in no country in the world is it possible to move from one extreme of climate to the other in so short a time as in mexico. within less than twenty-four hours one can travel from the sun-baked sands of the gulf coast to the snow-covered, conical peak of one of the great extinct volcanoes, thus traversing every zone of vegetable life from the dense tropical growth of the former to the stunted pines of the latter. by railway it is a journey of only a few hours from the plateaus, at an altitude of eight thousand feet, to the sea level, and a most interesting ride it is. the mexican railway, which is the oldest railway in the republic, runs from the capital to vera cruz and is the best route, for its wonderful engineering feats and beautiful scenery have drawn tourists from all parts of the world. leaving the capital, the road skirts the bank of lake texcoco, through a pass in the mountains surrounding[91] the valley of mexico, and across the plains of apam, the home of the maguey, for a hundred and fifty miles before the exciting part of the trip is reached.
the descent begins at esperanza, which lies at the very foot of mt. orizaba. esperanza means “hope” and it is well named for the traveller can “hope” for better things as the train approaches the coast. noah’s ark rests near here, for i saw it with my own eyes labelled in plain letters, arc de noe, but it is now—sad to tell—devoted to the sale of pulque. esperanza is eight thousand and forty-four feet above the sea and one hundred and twelve miles from vera cruz as the track runs, but much nearer as the crow would fly. there is a drop of four thousand, one hundred feet in the next twenty-nine miles and it is one of the grandest rides in the world. in places the road seems like a little shelf on the side of a towering mountain while a yawning chasm awaits the coach below. as soon as boca del monte (mouth of the mountain) is reached, only a few miles from esperanza, the downward impetus is felt and all the energy of the curious double-ended english engines is devoted to holding back the heavy train with its human cargo.
[92]
passing through a tunnel here, the scene bursts upon the traveller without any warning or prelude, in all its grandeur and magnificence. the engine accommodatingly stops for water so that the passengers have an opportunity to view this wonderful panorama. maltrata nestles in the hollow, a dozen miles away by rail, yet the red tiles of the roofs, a red-domed church and the ever-present plaza gleam in the sunshine two thousand feet directly underneath. the valley is almost flat and is divided into squares by hedges and walls and, reflecting every shade of green, looks like a checker-board arrangement of nature. beyond the valley, hill succeeds hill until they are lost in the purple haze of the horizon, or are overtopped by snow-capped orizaba. indians appear here with beautiful bouquets of roses, tulips and orchids, with their yellow, pink and red centres, for sale. the train passes on over a narrow bridge spanning a deep chasm and down the mountain until maltrata is reached, where the same indians will greet you with the same bouquets, for they have climbed down the two thousand feet in less time than it took the train to reach the same level.
leaving maltrata the road enters a ca?on called el infernillo, the little hell, goes[93] through a tunnel and another beautiful valley, running through fertile fields and by wooded hills, until orizaba, the border-land of the tropics, is reached.
this city at an altitude of four thousand feet is in the tierra templada, the temperate region. this zone is as near paradise in the matter of climate as any location on earth could well be. it retains most of the beauties and few of the annoying insects and tropical fevers of the hot zone. it has the moisture of the lowlands with the cool breezes of the uplands and is well named “temperate zone” because of its fine climate and equable temperature.
orizaba is a town of thirty-five thousand people and a very beautiful and interesting place with its palm-shaded streets and low moorish buildings. its alameda is a quaint, shady park with an abundance of flowers and blooming trees. along the street the orange trees thrust their laden branches out into the highway over the low adobe walls. on the banks of the stream the washerwomen beat their clothes to a snowy white upon the smooth round stones. life moves along in smooth, easy channels with these people. and it is not to be wondered at, for there is
[94]
“a sense of rest
to the tired breast
in this beauteous aztec town.”
