invasion. these people were frequently driven to dire extremities to secure food. they may have adopted the plan of making floating gardens which could be moved about as necessity compelled. this was done by culling masses of vegetation with its thick entwined stems and pouring upon this mat the rich mud dredged from the bottom of the lake. then, as the masses settled, more mud was put on until the whole anchored upon the bottom of the lake and became immovable. the gardens look beautiful, covered as they are with the many-coloured blossoms. by means of the canals the roots are kept thoroughly moist at all times, and the plants thrive luxuriantly.
this canal of la viga was formerly a great trade route, for a large part of the natives came to the city of mexico by this way. it leads back into regions where dwell full blooded aztecs who speak a language that is said to be almost the pure ancient tongue. these natives can be distinguished from all others on the street and in the market by their features and[85] peculiar dress. they are clannish and keep by themselves, except in the intercourse made necessary by barter and trade. they are proud of their lineage and rejoice in the fact that they have not mingled with the other native races.
tacuba, distant only a few miles, is an interesting little village, and has many gardens and a fine old church. it is a good place to study the people and get snap-shots of quaint life. its principal distinction is that it was a proud city when tetlepanquetzaltzin was king once upon a time. texcoco at the time of the conquest was the capital of the tezcucans, who were a race in alliance with the aztecs, but it is now principally in ruins, for its glory has passed away. el desierto was once the home of the carmelite monks and is frequently visited now in its decay. coyoacan was the first capital of mexico, for cortez established the seat of government there for a time while the new city was being built.
tacubaya is the home of the wealthy as well as the sporting element. it has beautiful gardens within the adobe walls surrounding the homes of the opulent. it is on higher ground and should have been the site of the capital city itself. it is also called the monte carlo of mexico, for gamblers of all sorts and conditions[86] congregate here in booths or under umbrellas, and you can lose any sum at games of chance as at that famous resort along the shores of the blue mediterranean. games, music, dancing, cock-fights, and bull-fights are a few of the attractions to amuse and entertain the visitor, and relieve him from the burden of carrying around the weighty silver pesos.
castle of chapultepec
in all this beautiful and historic valley of mexico there is no more beautiful spot, or none around which so many memories cling, as chapultepec, the hill of the grasshoppers. historic and beautiful chapultepec! a great grove of noble cypresses draped with masses of spanish moss surrounds this rock, and between the trees and along the shores of a pretty little lake wind enchanting walks. one grand old cypress called montezuma’s tree rises to a height of one hundred and seventy feet. it is a magnificent breathing spot—with which no park that i have ever seen in america compares. legend says that on the top of this rock was situated the palace of montezuma, and it is probably only legend. no doubt that emperor often rested himself under the friendly shade of the great ahuehuete, and reflected on the glory of his empire before the disturbing foreigners came. the present castle of chapultepec dates[87] from 1783 when it was begun by one of the viceroys. later viceroys, presidents and an emperor added to the original building until now it is a palace indeed but not a beautiful structure. ill-fated maximilian made this his home and added greatly to the beauty of the grounds. it is now the white house of mexico although occupied only a part of the year by the president.
perhaps nowhere in the world does there exist a more beautiful scene than that which unfolds to the view from this rock. all around is the great sweep of plain with its wealth of cultivated fields; the distant mountain range with its ever varying outline; the snow-capped twin peaks, popocatapetl (seventeen thousand, seven hundred and eighty-two feet) and ixtaccihuatl (sixteen thousand and sixty feet), standing like silent sentinels and dominating the horizon; the silver line of the lakes; and beneath us the fair city of mexico, the ancient tenochtitlan. legend says that popocatepetl, “the smoking mountain,” and ixtaccihuatl, “the woman in white,” were once living giants but that having displeased the almighty they were changed to mountains. the woman died and the contour of her body covered with snow can be traced on the summit of the smaller[88] peak. the man was doomed to live for ever and gaze on the sleeping form of his beloved. at times when his grief becomes uncontrollable he shakes with his great sobs and pours forth tears of fire.
as i stood on that historic rock i thought of the new world venice described by prescott, “with its shining cities and flowering islets rocking, as it were, at anchor on the fair bosom of the waters.” rising above all was the great sacrificial altar upon which the sacred fires were ever kept burning. beneath this rock under the friendly branches of the giant cypress montezuma has no doubt sheltered himself from the hot sun. cortez here rested himself after his severe marches. french zouaves in their quaint uniforms have bivouacked in the grove. american blue-coats stacked their arms here after the victory of molino-del-ray. and mexicans now take their siestas under the same friendly shade while other races are robbing them of their wealth.
yes, historic scenes and tragedies have taken place on this plain. nations have come and gone. victors have themselves been led away captives, and taskmasters have in turn become slaves. how finite is man or his works in the[89] presence of this great panorama of nature! races have come and gone but the mountains endure. human tragedies have been enacted here but the sky is just as blue and the sun just as bright, as when cortez looked with envious eyes upon this beautiful valley. the mimic play of men, and women and races upon this amphitheatre has scarcely left its imprint. the only occasions when the calm serenity of nature has been disturbed were when the giant popocatapetl, overcome with grief at the loss of his beloved, has shaken this whole valley with his sobs and poured forth plenteous tears of fire over its fair surface.