between orizaba and cordoba, a distance of sixteen miles, is perhaps the best cultivated section in mexico. the products of all the zones are mingled and corn and coffee grow side by side as well as peach trees and the banana. cordoba is just on the border of the tierra caliente, or hot country proper, and is a much smaller city than orizaba. it is a very old town and was founded as a place of refuge from the malarial fevers of the coast lands. this region is noted for its fine coffee, and there are numberless coffee plantations as well as many sugar haciendas. the mexican of the tropics can be seen here dressed in immaculate white. leaving cordoba dense tropical forests of palm and palmetto begin to appear. these alternate with groves of coffee and bananas, gardens of mangoes, fields of pineapples and other tropical fruits. nature begins to manifest herself in her grandest productions. birds of brilliant plumage are seen. the towering trees, rocks and entire surface of the soil are covered with bright flowers such as orchids, oleanders and honeysuckles and luxuriant vines. these and the dense jungles[95] are all reminders that the tropics have been reached at last. soon the train enters vera cruz, the city without cabs, the landing-place of the great conquistador and his cohorts.
the principal port now, as it has always been since the landing of cortez on the twenty-first day of april, 1519, is vera cruz, or, as he named it, la villa rica de vera cruz—the rich city of the true cross. most americans who pass through here leave by the very first train or boat for fear of pestilence. i met one fellow-countryman there who was almost beside himself because the boat he had expected to take was delayed a couple of days. this city is reputed to be the favourite loafing-place of the stegomyia fasciata whose bite results in the vomito, or yellow fever. if all the sensational reports sent out concerning this city were true then “pandora’s box was not a circumstance to the evils which vera cruz contains.” i had read in mr. ober’s excellent work on mexico of an american consul who died here just thirteen days after reaching the port that his ambition had led him to; and of the terrible ravages of the scourge when deaths were averaging forty per day. i arrived there after night had set in. eating a light supper and seeing that my name was duly posted on[96] the big blackboard bulletin according to the custom prevailing there, i retired to my room, and only breathed freely after securely drawing the mosquito netting around my bed so that it would be impossible for a stegomyia to get through.
it was almost a surprise on the following morning to find able-bodied americans and husky englishmen pursuing their avocations in an unconcerned way as though such things as yellow fever or smallpox were not to be thought of. then, again, i was alarmed at the numerous red flags hanging out, which i took to be quarantine flags, for everything is different here. upon investigation this alarm was dispelled, for those places proved to be pulque-shops and the flag meant that a fresh supply of the “liquor divine” had just been received. it is probably true that vera cruz was a hot-bed for the vomito a few years ago, but mexican statistics report only twelve deaths in 1904 and one hundred and twenty-two in 1905 from this disease, which is not bad for a city of thirty thousand people, where a large proportion of the population cannot be made to obey the ordinary laws of sanitation. i doubt whether the death rate is much greater than in our own cities on the gulf coast. this[97] change is due to the better situation that has been brought about by the authorities.
an adequate supply of pure water was the first important step in this move for improved conditions. this was secured by utilizing the water of the jamapa river at a point about twelve miles distant and passing this water through several filtering beds before turning it into the mains which supply the city. a sewerage system has been constructed, by means of which the sewerage is carried out and discharged into deep water so that the harbour will not be contaminated. disinfecting stations have been established and a plant for the disposition of garbage. then in addition to the regular force of health officers, there is a large volunteer street cleaning brigade. these volunteer forces are not on the pay-roll and yet they do their work in a thorough manner even if their methods cannot be approved. their only reward is the enforcement of a fine of five dollars for the protection of their lives. by the natives these street cleaners are called zopilotes but to an american they are plain, every-day buzzards. hundreds of these birds can be seen perched on the roof-tops or waddling through the streets.
for centuries the port of vera cruz was the[98] bane of vessel owners for there was no protection from the severe “northers” so prevalent on the gulf and it was one of the most inconvenient and dangerous harbours on that coast. it was for this reason that cortez destroyed the vessels which had brought his forces over from cuba. an excellent harbour has been constructed at great cost and ocean-going vessels can now anchor alongside of the main pier and unload. a large new union station will at once be erected by the four railways entering this city on a site adjoining the pier, which will further increase the facilities of this port.
bridge at orizaba
the buzzards of vera cruz
avenue of palms, vera cruz
the fortress of san juan de ulua, now a prison, and which is reached by a short sail through the shark-infested harbour, is an interesting structure and has seen many vicissitudes. used as a fort for several centuries by the spaniards, it has successively been occupied by the french, americans, and again by the french and their allies in the war of the intervention. the buildings in vera cruz are nearly all low, one-storied structures of adobe, and the walls are tinted in red, yellow, blue and green, thus furnishing to the eye a pleasing variety and, with the bay, reminding one of cadiz in old spain. there is an attractive plaza and an imposing avenue of the cocoanut[99] palm. vera cruz is the gateway to the capital and many millions of imports and exports pass through here each year, as much as at all the other ports of mexico combined, leaving out progresso, on the yucatan coast, through which the henequen traffic is carried.
tampico is the second gulf port in importance and on the completion of a direct route to the capital will be a close rival to vera cruz. coatzacoalcos is the gulf port of the tehuantepec railway and will become an important port. the pacific coast affords better natural harbours. acapulco is one of the finest natural land-locked harbours in the world. though now of secondary importance because of the absence of railroad connections, at one time this picturesque harbour sheltered the old spanish galleons engaged in the east india trade. their freight was unloaded there and transported overland on the backs of burros and mules to vera cruz and re-shipped to spain. manzanillo is an important seaport on that coast and will soon be connected by rail with the capital, when its importance will be greatly increased. other important ports on that coast are mazatlan, guayamas, san blas and salina cruz, the pacific port of the tehuantepec[100] route, where the great harbour is nearly completed.
the tierra caliente comprises a fringe of low plains which extend inland from the coast a distance varying from a few miles in width to a hundred or more. from thence it rises by a succession of terraces until the great inland plateaus are reached. the higher the altitude the lower the temperature, and it is estimated that there is a change of 1.8 degree fahrenheit for each sixty feet of elevation in this region. this zone is characterized by the grandeur and variety of vegetable life, and it is an almost uninterrupted forest except where it has been cleared. a ride through the tropics is a revelation of what nature can do when aided by a never-ending succession of warm sunshine and abundant rain upon rich soil. trees of great height and size are interspersed among plants which are generally of a tree-like nature, and are conspicuous for the development of their trunks and ramifications. the innumerable species of reeds and creeping plants that entwine themselves in a thousand different ways among the trees and plants make a passage almost impossible. it is for this reason that the natives always go around armed with the machete, a long blade very much like[101] a corn-cutter, for it enables them to cut their way through the dense undergrowth, and is a protection, should any danger be encountered. the palms which are ever associated with the tropics are seen in great profusion and in countless varieties. millions of ferns and broad-leaved plants which would be welcomed in the gardens and groves of northern homes are wasting their graceful beauty in these jungles and wildernesses. trees are covered with beautiful orchids and vines coil about the trunks and limbs like great snakes, and then drop down to the earth and take root again in the damp soil.
to those who know them the tropics are not so terrible, treacherous though they may seem. some enter this zone with a feeling of creepiness as though they were entering a darkened sick-room sheltering some malignant disease. they hesitate to breathe for fear that the very air is poisonous and they may take in the germs of some malady with an unpronounceable name. they shrink from nature as though she had ceased to be the kind mother to which they were accustomed in the colder climates. it is true that there is something horribly creepy and uncanny about this inevitable tropical growth, which is so frail and[102] fragile outwardly but seems possessed of an unconquerable vitality. and yet in many of the so-called unhealthy places, there is scarcely more danger to health than elsewhere, if one but observes the same rules of right living. continuous hard labour, such as the northern farmer is accustomed to devote to his little farm, is not possible. exposure to the intense heat of the sun at midday and the heavy rains will bring on fevers and malaria just as surely as it produces the luxuriant vegetation. for this reason the tropics will probably never be suited for colonization by the small farmer who is fascinated with the possibilities offered by land capable of producing two or three crops in a single year.
in general, mexico is poorly supplied with rivers. however, along the atlantic coast they are very numerous and large, although not navigable for any great distance, or for vessels large enough to be of much aid to commerce. the size of the rivers is due to the great amount of rainfall, which varies from seventy to one hundred and eighty inches annually. when this is compared to an annual rainfall of twenty to forty inches in the northern states of the united states, the conditions in the tropics are better understood. this excessive rainfall[103] washes down earth from the higher ground and this, together with the layers of vegetable mold, have formed soil from eight to fourteen feet in depth thus making it practically inexhaustible. the temperature varies from 70° to 100° fahrenheit. the pacific coast has a higher temperature and less rainfall than the gulf coast. however, there is a stretch of land extending north of acapulco along the coast and from eight to thirty miles wide that is unrivalled for tropical beauty and productiveness. there are many rivers and streams that traverse this land on the way from the great mountains to the pacific.
there is a charm about the life in the hotlands that is missing in other parts of mexico. of all the inhabitants of that country, the life of the people in the hot country is the most interesting. this is probably due to the fact that these people have always had more freedom than the indians on the plateaus who were practically slaves for a couple of centuries. the great estates there required sure help and the natives were reduced to serfs. in the mines they were worked with soldiers set over them as guards. in the hotlands it was easier to make a living, for a bountiful nature supplied nearly all their wants. and yet many employers[104] of labour say that the peon from the hot country makes the most satisfactory workman. these indians seem like a superior race. for one thing they are scrupulously clean which, in itself, is a pleasing contrast to the daily sights in northern mexico. water is abundant everywhere; the extreme heat renders bathing a great comfort and their clothes are kept immaculate. they are fond of social life and almost every night groups can be seen gathered together in some kind of entertainment.
an indian home in the hot country
their homes are different from those in the colder lands. the houses of the middle and lower classes are built of bamboo or other light material found in the tropical jungles, and thatched with palm leaves. the upright bamboo poles are often set an inch or more apart thus giving a free circulation of air. an indian village generally consists of one long, winding, irregular street lined on each side by these picturesque huts, and bearing a strong resemblance to a village in the interior of africa. down these streets swarm in equal profusion half-naked babies and children long past the childhood stage dressed in the same simple way, and hungry looking dogs. the hot country is sparsely populated in comparison with the plateaus and there are no large[105] cities, although archeologists tell us that the earliest civilization seems to have been located there. it could support a population many, many times larger with ease.
the most productive parts of the world are found in the tierra caliente which instead of being given up to impenetrable jungles, the homes of reptiles and breeding place of poisonous insects, should be made to produce those luxuries and necessaries which contribute to make civilized life tolerable. all over the world the fruits and other articles of the tropics are coming into greater demand each year. in the year 1906 the united states imported fruits and other food products of tropical countries, not including coffee, to the value of more than $150,000,000, or nearly two dollars for each man, woman and child in the country. of the purely tropical products, sugar was by far the largest item on the list. bananas to the amount of $11,500,000 were brought in, and were second on the list with cacao a close rival for this place.
as yet mexico supplies but a small portion of these articles to the united states. yet the possibilities of agriculture here are equal to those of any similar lands, and this, together with superior transportation facilities and a[106] stable government, ought to greatly increase the trade. in addition to the above items, this soil is well adapted to the following fruits and useful products, all of which are native to the soil: oranges, lemons, limes, pineapples, grapefruit, vanilla bean, indigo, rubber, coffee, tobacco and many drug-producing plants. it is difficult for the small farmer to succeed, as he cannot do all his own labour in that climate and cannot get satisfactory help just when it is needed. he could not afford to hire a force of labourers by the year. successful farming in the tropics can only be done on a large scale with a regular force of labourers maintained on the plantation. the title to the soil can be purchased cheaply but the first cost of the land is probably not more than one-third of the ultimate cost by the time it is cleared, planted, and the necessary improvements made. furthermore many tropical plants such as coffee, rubber and cacao require several years of care before there is a profitable yield.
coffee and banana culture go hand in hand, for the broad leaves of the banana provide the shade so necessary to the young coffee trees. the banana also furnishes a little revenue during the four or five years before the coffee trees have fully matured. the coffee region[107] is very extensive, for it will grow at a height of from one to five thousand feet, and flourishes best at an altitude of two to three thousand feet. it requires plenty of warmth and moisture. the coffee, which is a tree and not a bush, is set out in rows several feet apart, and will grow twenty feet tall if permitted, but is not allowed to grow half that height. the tree is flowering and developing fruit all the time but the principal harvest is in the late fall. it is not allowed to ripen on the tree, for when the green berries have turned a bright red, they are gathered, dried in the sun, hulled and then marketed. the states of vera cruz and chiapas produce the choicest coffee, but it is cultivated all over the republic where it is possible. coffee was introduced into this country from arabia by spanish priests and was found to be adapted to the soil. the best grades are sent to europe, for it is a common saying throughout mexico and central america that only the poor grades of coffee are sent to the united states. this is rather a slur on the tastes of the american people, but such is our reputation down there.
“looking at it from my point of view—the lazy man’s outlook—i can see nothing so inviting as coffee culture, unless it be a fat[108] ‘living’ in an english country church,” says a writer. for myself, the one thing that appealed to me above all others was the cultivation of the banana. the returns are quick, the income regular and the profits large. i travelled through the banana region of honduras, where for thirty miles the railroad passed by one plantation after another of the broad-leaved banana plants growing as high as fifteen feet. great fortunes have been made by the banana-growers of that country and costa rica. this fruit flourishes best in the lowlands. the preparation of the ground is very simple, for the young banana plants are set out among the piles of underbrush left after clearing and which soon decay in that climate. after nine months or a year the plants begin to bear, and each stalk will produce one bunch of bananas. the stalk is then cut down and a new one, or several, will spring up from the roots and will bear in the same length of time. thus a banana plantation that is carefully looked after will produce a marketable crop each week in the year, so that there is a constant revenue coming in to the owner. the cultivation of this delicious fruit, for which there is an ever-increasing market, brings the quickest return of any tropical product.
rice culture
[109]
sugar cane can be raised profitably as the stalks grow high with many joints and have a greater percentage of saccharine than in most countries where it is cultivated. furthermore it does not require replanting so frequently. cacao is another truly tropical product. it is from the cacao bean that chocolate is made. the trees are usually transplanted and bear in about four years and the beans are gathered three or four times a year. they are then removed from the pods and dried in the sun. the trees will bear for many years. orange culture along modern scientific lines, such as are used in california and florida, would be profitable, for the crop matures earlier and could be marketed long before the fruit has ripened in those states. the mexicans are great rice eaters and there is a good field for its culture. the cocoanut palm offers good returns as there is a good market for its fruit. rubber grows wild and many plantations have been set out in rubber trees. in the past year mexico has shipped more than two million pounds of crude rubber, and the production is increasing. vast tracts of mahogany are found down toward guatemala in the states of campeche and tabasco. these great trees are cut down, hewn square and then[110] hauled by mules to a waterway where they are formed into rafts and floated down to the ports. there is much waste in the present crude way of cutting and marketing this valuable wood. logwood and other dyewoods are found in the same forests. the world’s supply of chicle also comes from the same source.
what the mexican tropics need is men of energy backed by capital sufficient to utilize large tracts of this rich soil. it is true that many plantations are now being cultivated and it is equally true that many have been abandoned as failures after unsuccessful attempts at cultivation. the fault has not been poor soil but poor management. promotion and success are not synonymous terms, and much of the promotion has been done by unscrupulous persons whose only purpose was to dispose of stock to the gullible. richer soil cannot be found anywhere, but it must be cultivated with intelligence and good judgment the same as in any other part of the world, or failure will result.
